Realidades; 112; Commonwealth or Colony / Criminal Justice

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 1936, the Senator Tidings presents ante el Congreso, un proyecto de ley que recomienda la independencia para Puerto Rico. El proyecto es derrotado. La policía abre fuego contra los participantes en una manifestación pro independencia en Ponce, 19 muertos y más de 100 heridos.

Entre el 1938 y el 1944, Luis Muñoz Marin, hijo de Luis Muñoz Rivera y miembro de la legislatura de Puerto Rico, sube al poder. En 1945, el Senador Tidings present ante el Congreso, un segundo proyecto de ley, relacionado con la independencia de Puerto Rico. El proyecto es derrotado. Luis Muñoz Marin se opone al proyecto. En 1947, bajo el dominio americano, Jesús Tepinero es el primer puerto riqueño nombrado gobernador. También, en 1947, el Congreso americano concede a los puertos riqueños del derecho de elegir su propio gobernador. En 1948, Muñoz Marin es electo gobernador de Puerto Rico por el pueblo puerto riqueño. La soberanía, sin embargo, permanece en Washington. En 1950, la ley 600 fue aprobada y autoriza la creación del Estado

de Libra Sociado como fórmula de gobierno para Puerto Rico. El 25 de julio de 1952, se establece el Estado Libra Sociado de Puerto Rico bajo la ley 600. Se le concedió a los puertos riqueños el derecho de crear una Constitución, pero esa Constitución tendría que será aprobada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos y debía estar de acuerdo con la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. Si esa Constitución no era ratificada por el pueblo puerto riqueño, seguiría rigiendo la ley Jones de 1917. No había otra alternativa. La soberanía no estaba en juego. La Constitución no concedió ninguna autoridad a puerto rico. Los únicos cambios eran relativos a la administración interna. No se concedió franquicia presidencial ni representación con voto en el Congreso, pero los puertos riqueños siguieron sujetos a las leyes federales. El estado libre asociado se estableció en el año de 1952,

el pueblo de Puerto Rico, como una nueva forma de relación entre Puerto Rico y los Estados Unidos de América. Al establecerse, se estimó por la convención constituyente y por el pueblo, que el estatus que se estaba constituyendo no quedaba plasmado en su forma final. Y el pueblo habría de proponer y hacer cambios al mismo para mejorarlo y ampliarlo en su efera de gobierno y en sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos en el futuro. A eso es que se refiere la culminación del estado libre asociado. En 1953, la investigación sobre el estatus de Puerto Rico echa por la Organización de Naciones Unidas finalizó con una resolución de las hambreas general

basada en la nueva Constitución. Estados Unidos no tuvo que informar sobre su relación con Puerto Rico. En 1958, el proyecto Fernos Murai solicitando enmiendas a la ley 600 representado al Congreso de los Estados Unidos. En 1959 y en 1962, respectivamente, la legislatura de Puerto Rico solicitas reformas a la ley 600 y un ples visito, el Congreso rechaza la solicitud. El proyecto Fernos Murai es derrotado en 1963 y en 1964 se establece la comisión del estatus. En 1967, se celebra un ples visito. 425,000 votaron en favor del estado libre asociado. 274,300 votaron en favor del estatidad. 4,000 votaron en favor de la independencia. 369,000 no votaron. El ples visito no se celebra bajo la soberanía

de los puertos riqueños, sino bajo la jurisdicción de los Estados Unidos dentro de la existente legislación que gobierna Puerto Rico y bajo el boycott de los puertos riqueños que abogan por la independencia. La reciente decisión del comité de descolonización reconociendo que el estado libre asociado, mal llamado, es meramente una colonia con un nuevo nombre. Tiene unas implicaciones importantes tanto en el ramo internacional como en los Estados Unidos mismos y las más importantes, por supuesto, aquí en Puerto Rico. Bueno, mi posición es que las naciones unidas no tienen base para intervenir con Puerto Rico, puesto que nuestro estatus ha sido escogido libremente por los puertos riqueños, que este el estatus que nosotros queremos, y mientras eso sea así, mientras sea la voluntad del pueblo

la que ha determinado el estatus que tenemos, nosotros entendemos que las naciones unidas no están moralmente justificadas para intervenir en el caso de Puerto Rico e ir en contra de la voluntad del pueblo de Puerto Rico. Nosotros no aceptaríamos una decisión de naciones unidas en ese sentido, pero consideramos que ellos no tienen derecho a tomar esa determinación. Nosotros somos ciudadanos americanos y tenemos los derechos que nos garantiza la Constitución para exigir aquellas cosas que nosotros creamos que le conviene a Puerto Rico y no vamos a permitir que nadie nos diga que es lo que nos conviene a nosotros. Ahora viene a darnos la razón y viene a darle prominencia a nuestro argumento y a darle más fortales aún del que tení en sus propios méritos la decisión de las naciones unidas a esos efectos. La repercusión de esa decisión ha sido muy grande en Puerto Rico porque ya el pueblo sabe que ha sido engañado durante 20 años con respecto al estatus de Puerto Rico. Creo que si ocurrier a que la nación de unidas

sumiera en esa posición absurda incorrecta que considero en el Comité de los 24 porque hay en contra de la voluntad del pueblo. Entonces tendíamos que reexaminar la situación con los Estados Unidos para hacerle aquellas correcciones al Estado y la sociedad. Solo el tiempo diga lo que el futuro debe para Puerto Rico. Mientras tanto en los Estados Unidos, muchos residentes de habla hispana se encuentran bajo la jurisdicción de instituciones gubernamentales cuyos procedimientos ellos te es conocen. El sistema de justicia criminal es uno de ellos. Oye, mira, ¿cómo son los plátanos? Aventa sentado. Veinte, está chiquito. Ya, si nosotros lo cogíamos por Montonea y a los campos de Puerto Rico. Hey, take off your cash, man.

I got a gun, bro. Are you up, man? Catequito. Está bien. Está bien. Come on. Hemos presenciado un crimen. El procedimiento criminal comienza cuando el acto es informado a la policía o este llega a su conocimiento. What do you guys think of it, man? I know. OK, I mean, they have to turn the great turkeys to our most history, yeah? Yeah. La policía puede arrestar a una persona. Si hay causa probable en creer que está cometido un delito. En algunas ocasiones, la policía no arresta, pero puede detener y registrar a una persona. Si existe sospechas razonables para hacerlo. Hey. Yo no hice nada. Yo no hice nada. Yo no hice nada.

Yo han de que yo no estaba con ustedes. Do what the cops say, right? They can't make us talk, right? Shut off. OK, man, I don't know you, and you don't know me, OK? Hey, police, policía. Go listen to me. I don't do nothing. I don't do this. No idea. I'm not going to do it, I'm going to do it. And these things are so good. We're going to next time. Oh, OK, we're going to do this. It's going to come to some of the police. We're going to do it for us. No idea, right? At the moment of arrest, the police has to inform the person arrested for their rights. These are the first. The right has to remain shut. He has to inform himself that any statement he does can be used as evidence against his. Second, the right to consult with a lawyer

and that a lawyer is present during the interrogation. And third, the right to make a lawyer if the person arrested doesn't have money to pay one. Do you have any drugs? Yeah. I'm going to use it today. I don't know what the hell it is. You an addict? You an addict? You can stay there. What drugs do you use? It's OK. Hey, I'm innocent. I have to call my family. I call my family. It doesn't come down where you get to make your call. To arrest, it allows you to make a phone call. It can take advantage of this opportunity to communicate with a person who can arrest his fiancée or who can call a lawyer or offer him another help. Listen, you got one call each, OK?

Hey, Joe, take this guy here to make a call, will you? I'll go. What's your name? I didn't hear you. Do you want to make a call? Huh? You want to answer him? He asked you if you wanted to make a call. I don't want to make a call. All right. OK, Mr. Ramos, tell me exactly what happened, OK? But I was working in the store. And before I knew it, I was held up. No, Mr. Ramos. Can you recognize that man that had that gun? I'm not too sure. It happened so fast. Now listen, you're going to have to identify this. In court.

Just hold it a second. I'll try to remember exactly what happened. Now, do you remember the first man who came into the store? I'm not too sure. You had it so fast. It was real quick, here. In cases where there are some dirty, dirty, or phelony, or a little less dirty or misdemeanor, the police takes the digital jewels and the photography of the person arrested. And the use to determine if this has or not is a criminal record. It's important that the person is a man, direction, and real occupancy. Well, this information will be verified and the lie will give you the reason that later it will be created in court and it can affect its possibilities of going out in freedom under word or trust under word. Where is he? To buy a plate. Why? To buy a plate. Well, you know what I mean? I want to buy a plate.

I don't say anything, I don't say anything. I don't say anything, I don't say anything, I don't say anything. Listen, David, why don't you take the way? Why? Why don't you take the way, man? You take the way that caught me loose and that puts me in the position to bury you out? No, no, no. Hey, man, why don't we get to see the lawyer, man? An official of the Department of Provatoria or an agency such as Pretrial Service Agency interview the person arrested before this comparison to the court. These agencies verify all information about the residence, employee and family of the arrested and check their relationship with the community. This information is used to notify the family and to help the court decide if she must look down or leave the accused in a free word. Many times, a lawyer from Legal Aid also interviews the accused before this comparison to the court. What do you guys?

Yes. Hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey. Hey, hey. Hey, hey. Hey. Hey. Hey. Hey. Hey. The accused has to read the accused before possible. Sometimes, for hours in the trial process, if the accused has or not, a criminal record is the witness of the arrest. And the accused has to spend much time detained before a lawyer. Rodriguez Valdez, Goddini, their charge with arm-run. The reading of the accusation is called a Reignment. This is the first view of the case in Antioquence and can be celebrated as much as at night. In the Reignment, it is determined if there is a probable cause for the arrest. The accused has a right during this view to be informed of the charges for which he accuses him

and to be repeated to his rights, including the right to a lawyer, which is signed in this view if the accused cannot pay one. If the accused understands English, he must inform the court of this impediment and demand that an interpreter be approved. Your honor, Mr. Valdez has no prior record. And I recommend that he be granted a cash on tons bail of $100, please. Mr. Rodriguez is willing to testify for the prosecution. And I recommend that he be released in his own word, Carlos. If it is determined that there is a probable cause for the arrest, the court tries to arrest the accused in his own word. The court can arrest the accused in an effective way. If it is in an effective way, the accused can request that an effective way is filed for a amount that he can pay. The accused is a means of ensuring that the accused is comparable to the court in the date that he has been cited. In the end, the process, always when the accused has been compared,

the accused will be returned. If the accused does not come out in freedom under the word or cannot arrest the accused, it can remain in jail during all judicial proceedings. If the accused is imposed in the form of a bond, this can be obtained through a fiat called Bonzmann, this fiat exige a guarantee and cover for its services. Your honor, the state wishes to call Detective Garcia to the stand. Detective Garcia, page number 2147, in the majority of the cases, is celebrated by a preliminary witness to determine if there is a probable cause to accuse the person of the crime by which the arrest is taken. If the person is detained and accused of a felony, this witness has to be celebrated for more than 72 hours after the arrest. If the case is a misdemeanor, it has to be celebrated within the next five days. Officer Garcia, how long have you been on police force?

It's five years now. Could you please tell us how you got the scene of the alleged crime? Well, my partner and I got the call. We were on patrol. We got the call over the radio that robbery was in progress. Three men were holding up a grocery store at Fist Street in Avenue B. Officer Garcia, have you seen these weapons before? The shotgun was found on the person of Mr. Gardini. It was loaded and we found it on his person. The 38 Detective Special, my partner found was in a brown paper bag found it on the floor on Fist Street in Avenue B. As well, we have money here and could you please tell us on who's body this was found? The money was found on the fellow in the middle. I forgot his name.

The light hair of the fellow there. Mr. Rodez. Yeah, we found it on Mr. Valdez. Officer Garcia, Mr. Rodriguez was at the scene of the crime. Roger, please tell us what you did at the time. Well, as I said before, my partner and I arrived at the grocery store. We saw three men running from the store. Rodriguez was one of them. Objects in your honor. I objected in using the word running away. Can I prove that my client was indeed running away from the crime? Objects in the state. Bjornard, at this time the state wishes to request that the charges be dropped against Mr. Rodriguez. And don't have enough evidence against Mr. Rodriguez. The code releases Mr. Rodriguez. The state also wishes at this time to increase the bail on Mr. Valdez and Mr. Gardinho. The lawyer of the accused and the fiscal can arrive at a rule. This rule, called plea bargaining, leads to reducing the charges against the accused.

The condition that this one is declared guilty of the new charges. To accept the rule, it will not be released. Roger, we dismiss. Build, kind of remand, two men, fathers and Gardinho back to incarceration. There is no obligation to accept this type of rule. Before doing it, the accused must discuss all the consequences of this act with his lawyer, since this leads him to have a criminal record for all his life. If there is no cause to try to accuse, the judge decides the case. If there is a cause to try and the case is a misdemeanor, the judge will be released in the criminal record. But if there is a felony again, as in this case, the case refers to the great jury and can arrive at the court. The accused has a trial done by a jury

when the crime of which the accused has taken a sentence of six months or more. Here the jury is who makes the determination of guiltyness or innocence. The accused has the right to understand everything that happens during the trial. Therefore, if he does not understand English, the court has to prove an interpreter. During the trial, the judge has to establish the guilty's guilty more than a reasonable doubt, since all people are presumed innocent until they prove their guilty ability. The accused has not been forced to testify during the trial. But the victim and the witnesses have the responsibility to declare the case close to the case, in the most exact way possible. The judge has to be able to recognize that man in the court of law.

Can you do that? The sentence is dictated within a reasonable time after the trial concluded. This period burns the Department of Provatore, the opportunity to review the case and prepare an informant who helped the court add the appropriate sentence. The court can sentence the accused to complete a term in prison, or opt for other remedies, including the use of rehabilitation programs used by public and private agencies. For example, if the convict is an addict, the court can consider a mandatory term, imposing the condition that it is internal in a rehabilitation center. The past few years it has seemed to work before the accident, and we are willing to work with most people. The court accepts, providing him to project return with stipulations, but if he leaves the program within three years,

a warrant will be issued for his arrest. The court has found you guilty of robbery in the first degree, and here by sentence you to New York Correctional Institution for a period not to exceed 15 years. The court is adjourned. The judicial process must bring the accused the opportunity to defend its rights and to represent its defense against the court, since being convicted of a crime, the person does not only suffer the imposition of a penalty and certain limitations of his rights, but his future life will also be affected by his criminal record. The court has found you guilty of robbery,

and here by sentence you to New York Correctional Institution for a period not to exceed 15 years. The court has found you guilty of robbery, and here by sentence you to New York Correctional Institution for a period not to exceed 15 years. The court has found you guilty of robbery and certain limitations of his rights.