PBS NewsHour; May 7, 2015 3:00pm-4:00pm PDT

Captioning sponsored by NEWSHOUR PRODUCTIONS, LLC

>> Ifill: A LANDMARK DECISION IN THE ONGOING DEBATE OVER N.S.A. SURVEILLANCE, AS A FEDERAL COURT RULES THAT BULK COLLECTION OF AMERICANS' PHONE RECORDS IS ILLEGAL. GOOD EVENING, I'M GWEN IFILL. JUDY WOODRUFF IS AWAY. ALSO AHEAD THIS THURSDAY: AFTER MONTHS OF FALSE STARTS, POLITICAL MANEUVERING, AND HEATED DEBATE, CONGRESS VOTED OVERWHELMINGLY TODAY TO GIVE ITSELF A VOICE IN NUCLEAR TALKS WITH IRAN. SENATORS JOHN THUNE AND TIM KAINE JOIN US TO DISCUSS THE PATH TO RARE CONSENSUS. PLUS, AFTER THE RECENT UNREST IN BALTIMORE, CAN THE CITY OVERCOME ITS LASTING ECONOMIC IMPACT?

>> WHEN THEY'RE AT THAT BOILING POINT, AND IT COMES TO THEM LASHING OUT, WHAT'S THE WORST THAT CAN HAPPEN? IT'S ALREADY FALLING DOWN AROUND US.

>> Ifill: THOSE ARE SOME OF THE STORIES WE'RE COVERING ON TONIGHT'S PBS NEWSHOUR.

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>> Ifill: SAUDI ARABIA AND THE UNITED STATES TODAY CALLED FOR A FIVE-DAY CEASE-FIRE IN THE YEMEN CONFLICT. SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY SAID IT WOULD ALLOW AID TO REACH MILLIONS OF CIVILIANS. KERRY APPEARED WITH THE SAUDI FOREIGN MINISTER IN RIYADH. THE SAUDIS AGREED TO STOP BOMBING, PROVIDED THAT SHIITE HOUTHI REBELS, AND THEIR IRANIAN SUPPORTERS, WON'T TRY TO EXPLOIT THE LULL.

>> WE STRONGLY URGE THE HOUTHIS AND THOSE WHO BACK THEM, WHOM WE SUGGEST USE ALL OF THEIR INFLUENCE, NOT TO MISS THIS MAJOR OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF THE YEMENI PEOPLE AND FIND A PEACEFUL WAY FORWARD IN YEMEN.

>> Ifill: THE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION IN YEMEN HAS WORSENED SHARPLY SINCE THE SAUDI BOMBING CAMPAIGN BEGAN IN MARCH. THE U.N.'S HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR IN YEMEN SAYS ABOUT 1,400 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED AND 6,000 WOUNDED. MORE THAN 300,000 OTHERS HAVE FLED THEIR HOMES IN A BID TO ESCAPE THE FIGHTING. TURKEY AND SAUDI ARABIA HAVE FORMED A WORKING ALLIANCE TO HELP REBELS IN SYRIA. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS REPORTS THEY ARE AIDING FACTIONS OPPOSED TO SYRIAN PRESIDENT BASHAR AL- ASSAD, WITH LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND FUNDING. THE U.S. OPPOSES HELPING SOME OF THE GROUPS BECAUSE THEY'RE ISLAMIST RADICALS. MEANWHILE, THE PENTAGON CONFIRMS THAT U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS HAVE BEGUN TRAINING SYRIANS TO BATTLE ISLAMIC STATE FORCES. 90 CANDIDATES ARE TAKING INSTRUCTION IN JORDAN. THE EFFORT WAS DELAYED FOR MONTHS, AND DEFENSE SECRETARY ASHTON CARTER ACKNOWLEDGED IT WILL STILL BE SOME TIME BEFORE THE FIGHTERS SEE COMBAT.

>> THESE TRAINEES ARE RECRUITED, THEY'RE VETTED, AND ONLY THEN ARE THEY PUT INTO TRAINING. SO THEY'VE BEEN IN PROGRAM FOR QUITE A WHILE. AND THEN THE TRAINING TAKES SOME TIME, THEN THEY WOULD BE INSERTED INTO OPERATIONS.

>> Ifill: OTHER TRAINING SITES ARE IN SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR AND TURKEY. MORE THAN 3,700 SYRIANS HAVE VOLUNTEERED. IT'S ELECTION NIGHT IN BRITAIN, AND EXIT POLLS SAY THERE'S A SURPRISE OUTCOME: THE RULING CONSERVATIVES HAVE FAR EXCEEDED EXPECTATIONS, EASILY WINNING THE MOST SEATS. THEY'LL STILL NEED TO FORM A COALITION WITH A SMALLER PARTY. PARTY LEADERS AND MILLIONS OF OTHER VOTERS CAST BALLOTS TODAY, AFTER A CAMPAIGN THAT FOCUSED ON ECONOMIC TROUBLES, THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE AND THE ISSUE OF MIGRANTS. IRAN HAS RELEASED THE CARGO SHIP IT SEIZED LAST WEEK IN THE PERSIAN GULF. THE "MAERSK TIGRIS" WILL NOW CONTINUE ON TO THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. IRAN HAD SAID THE COMPANY THAT CHARTERED THE SHIP OWED MONEY TO AN IRANIAN FIRM. IT'S UNCLEAR WHETHER ANY MONEY WAS PAID TO WIN THE VESSEL'S RELEASE. BACK IN THIS COUNTRY, PEOPLE ACROSS TORNADO ALLEY KEPT A WEATHER EYE OUT FOR NEW STORMS TODAY. MORE THAN 50 TWISTERS STRUCK YESTERDAY IN OKLAHOMA, KANSAS NEBRASKA AND TEXAS YESTERDAY. MOST PLOWED UP FARMLAND, BUT IN THE OKLAHOMA CITY AREA, TWO TORNADOES BLASTED BUSINESSES AND TORE ROOFS OFF HOMES. NO ONE WAS KILLED, BUT ABOUT A DOZEN PEOPLE WERE HURT AT A TRAILER PARK.

>> WE WERE WATCHING IT FORM ABOVE US. I HAD NO CLUE ANYTHING WAS GOING ON OVER HERE. NO CLUE AT ALL. BUT I NEEDED TO COME HOME AND CHECK WHAT WAS GOING ON AND THERE'S NOTHING LEFT.

>> Ifill: THE STORM SYSTEM ALSO DUMPED AS MUCH AS EIGHT INCHES OF RAIN AROUND OKLAHOMA CITY TRIGGERING FLASH FLOODS. ONE WOMAN DROWNED WHEN HER UNDERGROUND STORM SHELTER FLOODED. WALL STREET HAD A RELATIVELY QUIET DAY. THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE GAINED MORE THAN 80 POINTS TO CLOSE ABOVE 17,900. THE NASDAQ ROSE 26 POINTS, AND THE S&P 500 ADDED NEARLY EIGHT. STILL TO COME ON THE NEWSHOUR: WHAT A COURT RULING COULD MEAN FOR THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE. ANOTHER CASUALTY OF NEPAL'S EARTHQUAKE: A PRICELESS CULTURAL HERITAGE. TWO SENATORS WEIGH IN ON THE IRAN NUCLEAR NEGOTIATIONS, AND WHAT ROLE CONGRESS SHOULD PLAY. CAN BALTIMORE BUSINESSES CAN BOUNCE BACK FROM THE ECONOMIC TOLL OF THE RIOTS? HOW THESE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ARE TAKING CAMPUS SAFETY INTO THEIR OWN HANDS. AND, A NEW BOOK ON THE PRICE OF PAST MISSTEPS IN IRAQ.

>> Ifill: THE DEBATE BETWEEN PRIVACY AND SECURITY RETURNED TO CENTER STAGE TODAY, AFTER A FEDERAL APPEALS COURT RULED A NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY PROGRAM THAT ALLOWED BULK COLLECTION OF MILLIONS OF U.S. PHONE RECORDS WENT TOO FAR. BUT WHERE IS THE LINE? AND AS A DEADLINE APPROACHES FOR RENEWING THE UNDERLYING PATRIOT ACT, WHAT HAPPENS NOW? JOINING ME TO DISCUSS THE VALUE OF SUCH GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE ARE KATE MARTIN, DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES, A CIVIL LIBERTIES ADVOCACY GROUP, AND STEWART BAKER, A FORMER GENERAL COUNSEL AT THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY, AND FORMER ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY. WELCOME TO YOU BOTH. KATE MARTIN, WAS THIS THE DROPPED SHOE THAT PRIVACY ADVOCATES WERE WAITING ON?

>> YES. THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT A FEDERAL APPEALS COURT HAS LOOKED AT WHAT WAS A SECRET INTERPRETATION BY THE GOVERNMENT THAT ALLOWED IT TO COLLECT MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF RECORDS ON AMERICANS UNDER A SECRET INTERPRETATION OF THE LAW. AND THE COURT SAID THAT THAT SECRET INTERPRETATION OF THE LAW WAS NOT, IN FACT, AUTHORIZED BY THE CONGRESS AND SO HELD THE PROGRAM TO BE A VIOLATION OF THE LAW.

>> Ifill: SO WHAT DOES THIS DO? DOES THIS STOP THE PROGRAM IN ITS TRACKS?

>> NO ACTUALLY. IT'S REMARKABLY WITHOUT CONSEQUENCE. AT THE END OF THE DAY IT SAYS CONGRESS, IN THE VIEW OF THISçó COURT, DIDN'T AUTHORIZE EXACTLY WHAT THE PROGRAM IS AND UNLESS CONGRESS SAYS THAT IT'S AUTHORIZED, IT'S NOT GOING TO CONTINUE. AND THEN THEY SEND IT BACK TO THE JUDGE, LETTING THE JUDGE AND THE DISTRICT COURT DETERMINE WHETHER TOñr ENJOIN IT BUT IT JUST UNDERLINES WHAT WE ALREADY KNEW, WHICH IS THAT CONGRESS HAS TO ACT IN THE NEXT THREE WEEKS BECAUSE IF IT DOESN'T THE PROGRAM GOES AWAY AUTOMATICALLY, IF IT DOES, IT'S GOING TO HAVE TO SAY, YES WE'RE APPROVING THIS PROGRAM.

>> Ifill: DOES IT MATTER WHETHER THE COURT DECIDED TODAY THAT THIS WAS ILLEGAL OR UNCONSTITUTIONAL, OR IS IT NEITHER?

>> IT DID NOT DECIDE THAT IT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. THEY SAID IT WAS NOT APPROVED BY CONGRESS. IT WAS A CLOSE CALL IN MY VIEW WHETHER IT WAS APPROVED BY CONGRESS. I THINK THEY'RE WRONG. BUT THEY SAID IT WAS NOT APPROVED BY CO CONGRESS HAS A CHANCE AND REALLY AN OBLIGATION TO RULE ON WHETHER THIS PROGRAM WILL CONTINUE BY THE END OF THE MONTH, SO THEY WILL HAVE TO SAY SOMETHING.r THAT WILL PUT AN END REALLY TO THE DISCUSSION IN THIS CASE.

>> Ifill: KATE MARTIN?

>> SO THEY DIDN'T RULE ON THEÑi CONSTITUTIONALITY BECAUSE OF THE MATTER OF JURISPRUDENCE. BUT THE OPINION WHICH IS SOME 90 PAGES LONG, LAID OUT THE CONCERNS ABOUT HOW THE PROGRAM THREATENS AMERICANS' PRIVACY AND THE CONCERNS ABOUT HOW THESE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS THAT ARE AVAILABLE TO THE GOVERNMENT MIGHT REALLY REQUIRE A REUNDERSTANDING OF WHAT'S CONSTITUTIONAL AND NOT CONSTITUTIONAL.

>> Ifill: DID IT ADDRESS THE ARGUMENT IN THOSE 94 PAGES ABOUT WHETHER THIS WAS TYING THE HANDS OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY?

>> NO IT DID NOT, BUT THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY DOESN'T MAKE THAT ARGUMENT ANYMORE. SOME POLITICIANS MAKE THAT ARGUMENT. STEWART MIGHT MAKE THAT ARGUMENT. I'M NOT SURE.

>> I'M NOT A POLITICIAN ANYMORE.

>> NO I KNOW. THAT'S WHY I WAS INCLUDING YOU PLUS. BUT THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, AND THE PRESIDENT AFTER EXTENSIVE REVIEWS BY OUTSIDERS AND INSIDERS, WHICH CONCLUDED THAT THE PROGRAM HADN'T RESULTED IN STOPPING ANY TERROR ATTACKS, DECIDED THAT THERE WAS NO INTELLIGENCE VALUE THAT THEY NEEDED TO CONTINUE THE PROGRAM, THE ESSENCE OF THE PROGRAM BEING THAT THE N.S.A. GETS ALL OF THE TELEPHONE RECORDS OF ALL TELEPHONE CALLS MADE OR RECEIVED.

>> AND THE WHITE HOUSE HAS THISñr DEADLY BACKING AWAY FROM THE NEED FOR THAT. SO YOU SAY, YOU BOTH SAY THAT BY THE END OF THIS MONTH, WHEN THE PATRIOT ACT EXPIRES, SOMETHING HAS TO HAPPEN. WHAT HAS TO HAPPEN FOR CONGRESS? WHAT KIND OF ACTION CAN CONGRESS TAKE TO CHANGE THIS?

>> CONGRESS CAN REAUTHORIZE IT IN WHICH CASE THE COURT'S OPINION WILL BE OVERTAKEN BY EVENTS. THEY CAN MODIFY THE PROGRAM, IN WHICH CASE THE STATUTE WILL BE BETTER TAILORED TO WHAT THE PROGRAM IS OR WHAT NEW PROGRAM IS ADOPTED. OR THEY CAN LET IT DIE AND TAKE THE RISK THAT BOTH THIS PROGRAM AND A LOT OF OTHER THINGS THAT ARE DONE WITH THIS AUTHORITY WILL NOT BE AVAILABLE IF WE'RE ATTACKED BY TERRORISTS.

>> Ifill: WHAT'S THE PROBLEM IF THAT HAPPENS?

>> WELL, THERE ARE A LOT OF AUTHORITIES, A LOT OF PROGRAMS THAT DEPEND ON THE ABILITY TO ASK SERVICE PROVIDERS FOR DATA ABOUT THEIR CUSTOMERS TARGETED REQUESTS AS WELL AS BROADER REQUESTS. ALL OF THEM WILL GO AWAY IF THIS SECTION IS NOT REAUTHORIZED.

>> WELL THE MOST LIKELY OUTCOME I THINK IN CONGRESS OR WHAT I HOPE TO BE THE LIKELY OUTCOME IS THAT CONGRESS ADOPTS A PACKAGE OF REFORMS WHICH IT'S BEEN CONSIDERING FOR THE PAST YEAR,Ñi KNOWN AS U.S.A. FREEDOM ACT. IT HAS THE SUPPORT OF THE ADMINISTRATION, AND BASICALLY THOSE REFORMS WOULD NOT REINSTITUTE THE PROGRAM THiTz THE COURT HELD ILLEGAL TODAY. THEY PROVIDE A DIFFERENT WAY FORÑi THE GOVERNMENT TO GET SOME OF THE INFORMATION. AND THEY ALSO MAKE REFORMS TO OTHER SECTIONS OF THE PATRIOT ACT, THAT STATUTE THAT WEREN'T ADDRESSED BY THE COURT. THERE'S WIDESPREAD BIPARTISAN SUPPORT FOR THOSE REFORMS IN BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS. THE HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE PASSED IT OVERWHELMINGLY LAST WEEK, AND THE HOUSE IS EXPECTED TO ADOPT THEM NEXT WEEK. THERE HAS BEEN I THINK A KIND OF PECULIAR EFFORT TO SAY, OH, NO, WE SHOULD CONTINUE THE PROGRAM AS IT IS WHEN THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY ITSELF IS NOT ASKING FOR THAT AND SAYS THESE REFORMS WOULD BE BETTER.

>> SO I THINK KATE WAS RIGHT WHEN SHE SAID ONLY SOME OF THE DATA WILL BE AVAILABLE THAT THE DATA WILL DISAPPEAR BECAUSE RECORDS WON'T BE KEPTÑi AND WHEN WE NEED TO TRY TO FIND PEOPLE QUICKLY AND TO FIND OUT WHO THEY ARE CONSPIRING WITH, IF THERE IS A TERRORIST CONSPIRACY IN THE UNITED STATES THAT IS SPONSORED FROM ABROAD, WE WON'T BE ABLE TO DO THAT.

>> Ifill: IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO DOING IT THE WAY THEY'VE BEEN DOING IT, THE WAY THE COURT SAID WAS NOT LEGAL IN.

>> WHAT THE COURT SAIDÑi WAS THE STATUTE WAS NOT WRITTEN TO AUTHORIZE THAT. SO IT WILL BE EASY FOR CONGRESS TO SAY, WE'RE GOING TO AUTHORIZE IT WITH CERTAIN KINDS OF CONSTRAINTS FOR PROTECTIONS ANY NUMBER. THEY CAN TAKE ALL OF THE CONSTRAINTS THAT ARE ALREADY PART OF THE COURT ORDER...

>> Ifill: OKAY. SO IF THERE'S BIPARTISAN INTEREST...

>> THERE'S BIPARTISAN DOUBTS ABOUT THIS PROGRAM, ESPECIALLY IN THE SENATE, ABOUT U.S.A. FREEDOM. SO THERE IS GENUINE DEBATE IN THE SENATE IN PARTICULAR. IN THE HOUSE THE FAR LEFT AND THE FAR RIGHT HAVE AGREED TO DISLIKE THIS PROGRAM AND THEY HAVE THE MAJORITY ATñr THIS POINT, SO I THINK THE HOUSE WILL PASS THEñMU9 I DOÑi NOT THINK THAT THE SENATE WILL DO THAT.

>> Ifill: WE'RE ALMOST OUT OF TIME. DO YOU HAVE A VERY QUICK COMMENT?

>> I WANT TO SAY, ON THE RULE OF LAW QUESTION, THIS INTERPRETATION WAS A SECRET INTERPRETATION ADOPTED BY THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION OF THE LAW AND THEN THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION WHEN PUSHED REFUSED TO MAKE THAT INTERPRETATION PUBLIC.

>> Ifill: OKAY. WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO LEAVE IT THERE. KATE MARTIN OF THE CENTER FORÑi NATIONAL SECURITY STUDIES. STEWART BAKER, FORMER ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY.

>> THAT'S RIGHT.

>> Ifill: I GOT IT ALL OUT. THANK YOU BOTH VERY MUCH.

>> THANK YOU.

>> IT'S A PLEASURE.

>> Ifill: THOUSANDS OF NEPALESE GATHERED TODAY FOR PRAYER, RITUAL AND CEREMONY MARKING THE END OF A TRADITIONAL HINDU MOURNING PERIOD HELD AFTER THE MASSIVE EARTHQUAKE. THE DEATH TOLL HAS GROWN TO MORE THAN 7,800 PEOPLE. ANOTHER 15,000 HAVE BEEN INJURED. ENGINEERS ARE CONTINUING TO INSPECT THOUSANDS OF DAMAGED HOUSES AROUND KATHMANDU. THE EARTHQUAKE ALSO WROUGHT CONSIDERABLE DESTRUCTION AND DAMAGE TO RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND HERITAGE SITES THROUGHOUT THE REGION. JEFFREY BROWN REPORTS ON THAT PART OF HIS ONGOING WORK ON "CULTURE AT RISK."

>> Brown: THE CREMATION OF BODIES CONTINUED THIS WEEK IN KATHMANDU, AS OFFICIALS WARNED THE DEATH TOLL COULD HIT 10,000. MEANWHILE AID WORKERS HAVE STRUGGLED TO REACH REMOTE AREAS, HAMPERED BY CUSTOMS DELAYS, CLOSED ROADS AND DIFFICULT TERRAIN. AND VILLAGERS HAVE GROWN FRUSTRATED BY THE PACE AND AMOUNT OF RELIEF GETTING TO THEM.

>> ( translated ): IT IS SO LITTLE, WHAT CAN ONE DO WITH THIS? SOME HAVE 15 TO 20 PEOPLE IN THEIR FAMILIES, AND SOME HAVE BUT FOR 10 TO 15 PEOPLE, HOW LONG WILL IT LAST? IT WON'T LAST.

>> Brown: THE HUMANITARIAN CRISIS-- THE LOSS OF LIVES, THE NEED FOR FOOD, SHELTER, AND MEDICINE-- HAS BEEN DEVASTATING IN THIS MOUNTAINOUS COUNTRY THAT IS ONE OF THE WORLD'S POOREST. AT THE SAME TIME, ANOTHER KIND OF CRISIS HAS ALSO UNFOLDED. THIS REGION ONCE STOOD AT THE INTERSECTION OF TRADE ROUTES CONNECTING INDIA AND CHINA, AND BECAME HOME TO A RICH HERITAGE OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE DATING BACK MANY CENTURIES. TODAY, MANY OF THOSE SITES, SUCH AS BHAKTAPUR SQUARE AND PATAN DURBAR SQUARE, BOTH IN THE KATHMANDU VALLEY, ARE BADLY DAMAGED.

>> THERE ARE MANY OF THE TEMPLES HAVE COLLAPSE AND ALSO MANY OF THE HISTORICAL HOUSES, IN WHICH MANY OF THE FAMILIES WERE LIVING FELL DOWN. AND IN BHAKTAPUR THERE ARE STREETS WHERE WE EVEN CANNOT GO AT THE MOMENT BECAUSE ALL THE HOUSES ARE FELL ON THE STREETS SO THIS IS DIFFICULT TO ASSESS THERE. CHRISTIAN MANHART IS THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED NATIONS' OFFICE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN KATHMANDU.

>> AND THEN PATAN DURBAR SQUARE WE ALSO I MUST SAY 50% OF THE TEMPLES HAVE GONE THERE, THEY ARE JUST RUBBLE NOW. BUT FORTUNATELY THE ROYAL PALACE IS STILL STANDING, EXCEPT ONE TOWER WHICH IS LEANING AND WHICH WE HAVE TO CONSOLIDATE VERY QUICKLY THAT IT DOESN'T FALL DOWN.

>> Brown: IN THE CITY YESTERDAY SOLDIERS AND VOLUNTEERS WORKED TO CLEAR BRICKS AND DEBRIS FROM A HINDU TEMPLE.

>> BECAUSE WE LOVE OUR TEMPLE VERY MUCH, SO LOOK AT IT NOW, I WANT TO CARE ABOUT THIS. AND I WANT TO HELP THIS TEMPLE VERY CAREFULLY AND THEN OTHER TEMPLES, PLUS I WANT TO COME IN

>> Brown: SINCE THE EARTHQUAKE, MANHART'S TEAM HAS BEEN STRUGGLING TO ASSESS THE DAMAGE TO THE COUNTRY'S MANY TEMPLES AND HISTORIC SITES. AND THERE HAS BEEN SOME GOOD NEWS: THE LUMBINI TEMPLE, FOR EXAMPLE, SAID TO BE THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE BUDDHA, WAS LEFT UNHARMED. NEPAL IS HOME TO FOUR DESIGNATED WORLD HERITAGE SITES, TWO NATURAL AND TWO CULTURAL. ONE SITE ALONE, THE KATHMANDU VALLEY, CONTAINS SEVEN WORLD- RENOWNED GROUPS OF MONUMENTS AND BUILDINGS. AND TOURISM IS VITAL TO THIS POOR COUNTRYS ECONOMY.

>> IT'S THE LARGEST CONCENTRATION OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. AND ABSOLUTELY UNIQUE IN THEIR STYLE AND IN THEIR MIXTURE OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST SECULAR TRADITIONS.

>> Brown: DEBRA DIAMOND IS CURATOR OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART AT THE SMITHSONIAN'S FREER AND SACKLER GALLERIES IN WASHINGTON, ITSELF HOME TO A NEPALESE BODHISATTVA.

>> THESE ARE BRONZE CASTERS AND WOOD CARVERS ARE CONSIDERED AMONG, HISTORICALLY CONSIDERED, AMONG THE GREATEST ARTISTS OF THE REGION. AND THEY NOT ONLY WORKED IN NEPAL BUT THEY WERE CALLED TO CHINA BY KUBLAI KHAN, FOR EXAMPLE AND THEY WORKED IN TIBET

>> Brown: IT'S A FACT NOT LOST ON LOCALS. AFTER EARLY REPORTS OF LOOTING, MANHART SAYS CITIZENS, POLICE AND THE MILITARY HAVE COME TOGETHER TO PROTECT THE SITES. THESE ARE NOT JUST RELICS FROM A BYGONE ERA, HE AND OTHERS POINT OUT, BUT LIVING HISTORY THAT PEOPLE INTERACT WITH ON A DAILY BASIS. THAT WAS ON DISPLAY THIS WEEK IN THE CAPITAL, WHERE EVEN AMID THE DESTRUCTION AND LOSS OF LIFE, THE NEPALESE CELEBRATED THE BUDDHA'S BIRTHDAY.

>> WHEN I ARRIVED IN NEPAL EIGHT MONTHS AGO I WAS REALLY STRUCK BY THE SPIRITUALITY OF THE PEOPLE, BY THIS CULTURE THEY STILL HAVE. THEY GO TO THE TEMPLE EVERY MORNING TO GIVE SOME OFFERINGS. EACH TEMPLE HAS ITS OWN FESTIVALS AND THE PEOPLE ARE VERY STRONGLY CONNECTED AND IT'S PART OF THEIR DAILY LIVES. AND WHAT IS THE DANGER OF COURSE, IF THE TANGIBLE HERITAGE SO THE TEMPLES DISAPPEARS AND THEN THERE'S THE INTANGIBLES HERITAGE WILL DISAPPEARS.

>> Brown: THERE ARE REASONS FOR SOME HOPE: THE WAY THE TEMPLES AND BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED FOR EXAMPLE, SHOULD MAKE THEM EASIER TO REBUILD.

>> AND MANY OF THEM ARE IN THIS VERY DISTINCTIVE NEPALESE STYLE OF-- THAT USES BRICK AND WOOD. SO WE SEE THESE PAGODA-LIKE TOWERS WITH MANY DIFFERENT ROOFS AND STRUTS THAT ARE MADE OF CARVED WOOD. AND WHEN THERE'S AN EARTHQUAKE, THOSE BUILDINGS TEND TO FALL STRAIGHT DOWN. AND THE STRUTS SURVIVE AND THE BRICKS SURVIVE SO THERE'S A LOT THAT CAN BE RECYCLED.

>> AND ALSO, WE HAVE VERY DETAILED DOCUMENTATION. WE HAVE GOOD PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SITES, WE HAVE ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS, WE HAVE MEASUREMENTS, SO ALL THIS HELPS FOR FUTURE RESTORATION.

>> Brown: MANHART SAYS THAT WITH THOUSANDS OF TEMPLES TO RESTORE THE WORK COULD TAKE AT LEAST TEN YEARS AND PERHAPS DECADES. ALL PART OF A REBUILDING EFFORT THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY THAT BY ALL ACCOUNTS WILL REQUIRE A HUGE INTERNATIONAL AID COMMITMENT. FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR, I'M JEFFREY BROWN IN WASHINGTON.

>> Ifill: IN A RARE, NEAR- UNANIMOUS AND BIPARTISAN VOTE, THE SENATE DECLARED IT WOULD HAVE ITS SAY IN ONGOING NUCLEAR TALKS WITH IRAN. THE IRAN NUCLEAR AGREEMENT REVIEW ACT PASSED 98 TO ONE. IT WOULD GIVE CONGRESS UP TO 52 DAYS TO REVIEW ANY PROPOSED NUCLEAR AGREEMENT WITH IRAN. DURING THAT TIME, THE PRESIDENT COULD NOT REDUCE IMPOSED SANCTIONS. AND CONGRESS COULD VOTE, UP OR DOWN, ON ANY PROPOSED AGREEMENT. A TWO-THIRDS VOTE WOULD BE NEEDED TO OVERRIDE ANY RESULTING PRESIDENTIAL VETO. I SPOKE EARLIER WITH TWO SENATORS WHO JOINED IN THE OVERWHELMING SUPPORT FOR THE MEASURE. WE BEGIN WITH REPUBLICAN JOHN THUNE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. SENATOR THUNE, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. SO WHY DID CONGRESS FEEL IT HAD TO HAVE ITS SAYÑi TODAY?

>> WELL, I THINK THERE'S A CONCERN AMONG THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, GWEN. IT NEEDS TO BE VOICED THROUGH THEIR REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS ABOUT AN IRANIAN NUCLEAR AGREEMENT THATçó THEñr OF NEGOTIATING. AND I THINKçó THIS HAS HUGE NATIONAL SECURITY CONSEQUENCES NOT ONLY FOR OURÑi ALLIES IN THE REGION, BUT FOR THE UNITED STATES, AND SO THE CONGRESS IN THE LEGISLATION THAT WE PASSED TODAY, AND IT WAS AN OVERWHELMING VOTE, I THINK WENT ON THE RECORD EXPRESSING THEIR DESIRE TO BE A PART OF THIS PROCESS AND HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO AT LEAST REVIEW AND APPROVEÑi OR DISAPPROVE WHATEVER AGREEMENT THE ADMINISTRATION NEGOTIATES.

>> >> Ifill: YOU'RE RIGHT, THAT WAS AN OVERWHELMING VOTE, BUT EVEN THOUGH ONLY ONE PERSON VOTED AGAINST THE FINAL BILL SEVERAL OF YOUR COLLEAGUE, SENATOR RUBIO, SENATOR CRUZ, SENATOR COTTON, THEY HAD ALL BEEN A LITTLE BIT CONCERNED ABOUT SEEMING TO GIVE CONGRESSIONAL... CONDITIONING'S BLESSING -- CONGRESS'S BLESSING TO ANY DEAL. HOW DID YOU OVERCOME THOSE CONCERNS?

>> IN THE END THEIR ARGUMENT WAS, YES, YOU DON'T HAVE CONGRESSÑi ON THE RECORD IN ANY WAY BLESSING THIS THING, BUT IN THE END IT'S GOING TO TAKE BASICALLY 67 VOTES INñr THE CONGRESS FOR ANYTHING THAT THE PRESIDENT... I SHOULD SAY IT'S GOING TO TAKE 34 TO APPROVE BUT 67 VOTES TO DISAPPROVE ANUR'G THE ADMINISTRATION NEGOTIATES. THE ONE THING THE LEGISLATION PROBABLY THE MOST COMPELLING ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF GETTING PEOPLE ON BOARD WITH THIS, AT LEAST WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO REVIEW IT. WE GET 30 DAYS. IT WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO EDUCATE THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ABOUT THE PARTICULARS THEÑi DETAILS OF THIS THING AND WHAT IT MEANS. I THINK THAT WAS PROBABLY THE MOST COMPELLING ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF MOVING FORWARD WITH THIS LEGISLATION, WHICH BY THE WAY IS NEGOTIATED REALLY BY BOB CORKER AND HAD 65 OR 64 COSPONSORS WHEN IT STARTED OUT. SO THIS STARTED OUT WITH A BROAD BIPARTISAN SUPPORT. THE PRESIDENT HAD INDICATED HE WOULD VETO IT. HE ONLY CAME ALONG RELUCTANTLY WHEN IT BECAME CLEAR THIS THING WAS GOING TO PASS.T- STEP FORWARD IN ENSURING THAT THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS HAVE AN OPPORTUNITYçó TO DEBATE, REVIEW AND ACT ULTIMATELY ON WHATEVER DEAL THE ADMINISTRATION NEGOTIATES.

>> BUT COULDN'T THE CONGRESS DEBATE... HAVE DEBATED AND REVIEWED AND ACTED ON THIS EVEN WITHOUT... NO MATTER WHAT HAPPENED WITH THIS DEAL? COULDN'T CONGRESS HAVE DONE THIS ANY TIME?

>> WELL, THEY COULD BUT THERE WAS NO GUARANTEE THAT WE WOULD HAVE HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO SEE IT. THIS REQUIRES THE ADMINISTRATION TO PRESENT IT. AND, YOU KNOW, IN ALL OF ITS DETAILS AND LINE BY LINE AND SO FORTH, SO CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ARE GOING TO HAVE A CHANCE TO SEE IT. ARGUABLY THERE ARE CERTAIN PEOPLE PROBABLY THAT WOULD HAVE HAD A CHANCE TO SEEçó IT ANYWAY, BUT FOR THE ENTIRE CONGRESS AND BY VIRTUE OF THAT, THE AMERICAN PEOPLE TO HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO REVIEW THIS DEAL, IT TOOK A PROCESS LIKE THIS. AND I THINK THAT'S WHY IN THE END, YOU KNOW THAT'S WHAT WON IT OUT.

>> Ifill: EARLY ON IN THIS ONE OF THE OBJECTIONS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE AND SOME DEMOCRATS WAS THAT CONGRESS WAS GOING TO HURT THE DEAL STILL BEING NEGOTIATED, STILL BEING FIRMED UP IN GENEVA, VIENNA, WHEREVER THEY ARE THIS WEEK, AND IT WOULD HURT THE OVERALL NEGOTIATIONS. WHY WON'T THIS?

>> I THINK IN THE END IT GIVES ADDITIONAL LEVERAGE TO THE ADMINISTRATION BECAUSE NOW THE IRANIANS KNOW THE OTHER PARTIES KNOW, OUR ALLIES KNOW THAT THIS IS SOMETHING THAT CONGRESS IS AT LEAST GOING TO WEIGH IN ON. I THINK THAT'S ANOTHER THRESHOLD THATçó IS THERE WHEN NEGOTIATING AND THEY HAVE TO THINK ABOUT. I HAD AN AMENDMENT THAT ULTIMATELY DIDN'T GET VOTED ON THAT WOULD HAVE REQUIRED THE STATE DEPARTMENT TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER OR NOT THE IAEA REALLY HAD THE ABILITY UNDER THE AGREEMENT THE TAKE A LOOK AT THESE MILITARY SITES TO SEE IF THE IRANIANS WERE INÑi COMPLIANCE. THINGS LIKE THAT I THINK ARE REALLY IMPORTANT TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, THINGS LIKE THAT I THINK ARE REALLY IMPORTANT TO INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF CONGRESS. I THINK THE ADMINISTRATION SHOULD USE THAT TO THEIR ADVANTAGE WHEN THEY'RE NEGOTIATING THIS DEAL.

>> Ifill: EXCEPT YOUR AMENDMENT DIDN'T GET VOTED ON. A LOT OF OTHER AMENDMENTS DIDN'T GET VOTED ON. THEY WERE SHUT DOWN BY THE SENATE MAJORITY LEADER. ISN'T THIS THE THING REPUBLICANS COMPLAINED HARRY REID DID ALL THE TIME?

>> WELL THE DEMOCRATS HAD NO INTEREST IN HELPING ON THIS BECAUSE THEY DIDN'T HAVE ANY AMENDMENTS THEY OFFERED. THEY WANTED TO SEE THE BILL MOVE FORWARD WITHOUT AMENDMENT. WE HAD Açó NUMBER OF MEMBERS ON OUR SIDE WHO DID WANT TO OFFER AMENDMENTS. THE DEMOCRATS OBJECTED AND BLOCKED THOSE. IN THE END WE WANTED TO GET THE BILL PASSED. IT WOULD HAVE BEEN NICE TO HAVE A DEBATE ABOUT AMENDMENTS. MOST OF THEM WOULD HAVE BEENÑi DEFEATED. IT WOULD HAVE BEEN NICE TO THINK WE COULD HAVE STRENGTHENED THE BILL, BUT IF I'M THE WHITE HOUSE, I LOOK AT THIS ENTIRE PROCESS AND SAY THIS IS GOOD FOR US BECAUSE THIS GIVES US, AS WE NEGOTIATE, A STRONGER HAND AND I THINK IN THE END THAT ENABLES THEM, IF THEY'RE WILLING TO USE THAT TO GET A BETTER DEAL.

>> Ifill: SENATOR JOHN THUNE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> THANKS, GWEN.

>> Ifill: I ALSO SPOKE WITH VIRGINIA'S DEMOCRATIC SENATOR TIM KAINE. SENATOR KAINE, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. IT'S SO UNUSUAL TO SEE SUCH AN OVERWHELMING BIPARTISAN AGREEMENT. HOW SIGNIFICANT WAS THIS VOTE TODAY?

>> IT WAS A HUGE VOTE, GWEN BOTH FOR WHAT IT MEANSñr AND WHAT IT PORE TENDS. THIS WAS A BILL THAT WOULD INTRODUCED IN 2014 BY 14 REPUBLICAN SENATORS. WE STARTED TO WORK ON IT TOGETHER IN JANUARY RECOGNIZING THE STAKES. AN IRANIAN NUCLEAR NEGOTIATION IS NOTHING TO PLAY AROUND WITH. WE MADE SOME SIGNIFICANT CHANGES TO TURN IT INTO A BIPARTISAN BILL AFTER SOME OF THE DRAMA IN FEBRUARY AND MARCH HERE IN THE SENATE. THE LETTER OF 47 TO THE SUPREME LEADER. WE FELT LIKE WE NEEDED TO SHOW EACH OTHER AND OUR PUBLIC THAT WE COULD CONSIDER AN IMPORTANT MATTER LIKE A DEAL WITH IRAN IN A WAY THAT WAS DELIBERATIVE AND PROMPT AND BIPARTISAN, AND WHEN WE GOT THE BILL DONE IN THE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE, WHERE I SERVE WE HAD A UNANIMOUS VOTE. AND WE GOT A 98-1 VOTE ON THE FLOOR TODAY. IT SHOWS THE SENATE CANÑi STEP UP AND TAKE THESE RESPONSIBILITIES ON OUR SHOULDERS AND DO THEM WELL. I WANT TO DO THE SAME THING WITH THIS NINE-MONTH WAR WITH ISIL THAT'S GOING ON.

>> Ifill: THE WHITE HOUSE HAD ORIGINALLY AT SOME POINT MAYBE IT WAS ABOUT THE TIME OF THIS 47 REPUBLICANS SIGNING THE LETTER TO THE AYATOLLAH, THEY HAD SAID THEY WOULD VETO THIS.

>> YEP.

>> Ifill: WHAT CHANGED?

>> WELL I THINK,O UH KNOW ONE, WE GOT THE VOTES. WE HAD AN UNDENIABLE MOMENTUM FOR THIS BILL. BUT I ALSO THINK THE WHITE HOUSE, AS THEY LOOKED AT IT, THEY REALIZED SOMETHING. IF THE CHOICE WASçó BETWEEN CONGRESSIONAL ENGAGEMENT OR NO ENGAGEMENT, THIS WHITE HOUSE AND PROBABLY EVERY OTHER WHITE HOUSE WOULD PREFER NO ENGAGEMENT. BUT THAT WAS NEVER REALLY THEÑi CHOICE. BECAUSE THE WHITE HOUSE IS NEGOTIATING WITH IRAN USING A CONGRESSIONALLY IMPOSED SANCTIONS REGIME AS THE LEVER IN THE NEGOTIATION WE WERE ALWAYS GOING TO BE INVOLVED. SO ONCE THEY REALIZED THATxD THE REAL CHOICE WAS BETWEEN DOES CONUrGSS ENGAGE UNDER A SET OF RULES THAT'S PROMPT AND CAROL AND WELL DEFINED OR DOES CONGRESS ENGAGE UNDER A FREE-FOR-ALL SET OF RULES, THEY REALIZED THE BETTER COURSE WAS TO HAVE A CAREFUL REVIEW. THAT'S WHAT WE'VE DONE. WE'VE GIVEN THE PRESIDENT THE ABILITY TO DO WAIVER OF EXECUTIVE OR INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS WITHOUT CONGRESS, BUT WHEN HE PROPOSES RELIEF UNDER THE CONGRESSIONAL STATUTE THEN WE ENTER A REVIEW PERIOD THAT'S PROMPT AND THEN WE HAVE TO RENDER EITHER AN APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL OR TAKE NO ACTION. SO WE CAN QUICKLY, YOU KNOW, GIVE A CONGRESSIONAL KIND OF SIGNAL ABOUT WHAT WE WOULD INTEND. THAT'S THE RIGHT WAY TO DO THIS.

>> NOW, YOU MENTIONED THE ONGOING CONFLICT WITH ISIL. YOU SPOKE ABOUT THAT ON THE SENATE FLOOR TODAY. DO YOU ENVISION THIS AS A BLUEPRINT FOR CONGRESSIONAL ACTION ON OTHER INTERNATIONAL ISSUES, WHICH WOULD NORMALLY BE THE PURVIEW OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH?

>> I REALLY DO, GWEN. OF COURSE THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH HAS HUGE PURVIEW ON MATTERSñr OF DIPLOMACY AND ALSO ON MATTERS OF WAR, BUT CONGRESS HAS OUR PREROGATIVES, AS WELL. AND NON-ARE SO IMPORTANT -- NONE ARE SO IMPORTANT AS THE POWER OF THE CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR. TODAY IS THE END OF NINE MONTHS OF UNILATERAL EXECUTIVE WAR WITHOUT A SINGLE VOTE ON THE FLOOR OF EITHER HOUSE OF CONGRESS ABOUT WHETHER WE SHOULD BE ENGAGED IN MILITARY ACTION AGAINST ISIL. IT'S BEEN INCREDIBLY FRUSTRATING, BUT WHAT I SAW HAPPENED IN THE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE OVER THE LAST MONTH OR SO, COMING TOGETHER TO TRY TO TACKLE A TOUGH ISSUE CONSISTENT WITH OUR RESPONSIBILITIES IN A BIPARTISAN WAY, I THINK WHAT HAPPENED TODAY PORTENDS THAT WE CAN USE THE SAME APPROACH AS WE GRABBLE WITH THE PRESIDENT'S PROPOSED AUTHORIZATION FOR THE WAR AGAINST ISIL.Ñi WE SHOULDN'T BE PUTTING OUR SERVICE MEMBERS' LIVES AT RISK UNLESS CONGRESS IS WILLING TO HAVE A DEBATE AND SAY THAT THE MISSION IS IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST.

>> Ifill: I ASKED SENATOR JOHN THUNE A SHORT TIME AGO AND I WANT TO ASK YOU TOO PART OF THE CRITICISM ABOUT CONGRESSIONAL INTERVENTION WAS THAT YOU WOULD ENDANGER THE ULTIMATE AGREEMENT, WHICH STILL HASN'T COME TO FRUITION. SENATOR CLINTON JOHN KERRY HAS HAS -- SENATOR JOHN KERRY HAS BEEN INVOLVED. DO YOU THINK THIS WILL MAKE HIS JOB TOUGHER OR EASIER? >>Ñi I THINK IT WILL MAKE IT EASIER. I TOOK THAT CONCERN SERIOUSLY. THAT'S WHY I DID NOT AGREE TO BE ANY PART OF SANCTIONS LEGISLATION DURING THE COURSE OF THE NEGLIGENCE LEGISLATIONS WITH IRAN, BECAUSE THE TERMS OF THE NEGOTIATION SAID WE WOULDN'T DO ANY MORE SANCTIONS WHILE WE WERE NEGOTIATING, BUT THE TERMS OF THE NEGOTIATION DIDN'T SAY CONGRESS COULDN'T SIGN OFF ON THE DEAL. INDEED, THE DEAL THAT'S BEING NEGOTIATED IS ONE THAT THE IRANIAN PARLIAMENT HAS TO SIGN OFFñr ON, AND IRANIAN LEADERS ARE VERY SOPHISTICATED ABOUT OUR POLITICAL SYSTEM. IF THEY WANT OUT FROM UNDER CONGRESSIONAL SANCTIONS THEY UNDERSTAND THAT CONGRESS IS GOING TO HAVE A SAY. SO THE FACT THAT CONGRESS WILL WEIGH IN ONCE THE DEAL IS DONE, IF A DEAL IS DONE, IS NOT SURPRISING TO THEM. THEY'VE ANTICIPATED IT FROM THE BEGINNING THAT. WILL NOT CAUSE THESE NEGOTIATIONS TO GO OFF THE RAILS.

>> Ifill: SENATOR TIM KAINE, DEMOCRAT OF VIRGINIA, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> THANKS, GWEN.Ñi

>> Ifill: BALTIMORE MAYOR STEPHANIE RAWLINGS-BLAKE TODAY ANNOUNCED A NEW EFFORT TO TACKLE THE CITY'S LONG-STANDING PROBLEMS. THE "ONE BALTIMORE" CAMPAIGN, AS IT'S CALLED, IS DESIGNED TO BRING BUSINESS, RELIGIOUS AND COMMUNITY GROUPS TOGETHER TO HELP REBUILD THE CITY. GIVEN THE CITY'S DIFFICULT HISTORY, THE MAYOR'S INITIATIVE REFLECTS CONCERN ABOUT THE POTENTIAL LONG-TERM TOLL THE LASTEST UPHEAVAL COULD LEAVE ON SOME ITS ALREADY MOST TROUBLED NEIGHBORHOODS. ECONOMICS CORRESPONDENT PAUL SOLMAN WENT TO BALTIMORE TO TAKE A LOOK, PART OF OUR ONGOING REPORTING ON "MAKING SENSE" OF FINANCIAL NEWS WHICH AIRS EVERY THURSDAY ON THE NEWSHOUR.

>> Reporter: THE SOUTHERN BAPTIST CHURCH IN BALTIMORE, THIS ANNUAL CELEBRATION OF THE AREA'S CHURCH USHERS SEEMED JARRING GIVEN THE LOSS OF PASTOR DONTE HICKMAN'S FLOCK SUFFERED LAST WEEK. THEIR HALF-BUILT SENIOR HOUSING COMPLEX AND SENIOR CENTER TORCHED, FULLY ONE-THIRD OF THE $12 MILLION PROJECT REDUCED TO RUBBLE WITHIN HOURS. SO TOO THE CHURCH BUS.

>> IT WAS HEARTBREAKING. WE INVESTED IN THE COMMUNITY. WHO WOULD DO SOMETHING LIKE THIS?

>> .

>> Reporter: BUT THEY'RE ASKING A BIGGER QUESTION IN THE CITY AT LARGE: WHAT DO LAST WEEKEND'S EVENTS PORTEND FOR THE CITY OF BALTIMORE AS A WHOLE. AT THE MARCUS BOYD REAL ESTATE FIRM CLOAK WALLY KNOWN AS WILL AND BILL ON THE HILL, BUSINESS IS UP BY ROUGHLY 100%.

>> THESE ARE THE ONES THAT WERE CANCELED. CO-OWNER WILL RUNNERBOUND SAYS BUYERS AND RENTERS ARE STAYING AWAY IN DROVES.

>> THE PHONES HAVE NOT BEEN RINGING AND NO ONE HAS BEEN WALKING IN.

>> Reporter: AS FOR INVESTORS...

>> WE HAVE TWO PROPERTIES ON THE MARKET ON THE FIRST FLOOR AND MULTIPLE UNITS ABOVE. THOSE HAVE BEEN EXTREMELY POPULAR. THIS WEEK WE'VE SEEN A DRASTIC DECLINE IN REQUESTS TO EVEN SEE THEM.

>> Reporter: IN THE SIMILARLY TRENDY FELLS POINT NEIGHBORHOOD THE BOUTIQUE HOTEL INN AT THE BLACK OLIVE SUFFERED THE SAME FATE.

>> I HAD NEVER EXPERIENCED ANYTHING IN MY LIFETIME LIKE THIS.

>> Reporter: THE CO-OWNER SAYS HE WAS SWAMPED BY CANCELLATIONS.

>> WE WERE AT 100% OCCUPANCY. THIS IS THE BUSY SEASON. AND I HAD TO GIVE REFUNDS. WE LOST ALL RESERVATIONS. WE LOST A BUNCH OF PARTIES. PRICES WERE CUT BY TWO-THIRDS. OCCUPANCY WAS CUT BY TWO-THIRDS AT LEAST.

>> Reporter: IN BALTIMORE'S FAMOUSLY REVIVED INNER HARBOR AN ECONOMIC CONSULTANT SUMMED UP.

>> THIS HAS HAMMERED THE LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY SEGMENTS OF BALTIMORE. BARS HAVE LOST ABOUT 95% OF THEIR NORMAL BUSINESS TRAFFIC. WE'VE HAD A NUMBER OF ORIOLES GAMS CANCELED INCLUDING ONE THAT TOOK PLACE WITH NO FANS, AND THERE'S THE DIRECT DAMAGE FROM THE RIOT ON MONDAY NIGHT. THAT'S GOING TO MAKE IT THAT MUCH MORE DIFFICULT TO MARKET THIS CITY NOT JUST TO TOURISTS BUT TO STUDENTS WHO WOULD ATTEND JOHNS HOPKINS OR LOYOLA UNIVERSITY. PEOPLE WHO ARE BEING RECRUITED FOR CORPORATE BUSINESSES IN BALTIMORE CITY SO ANYONE WHO THINKS THESE EFFECTS WON'T LINGER I THINK IS NAIVE.

>> I GREW UP IN DETROIT. I REMEMBER THE 1967 RIOTS.

>> Reporter: ECONOMIC HISTORIAN ROBERT MARGOT DOESN'T JUST REMEMBER THE 1960s RIOTS, HE STUDIED THEIR EFFECTS IN DOZENS OF CITIES ACROSS THE U.S.

>> THE RIOTS WERE UNAMBIGUOUSLY NEGATIVE. THEY REDUCED INCOMES OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THEY REDUCED HOUSING VALUESMENT LOCAL AMENITIES SHOPPING, THINGS LIKE THIS BASICALLY WENT AWAY. I WOULD ALSO WOULD ADD THESE EFFECTS PERSISTED. WE FOUND NO EVIDENCE THAT THEY GOT BETTER SO TO SPEAK.

>> I WAS IN LOS ANGELES DURING THE RODNEY KING RIOTS.

>> Reporter: SOCIOLOGIST CHRIS MARSH.

>> FOR THE MOST PART WHERE WE SAW THE HOTBED OF THE RODNEY KING RIOTS, THERE HASN'T BEEN A LOT OF REINVESTMENT BACK IN THAT COMMUNITY.

>> Reporter: NOR WAS THERE MUCH REINVESTMENT IN BALTIMORE'S AFFECTED NEIGHBORHOODS AFTER THE EIGHT-DAY UPRISING IN 1968.

>> SO MUCH WAS LEFT NOT REBUILT.

>> Reporter: IF THE EFFECTS OF THE LAST RIOTS ARE LEFT TO SEE WHY WOULD BALTIMORE'S INNER-CITY TRASH THEIR NEIGHBORHOODS YET AGAIN, EVEN IF ONLY FOR ONE NIGHT THUS FAR?

>> SOME PEOPLE ARE LOOTING BECAUSE THAT'S THEIR MENTALITY, BUT OTHERS FEEL LIKE áY'RE MAKING A STATEMENT, WE WANT TO BE HEARD. UNDERSTAND WHAT I'M SAYING?

>> Reporter: TERRENCE ROGERS, A MINISTER IN TRAINING UNDER PASTOR HICKMAN AS ARE DARIAN RIGHT AND WES JOHNSON.

>> PEOPLE FEELING LIKE THEY CAN SUCCEED OR GET ABOVE. WHEN THEY'RE AT THAT BOILING POINT AND IT COMES TO THEM LASHING OUT, WHAT'S THE WORST THAT CAN HAPPEN? IT'S ALREADY FALLING DOWN AROUND THEM. IT'S LIKE WE'RE ALL LIVING IN THIS DUMP OR THIS WAR ZONE.

>> Reporter: AND YET BARELY TWO MILES AWAY, BALTIMORE HAS BEEN BOOMING.

>> OVER THERE IS A FOUR SEASONS HOTELMENT YOU'LL SEE A CRANE THERE. ON TOP OF THAT IS BEING CONSTRUCTED NINE STORIES OF LUXURY CONDOMINIUMS. OVER THERE YOU CAN SEE THE NEW REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS OF X ONE UNDER CONSTRUCTION. THAT WILL ENERGIZE DEVELOPMENT OF A PENINSULA INNOCENT AS HARBOR POINTE, BALTIMORE'S MOST UP-SCALE NEIGHBORHOOD.

>> Reporter: THIS IS ALL INNER HARBOR HERE?

>> THIS IS ALL THE INNER HARD WERE OF BALTIMORE. NOT LONG AGO THESE WERE ROTTING PIERS. THERE WERE RAFTS ALL OVER THE PLACE. TODAY IT IS A SHOWPIECE FOR URBAN AMERICA.

>> THE CITY IS THRIVING AND ROTTING AT THE SAME TIME.

>> Reporter: LOCAL REAL ESTATE INVESTOR JOHN DEMAR GIN.

>> I HATE TO SAY IT, BUT MY LIFE OVER THE LAST WEEK WAS ALMOST TOTALLY UNCHANGED. WHICH SEEMS A LITTLE UNFAIR BEING IN A CITY THAT WAS RIOTING.

>> Reporter: AT THIS OFFICE, YOUNG EMPLOYEES SEEMED EVEN LESS FAZED. HOW MANY OF YOU WOULD TELL YOUR FRIENDS FROM OTHER CITIES, HEY, YOU STILL WANT THE COME TO BALTIMORE? EVERY ONE OF YOU.

>> I WOULD SAY BALTIMORE IS STILL AN ATTRACTIVE LOCATION FOR PEOPLE FOR MY AGE GROUP.

>> I THINK WE WILL JUST LIVE A NORMAL LIFE AFTER THIS.

>> IF THE RIOTING GOES AWAY AND THE DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY GOES AWAY, WE'LL FORGET ABOUT IT.

>> Reporter: WHY HAVE YOUNG PROFESSIONALS FLOCKEDñr HERE? LESS THAN AN HOUR OF WASHINGTON BALTIMORE HOUSING IS ONE-THIRD THE PRICE ONE REASON, THE STIGMA OF THE CITY'S ROTTING INNER CORE. WITH RECENT UNREST, HOUSING MIGHT BECOME EVEN MORE AFFORDABLE, BUT THAT'S WHAT WORRIES SOCIOLOGIST CHRIS MARSH.

>> IN SOME WAYS THIS IS PRIME PROPERTY. SO YOU MAY HAVE THE BIG DEVELOPERS WANT TO COME IN AND PUSH OUT BROWN AND BLACK FOLKS AND GENTRIFY IT AND MAKE IT WHAT WE SEE IN D.C., THIS NEW AREA FOR YOUNG, WHITE FOLKS WITH 2.5 KIDS AND A PRIUS.

>> Reporter: WHEN I LOOK AROUND HERE, THIS PLACE BEHIND US, THERE, THERE THERE IT'S A WHOLE BLOCK. IT'S GOT NOBODY LIVING IN IT AT ALL. GENTRIFICATION IS BETTER THAN THAT RIGHT?

>> THAT'S ONE WAY YOU COULD LOOK AT IT, BUT HOW ABOUT TRYING TO INVEST IN THE PEOPLE THAT ARE ALREADY HERE?

>> ONE-THIRD OF THE PEOPLE WHO SHOP AT THIS MALL MAKE LESS THAN $25,000 A YEAR.

>> Reporter: AT THIS MALL WHERE LAST WEEK'S RIOTING BEGAN, HISTORIAN NATHAN CONNOLLY TOLD US THAT PERHAPS WHAT HAPPENED IN BALTIMORE WILL GALVANIZE SUCH INVESTMENT.

>> ONE OF MY HOPE, IN FACT, IS THAT THIS RIOT WILL REALLY BEGIN TO INITIATE A CONVERSATION ABOUT A GOVERNMENT JOBS PROGRAM THAT REALLY WILL ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS.

>> Reporter: BECAUSE THAT'S GOING TO COST TAXPAYER MONEY, AND IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2015, TAXPAYERS AREN'T PARTICULARLY INTERESTED IN MAKING THOSE KINDS OF INVESTMENTS.

>> HISTORICALLY THAT'S ACTUALLY TRUE. IT'S UNFORTUNATE BECAUSE ONE OF THE REASONS WE'VE GOTTEN INTO THIS MESS IS WE'RE WILLING TO ACCEPT TAXES FOR INCREASING POLICES BUT NOT FOR ANTI-POVERTY, PARTICULARLY ANTI-POVERTY MEASURES TARGETING COMMUNITIES OF COLOR.

>> Reporter: SO MAYBE THE OBSTACLES ARE INSURMOUNTABLE, BUT PASTOR HICKMAN HAS A REMINDER, ECONOMIC AND SPIRITUAL ALIKE, GOD WORKS IN MYSTERIOUS WAYS.

>> I THINK OPPOSITION LENDS ITSELF WHEN YOU ARE FAITHFUL TO GREATER OPPORTUNITIES OF GROWTH.

>> Reporter: WE CAN AT LEAST ALL PRAY FOR THAT. ECONOMICS CORRESPONDENT, PAUL SOLMAN REPORT FOR THE PBS "NEWSHOUR" FROM BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

>> Ifill: WE HAVE MORE ON BALTIMORE ONLINE: ECONOMIST JOHN KOMLOS BREAKS DOWN SOME STARTLING STATISTICS ABOUT INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE CITY ON OUR HOMEPAGE, pbs.org/newshour.

>> Ifill: OVER THE PAST FEW MONTHS, NEWSHOUR'S STUDENT REPORTING LABS HAVE BEEN LOOKING INTO SCHOOL CAMPUS SAFETY. IN ARIZONA, ONE GROUP OF OUR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS HAS BEEN ASKED TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAKING SURE EVERYONE ON CAMPUS KNOWS WHAT TO DO IN AN EMERGENCY. THE NEWSHOUR'S APRIL BROWN WORKED WITH SOME OF THOSE STUDENTS, FOR OUR LATEST AMERICAN GRADUATE REPORT PART OF A PUBLIC MEDIA INITIATIVE FUNDED BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING.

>> ATTENTION STAFF AND STUDENTS OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN HIGH SCHOOL, WE ARE IN LOCKDOWN.

>> Reporter: THOSE ARE WORDS NO SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR WANTS TO SAY.

>> ROOM 160 NEEDS TO BE SECURE.

>> Reporter: IN THE TWO YEARS SINCE THE MASS SHOOTING AT SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY IN CONNECTICUT, SCHOOLS AROUND THE COUNTRY HAVE BEEN RAMPING UP SAFETY EFFORTS, AND EXPERIMENTING WITH DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO PREPARE FOR WORST CASE SCENARIOS. ONE HIGH SCHOOL IN PHOENIX IS ASKING STUDENTS TO TAKE A PROACTIVE ROLE TO MAKE THEIR SCHOOL SAFER.

>> DURING A REVERSE EVACUATION.

>> Reporter: ADMINISTRATORS ASKED JOURNALISM STUDENTS AT SOUTH MOUNTAIN HIGH SCHOOL TO CREATE A VIDEO FOR THEIR PEERS ON WHAT TO DO DURING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. PRINCIPAL LACRESHA WILLIAMS MADE THE REQUEST AFTER A POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS INCIDENT CAUSED A LOCKDOWN IN THE FALL.

>> THEY ARE AT LUNCH AT THIS TIME, THEY ARE EATING AND HAVING FUN SO WE LITERALLY PUSHED THE KIDS INTO BUILDINGS, THEY ARE WALKING FAST THEY ARE NOT RUNNING BECAUSE THEY DON'T KNOW THE SERIOUSNESS OF IT. THAT THERE IS AN ALLEGED PERSON WHO HAS AN WEAPON ON CAMPUS WITH A BACKPACK.

>> Reporter: THE RESPONSE TO THAT INCIDENT WASN'T AS SMOOTH AS SCHOOL OFFICIALS HAD HOPED.

>> IT GOES BACK TO AN OLD SPORTS CLICHE THAT YOU PLAY LIKE YOU PRACTICE.

>> Reporter: HEAD OF SECURITY BRION MACNEIL SAYS REGULAR DRILLS ARE IMPORTANT.

>> THE WHOLE PURPOSE OF A LOCKDOWN IS TO MINIMIZE CASUALTIES AND WE KNOW THAT SOMETIMES DEPENDING ON THE SITUATION WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE 100% SO WE TRY TO GET EVERYBODY INSIDE AND SECURED AS FAST AS WE CAN.

>> YOU CAN'T GET IN?

>> NO.

>> YOU HAVE TO GET TO THE OLD GYM. QUICKLY!

>> Reporter: SENIOR JOSE CONTRERAS, THE LEAD PRODUCER OF THE STUDENT VIDEO, SAYS IT'S BEEN CLEAR FOR SOME TIME THAT STUDENTS NEED MORE INFORMATION.

>> SOME CLASSROOMS LOCKED THEIR DOORS BEFORE ALL OF THE STUDENTS WERE IN SO SOME STUDENTS WERE FIGURING OUT THAT THEY COULDN'T GET IN AND THEY CREATED A LOT OF CHAOS AND A LOT OF FEAR EVEN TO SOME STUDENTS.

>> Reporter: MANY STUDENTS WERE UNAWARE THAT TEACHERS ARE SUPPOSED TO LOCK CLASSROOM DOORS IMMEDIATELY IN MANY EMERGENCY SITUATIONS, AS ANNIE MONTGOMERY DID DURING THE DRILL WE WERE ALLOWED TO FILM. AND AFTER THAT.

>> IT'S VERY IMPORTANT THAT WE BE QUIET THAT WE GO IN OUR LITTLE ROOM OVER THERE AND CLOSE THE DOOR AND MAKE THE ROOM LOOK LIKE IT'S EMPTY AND THAT THEY BRING ALL THEIR BACKPACKS AND BELONGINGS SO IF SOMEONE DID MAKE IT INTO THE MAIN ROOM THEY WOULD THINK THIS PLACE WAS EMPTY.

>> Reporter: AT SOUTH MOUNTAIN TEACHERS LIKE MONTGOMERY HAVE WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS DETAILING HOW TO RESPOND TO VARIOUS EMERGENCIES. THIS YEAR THEY ALSO WATCHED A NEW TRAINING VIDEO DEVELOPED WITH GUIDANCE FROM FIRST RESPONDERS, EDUCATORS, MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT.

>> RECENT EVENTS REMIND US THAT ACTIVE SHOOTER EVENTS CAN HAPPEN ANYWHERE IN OUR COMMUNITY.

>> TWICE I WATCHED IT AND I CRIED. IT WAS JUST REALLY HARD TO DEAL WITH... THAT CHILDREN COULD BE PUT IN THAT SITUATION.

>> Reporter: IRENE DIAZ IS THE PHOENIX UNION SCHOOL DISTRICT'S SUPERVISOR FOR SECURITY. SHE SAYS THE ACTIVE SHOOTER ACTION PLAN VIDEO HAS HELPED TEACHERS AND STAFF BECOME BETTER PREPARED.

>> WE WERE TRAINING OUR STAFF YOU KNOW TO GET SMALL, GET QUIET. WE NEEDED TO DO SOMETHING TO TRAIN OUR TEACHERS, TO PREPARE THEM SO MORE KIDS DO SURVIVE SHOULD AN INCIDENT LIKE THAT OCCUR.

>> Reporter: THE VIDEO, THOUGH WAS CONSIDERED INAPPROPRIATE FOR STUDENTS, AND THEY NEVER SAW IT. BUT AS PART OF THE RESEARCH FOR THEIR OWN VIDEO, THE JOURNALISM STUDENTS MET WITH DEBORAH ROEPKE, THE HEAD OF THE NON- PROFIT THAT CREATED THE ONE FOR TEACHERS. SHE SUGGESTED THEY CONSIDER ADDRESSING SITUATIONS THAT COULD COME UP IN AN EMERGENCY.

>> THERE COULD BE SITUATIONS WHERE ROOMS ARE NOT LOCKABLE, SO WHAT DOES A SUBSTITUTE TEACHER WHAT DOES A STUDENT DO IN THAT SITUATION.

>> Reporter: OR IF SOMEONE HAPPENS TO BE IS IN THE RESTROOM DURING A LOCKDOWN, A SCENARIO INCLUDED IN THE STUDENTS FINAL CUT...

>> HIDE IN THE STALL FURTHEST AWAY FROM THE DOOR.

>> Reporter: FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, THE YOUNG JOURNALISTS ALSO INTERVIEWED STUDENTS AND TEACHERS LEARN MORE ABOUT THEIR SCHOOL'S CURRENT EMERGENCY PROTOCOLS-- INCLUDING WHAT WAS AND WASN'T WORKING.

>> WE FOUND A WEAK SPOT IN OUR SCHOOL. IF YOU WERE ABLE TO GET INTO MY CLASSROOM YOU'D HAVE ACCESS TO ALL THE OTHER TEACHERS CLASSROOMS IN OUR DEPARTMENT, THAT HAS BEEN ADDRESSED WITH TWO-WAY LOCKS.

>> HOW EFFECTIVE WOULD YOU SAY THE DRILLS AT SOUTH ARE AND WHY?

>> HAVEN'T BEEN AS EFFICIENT AS I FEEL THEY NEED TO BE. THE FIRST ONE WE HAD IN NOVEMBER WAS VERY POOR, CREATED A FIRE HAZARD AT THE CHOKE POINT OF OUR STADIUM.

>> Reporter: IT TURNS OUT MANY PEOPLE NOTICED THAT PROBLEM.

>> DESCRIBE TO ME WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU'VE GOT 1,500 KIDS GOING TO THE FOOTBALL FIELD AT ONCE?

>> IT GETS REALLY HECTIC, IF YOU CAN IMAGINE SO MANY KIDS SHOULDER TO SHOULDER TRYING TO GET INSIDE THE FOOTBALL FIELD PEOPLE START FREAKING OUT. IT JUST CAUSES MORE PROBLEMS THAN THE ONE ALREADY PRESENTED. JOURNALISTS SHARED WHAT THEY LEARNED WITH ADMINISTRATORS, AND EVEN THOUGH IT WASN'T NEWS PRINCIPAL LACRESHA WILLIAMS WANTED TO HEAR, SHE RECOGNIZED ITS VALUE.

>> WE HAVE A LOT OF WORK TO DO, WE'RE WORKING VIGILANTLY TO TAKE CARE OF THAT AND THEM UNCOVERING THOSE GAPS AND COMMUNICATING THEM TO US THAT'S JUST LIKE GOLD. WE NEED IT.

>> Reporter: BUT EVEN AFTER ADDRESSING THOSE PROBLEMS, THERE HAS BEEN ONE ISSUE THAT KEEPS COMING UP...

>> DO YOU EVER TELL YOUR PEERS TO TAKE DRILLS SERIOUSLY OR ARE YOU PRESSURED BY YOUR PEERS TO GOOF OFF?

>> SOMETIMES I DO FEEL PRESSURE TO GOOF OFF BECAUSE YOU DON'T WANT TO BE THE ONE THAT'S NOT.

>> Reporter: JOSE CONTRERAS HOPES THE VIDEO WILL CHANGE A FEW MINDS ABOUT THAT.

>> NOT EVERYTHING IS A DRILL. SOMETIMES REAL STUFF DOES HAPPEN, AND PEOPLE NEED TO REALIZE THAT.

>> Reporter: THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN JOURNALISM STUDENTS HOPE TO EVENTUALLY DISTRIBUTE THEIR VIDEO TO OTHER SCHOOLS THAT REQUEST IT. FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR I'M APRIL BROWN IN PHOENIX.

>> Ifill: AFTER THE 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ BRITISH MIDDLE EAST EXPERT EMMA SKY JOINED THE U.S.-BRITISH CIVILIAN OPERATION THERE, ADVISING COALITION PROVISIONAL AUTHORITY CHIEF PAUL BREMER AND TOP U.S. MILITARY COMMANDERS, INCLUDING GENERALS DAVID PETRAEUS AND RAY ODIERNO. EMMA SKY EXPLORES THE MISTAKES THAT WERE MADE IN HER NEW BOOK, "THE UNRAVELING: HIGH HOPES AND MISSED OPPORTUNITIES IN IRAQ." IN THE LATEST ADDITION TO THE NEWSHOUR BOOKSHELF, CHIEF FOREIGN AFFAIRS CORRESPONDENT MARGARET WARNER TALKED TO HER AT BUSBOYS AND POETS, A LOCAL WASHINGTON BOOKSTORE.

>> Warner: EMMA SKY, WELCOME. THANK YOU FOR JOIN US.

>> THANK YOU.

>> Warner: YOU OPPOSED THE IRAQ WAR FROM THE START. WHAT DROVE YOU TO GO AND VOLUNTEER TO REBUILD THE COUNTRY AFTER THE INVASION.

>> I THOUGHT THIS IS MY OPPORTUNITY TO GO TO IRAQ AND APOLOGIZE TO THE IRAQI PEOPLE FOR THE WAR. THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT ASKED FOR VOLUNTEERS. THEY SAID IT WOULD BE THREE MONTHS BEFORE WE HAND THE COUNTRY BACK TO THE IRAQIS. I THOUGHT I'VE GOT SOME SKILLS I CAN HELP REBUILD AND HELP THE INSTITUTIONS.

>> Warner: WHAT WAS THE FATAL MISTAKE OF THE AMERICANS AND THE BRITISH? AT WHAT POINT DID IT BECOME THE UNRAVELING?

>> THERE WERE MANY MISTAKES ALL THE WAY ALONG. AFTER THE INVASION THERE WAS IN PLAN FOR WHAT SHOULD BE DONE. THE INVADING FORCES DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH TROOPS. THERE WAS A POWER VACUUM. ALL THESE DIFFERENT GANGS STARTED TO FORM. THEN THERE WAS DE-BA'ATHIFICATION DISSOLVING THE MILITARY AND ALL OF THIS LED TO THE COLLAPSE OF THE STATE AND THEN THE CIVIL WAR.

>> Warner: YOU THOUGHT THE BIG MISTAKE WAS FOR THE AMERICANS AND THE BRITISH TO TRY TO GET IRAQ TO REORGANIZE ON THE BASIS OF ETHNICITY AND SECT. WHAT WAS THE ALTERNATIVE?

>> I THINK THE ALTERNATIVE WAS TO CREATE THE SENSE OF IRAQINESS. YOU ORGANIZE BASED ON REGIONS AND TOWNS. SO YOU DON'T SAY WE WILL HAVE 20% SUNNIS 20% KURDS, 60% SHIA, YOU ACTUALLY THINK, WE'LL HAVE REPRESENTATIVES FROM AN BAR, IN IRBIL, AND THAT WAY YOU'RE BUILDING UP GEOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION, NOT BASED ON SECT AND ETHNICITY. INSTEAD WE WANTED TO BUILD A PLURALISTIC SOCIETY, BUT WHAT WE DID WAS INSTITUTIONALIZE SECTARIANISM. THERE WAS NOTHING ABOUT BEING IRAQI. IT WAS ALL ABOUT BEING A SUBL -- SUBCOMPONENT.

>> Warner: PAUL BREMER ASKED YOU TO COME TO IRAQ AS HIS ADVISER.

>> I ARRIVED IN FEBRUARY 2004. BY THAT STAGE IT WAS VERY CLEAR THINGS WERE NOT GOING WELL. WE HAD THE ABU GHRAIB SCANDAL. WE HAD UPRISINGS IN FALLUJAH. WE HAD UPRISES IN THE SOUTH. AND THE PALACES WERE BEING BOMBED AND ROCKETED AND THERE WAS FOREVER THE SOUND OF GUNFIRE. IT WAS A VERY DANGEROUS TIME, AND THERE WAS A SENSE THAT EVERYTHING WAS STARTING TO GO DOWNHILL RAPIDLY.

>> Warner: AND YET YOU SAY AMBASSADOR BREMER DIDN'T SEE IT THAT WAY.

>> WHEN DOES OPTIMISM BECOME DILUTION? AT ONE LEVEL HE'S TRYING TO LEAD IN THESE VERY DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES. I REMEMBER THE FAREWELL PARTY HE HAD FOR US. AND HE SAID, YOU KNOW, FOR THE REST OF YOUR LIVES YOU'LL REMEMBER HOW YOU BROUGHT DEMOCRACY TO IRAQ. AND BOMBS AND ROCKETS WERE GOING ON IN THE BACKGROUND. I THOUGHT THERE'S A LOT I'M GOING TO REMEMBER. I'M NOT SURE I'LL REMEMBER THE DEMOCRACY BIT.

>> Warner: WHAT WAS IT LIKE FOR YOU, CLEARLY PROGRESSIVE YOUNG WOMAN FROM BRITAIN, SUDDENLY SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND AND ADVISING THESE POWERFUL AMERICAN GENERALS AND LIVING WITH THE U.S. MILITARY. MUST HAVE BEEN HUGE CULTURAL SHOCK.

>> I MEAN, I HAD NEVER WORKED WITH ANY MILITARY BEFORE LET ALONE THE U.S. MILITARY, BEFORE I GOT TO IRAQ. THE INITIAL INTERACTION WAS A LOT OF FRICTION. BUT I CAME TO SEE QUITE EARLY ON THAT THESE GUYS WANTED TO DO THE RIGHT THING. THEY WANTED TO STABILIZE IRAQ SO THEY COULD LEAVE. AND THEY HAD CAPABILITIES. THEY HAD GOOD LEAD ERS. THEY HAD RESOURCES. SO I CALCULATED MY BEST USE OF MY SKILLS WAS TO HELP THEM BE BETTER AT WHAT THEY WERE DOING.

>> Warner: BUT IN 2010 AFTER QUELLING THE SUNNI-SHIA CIVIL WAR AND AL QAEDA, THE AMERICANS, SKY SAYS, MADE A FATEFUL MISTAKE, THROWING THEIR WEIGHT BEHEAT NOURI AL-MALIKI AFTER HE NARROWLY LOST THE 2010 ELECTION AGAINST A NON-SECTARIAN RIVAL.

>> THERE WAS A SENSE OF DO WE UPHOLD THE ELECTION RESULTS OR DO WE KEEP AL-MALIKI IN POWER? AND GENERAL ODIERNO WAS WE'RE AMERICANS, THERE'S BEEN AN ELECTION, WE MUST UPHOLD THE RESULTS. BUT OTHERS WERE THOUGHT, WE KNOW AL-MALIKI, HE WILL GIVE US A FOLLOW-ON SECURITY AGREEMENT. THAT WAS THE DEBATE. UNFORTUNATELY, VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN CAME DOWN ON THE SIDE OF THERE'S NO ONE BUT AL-MALIKI, THIS IS THE QUICKEST OPTION, KEEP THE STATUS QUO, AND WE CAN GET AN SECURITY AGREEMENT AND THEN JUST REALLY DISENGAGE.

>> Warner: JUST WHAT WASHINGTON WANTED TO DO.

>> WASHINGTON WANTED TO END THE WAR. THAT WAS THE PRIORITY, TO END THE WAR.

>> Warner: SO WHAT IS THE FUTURE NOW YOU SEE FOR IRAQ?

>> IRAQ'S PRESENT IS REALLY VERY GRIM. YOU HAVE THE ISLAMIC STATE CONTROLLING ONE-THIRD OF THE COUNTRY. WITH ALL OF US WHO SERVED IN IRAQ YEAR AFTER YEAR AFTER YEAR, IT'S REALLY HARD. AND I THINK THE ONLY WAY IS TO MAINTAIN HOPE IS TO LOOK AT IRAQ'S PAST, AND YOU THINK, YOU KNOW, THIS IS THE LAND WHERE ADAM AND EVE WERE. THIS IS THE LAND WHERE THE TALMUD WAS WRITTEN. BAGHDAD WAS ONCE THE CULTURAL CAPITAL OF THE ARAB WORLD. THAT'S AN AMAZING HISTORY. AND I HOPE THE NEW GENERATION COMES ALONG THAT'S INSPIRED BY IRAQ'S INCREDIBLE PAST AND THAT'S ABLE TO BUILD A BETTER FUTURE.

>> Warner: EMMA SKY, THANK YOU SO MUCH.

>> THANK YOU.

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