Surviving Columbus: The Story of the Pueblo People (Part 2)

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the story of the pueblo people now continues the walls freedom gives like freedom is like the indian pueblo revolt of sixteen ad gave life we exist today as indian communities because of the revolt now a couple people knew it was the time to be patient and determined to be enduring is now we have people were to keep struggling for the existence of all things in creation but hubble

report brought twelve years of freedom for our people and sixty ninety two don diego the violence visited upon close with promises of peace and our leaders agreed to let the spanish return each year in search of the so called peaceful re conquest of new mexico was celebrated complete with indians dressed in hollywood customs and looking happy to senator cochran's unfortunately the real re conquest began when the products returned with settlers and canons become a now bob de vargas back into mexico has been picked it as one of those conflicts that we know different that divide that was just as brutal as corn novel and not however we you know we've managed to

survive and then i think there's a lesson there for more often thought in terms of working during the atrocities postum the first thing that the parties did after a long night of siege the ovary all this out of there was to order some at home and in war years to be shocked last summer sean and the remaining four hundred mostly women and children in order to be partitioned up about his family's the service or two years later another revolt broke out legally put down by governor of nevada percent of our allies while individual foreclosed would continue to resist whatever their way of life was

threatened the spanish and regain control but they also learned tolerance and respect well the relationship with the spanish improved the world was still violently out of balance once living while those were now abandoned to the way apocalypse world that once held and fifty thousand people and a hundred problems was reduced to fourteen thousand people and twenty two things we say the homeland is a distant that's helped themselves and injured people who no no no no that they use a hill bunny boiler grades have become too common part of a

nomadic tribes of navajos us who not only mounted on the descendants of spanish horses but armed with french guns it's true the mall taking wagers to appear and disappear very quickly and made them highly efficient as raiders score was as warriors spaniards comparable people's needed to pull every resource at her command to protect themselves effectively the need just basic survival for defend themselves to defend themselves along the northern part of the class warriors and because of that many many different kinds of engagement switch they

were called upon you can individually or acting as part of the spanish coalition the cat was especially and also that he was became very well known for the fighting ability the allies within the pueblo than these bundles after sixteen and who was a non in a way that an alliance of convenience say and josh a protection against the the plains indians or the indians who were roaming the guinness book on the plains and this has forced villagers in the orphanages the indian as well as their response to come closer together do the alliance of pueblo indians and hispanic farmers and ranchers would last into the twentieth century but its roots went far beyond the need for defense i keep that

alliance between public people and spanish lewis parker working with land when the spanish came to southwest intelligence who called here are a wealth green riches to be had he still had to survive one way to survive and we can't really have to cooperate or find out how the global people were going into the worst means the symbol of the place where people connect what was happening right after the revolt was a search for common ground that common ground was found first primarily through trying to establish an understanding of each other's ways and also finally were seven through a process of coming to terms with with ruth living in this place which is new

mexico there was indeed a new kind of spaniards primarily an individual who was looking indeed to make new mexico their home after the spanish returned they recognized the ball lands through a series of land grants this legal recognition of our lands the center place of our world would be crucial to our existence and the centuries to come one of the spanish flag we were well protected by the loss of the indies this room and his policies we were given blankets which we still have to date cannot be touch and can you but reaching an accommodation with the church was far more difficult for clergy and civil authorities still sought to replace our traditional beliefs with christianity

again that was a reassertion of catholicism and the pressure to convert a number of different pablo us a tent or practice tradition and that of course very different <unk> each pablo evolved and developed specific kinds of things that you have faced ninety eight those scenes even to this day my grandmother well holy site a catholic

prayers for him in spanish initials in spanish were before she goes to sleep but yet my grandmother we're going to keep buying shows her dances she when she really when she really wants to pray she prays an indian she strips she prays and t was one of the things that we can be thankful for is a foresight for our forefathers did to take our religion underground so that what we know of today what has been preserved our language or ritual or sermon is in our songs that they took all of that underground and developed a level of secrecy that still isn't there is very much a part of our way of life so that much of what takes place as the most meaningful in our lives ceremony is often closed to the public is often performed at nights well the hubble people as most hispanics settlers dependent on

subsistence agriculture there was money to be made in new mexico through trade trade with the same comanches apaches and navajos was attacks threaten the colonies survival every autumn agree to trade fair was held outside of the house human beings for one of the most important commodities are these traders in seventeen seventy six the going rate for an indian girl between twelve and twenty years old was two horses in the blank young men were substantially cheaper the comanches were taken captives double meaning and then they use the people as they sort of medium of trade with the spanish for the goods they don't they wish to obtain him a ten they would trade with claims tribes for the captives that the plains tribes hold those captives were then inducted into the

spanish households and this really is where the inacio amnesty so population began to blossom in in new mexico doing that that century historically any cells repair referred to work throughout the tribal west indians indians were captured and ransom by the spaniards and brought into new mexico and placed it in mission community select the nation community saw throughout the state and he sells are indians that settled into permanent communities but the breed's two worlds the hispanic world in the indian world most pueblos had achieved a stable relationship with the spanish government the catholic church and they're hispanic and in the several neighbors the stability and eighteen twenty one with mexico's independence while the mexican period was

short it was smart with the loss of little lambs the mexican period for all intensive purposes was very dire because of the change in the way that people also handle the moon special and they moved as being just about the same as any other mexican citizen in some ways this song dissatisfaction with the mexican government was not

restricted to the poconos and emitting thirty seven and alliances of leaders nissan dealers and hispanics flamed into a rebellion inside the crucifixion by the revolt was crushed it's a new song or a leader or say gonzales and for one brief moment at the new mexico's gov it was executed but the conflict between rich and poor which continue and would become even more severe after the americans invaded new mexico in nineteen forty six ms bair right but i'm very lucky get a grandmother who listened to many of the stories of her grandparents and her great grandparents one time when i was little girl i went into her bedroom and i saw a saint and its its always to say that i thought was the ugliest cars it was well you know when you're a child it's kind of

burned out looking and it you can really see the face you can see the prize but she it's a figure of a say and when i asked my prime i said how can they say look so ugly how can you keep that you have all these other saints and as she told me that was a scene that was thrown out of the church injuring them with dinah three to forty seven the rebellion of thirty to forty seven that took place here at taos pueblo was a result of art hospital people here having very strong feelings regarding the imposition of different way of life again here in and is part of the country our passport leadership here to reverse years ten about to take over but investors government of disparities through last armed struggle of the little people as beginning january fifteenth under the leadership of hamas for mental health

at dawn a group of hispanics in the south surrounded the house of the american government instead of being with his family governor city killed himself five why americans in terms of the identity and as the news spread so did the republicans go fondle more in other parts of mexico armed with artillery and modern guns us army set off from santa fe to answer this challenge in the shadows and work and the other an umbilical hub for the armed group of local men and hispanic farmers was easily defeated and forced to flee tactic house in the fortified government which are protected them so many times from command to break through with it the americans were not intimidated but the adobe walls they surrounded the problem's been deployed there are children and began to reduce the villages rocket

with many of the year women children here is bigger than the internet the tunnels were dug from the deeper part of this village just beyond the walls of a village on the second day of the defenders cable and sent the women and children to the church but any hopes of sanctuary were quickly dispelled by canon and so when the soldiers came in there was a lot of fighting that occurred fighting broke out and some basic threatened by a certain the same sound because they want the scenes to burn and one of my aunts or one of my other uncle scott that's a saint over a hundred fifty people died in the house revolted and the

american conquest of new mexico was complete the religious leaders were taken this have under the pretense of the negotiations and talks with the representatives of the united states government our people were all the american conquest of mexico did have one benefit a respite from violence rates by nomadic tribes which allow the global population increases once again after reaching its lowest level in history making fifty seven thousand survivors in a world that once contained fifty thousand people unfortunately the

practice of indian slavery and was accepted and continue to buy the americans even after the civil war and the freeing of the slaves american progress of mexican minute counts up the government source of his working lost its mountains the transcontinental railroads in the nation as a lot of their wild boys but horses riding on the label because as soon as the income goes to go out over their double sided platter or on cyber vandalism you've got long hair and

i'm always on the side of the road the influx of people following up on the road and even before also served to reduce the land base of the public people's have been accustomed to using waffle balls of which have traditionally been left alone to preserve horses and cattle those thoughts on certain areas lost those areas to the aggressive expansion as activities and policies of new renters it along the rio grande the new anglo american immigrants pushed hispanic farmers off their lands us courts did except the old spanish land grants to the

pueblo's and to their hispanic neighbors all that was required was a simple survey and a review of the grant a simple procedure that was used to defraud the public people and hispanics out of hundreds of thousands of acres he awoke the hidalgo theoretically ended the mexican american war then as provisions of a treaty the right of the public people were to be protected and respect it just as they had been under the government of mexico the problems were legal citizens but though are some disadvantages because we were not recognize as american indians on to be a very poor trade and into course that this was an act which was proposed for other indian tribes to protect them against land speculators and trade ish of the record

encourage vietnam indians to to settle in to be a well within the exterior boundaries of the indian pueblos you know it so clear there were something like three thousand non indians who squandered on indian land and up they they really are refused to give up and to do go out off the reservation even if they were as the government not only strip bies orleans were taken to actively drilling in the state in nineteen oh six president roosevelt created the course national forest it's hard it was a trojan horse they live in

the water in the mountains are reaching this part of other birds as a part of a plan that are used in hard hats were hundreds and hundreds of years this link or fortune to our past donors one winter in nineteen ninety three on the white man came and took all of those on the train a new kind of village called crocodile invincible and i stayed there a seven years they've taught us indian ways were bad they said we must get so i remember that where it means beyond that was a warm summer evening when i got up the train station the

first indian i met i asked him to run out and tell my family i was home indian couldn't speak english and i had forgotten my language longest time i was like man i wore white man's comb my hair and i was very happy that the federal government decided to maybe they did have some americans so they built these fourteen schools remove the mold for the most part the reservations children seven of their parents to keep them away from their own cultural influences they come into the americas in those experiments especially leaking eighties when the dawes act said we will be trouble lies

indians and i think theodore roosevelt's abilities of the dawes act like a mighty machine it pulverized family and culture the manifest destiny of the nation has moved up to and sometimes over or through indian people like the spanish before them the american congress decided that point was could only progressive our religion was erratic a new wave of missionaries was unleashed this time they were protestants and rather than missions they build schools to teach our children how to speak english and reject the ways of their mothers and fathers recipe beast is yes they are with their own mission of civilizing indians and making them couldn't christians so by

roy keane sixties they decided to bring missionaries who were apparently in competition with each other to different kinds of the nominations in competition with each other to see to get their own territory of indians to civilize them christian eyes oh my father sang and he was singing all the time and there was always that one day a one day there was these young a young women engineers is coming with a lot of music and he was ethical and so my mother went to the door in and they just say i'm sorry but we are catholic and so that my thoughts all that incoming let let them come in they have a music about it here music says i'm coming out there are going to be contaminated we didn't know any better we might usually

we might tell you return and then so so then she let a main and so that they started playing their own music and of course i say these are like did he said i said listening listening to work to the music and they were talking to us about about you know got an end of court they that they don't understand that we know got a bit more than they do in it at the beginning of the twentieth century our lanes our religion our children all under attack the modern world with all its wonders and problems begin to invade once isolated problems the myth of the vanishing american indian was created it was only a matter of time the center for native cultures were swept away by the march of progress it's cheap it has been

the peak the modern world have arrived at our doorsteps in trains cars into his process as anthropologist photographers and visitors flock to see our queen customs before they disappear but our people refuse to vanish because they knew that the beauty of the portal way of life generosity and selfishness is one of the greatest that is that our indian people talk and especially in my family because my mother and father always saying never refuse a stranger never refuse a person when they come to the house those are the things that we had before columbus can be for education was put upon us and those are the things that i call survive in columbus some at this moment

when they knew that these things coming on the sick to be going to the courts have to be a part of helping to me to create an then sweeping npr team sweeping the buyers are helping to pasture they finally came i would get this wonderful sensation of walking through the crowds here into stanley to defeat of the truman on it whether we wanted it or not the us government decided that our culture or hurt which would have to be destroyed before we could progress more boarding schools were built so that all children will be forced to learn the white man's ways and forget those of their parents are

we went to escalate a new schooler senate made his crew are some went to a fast growing and other places many of us were taken away from home during the time when our cultural was that is our strongest peak many of the elders were still living and i feel that by being old away from home are we lost out on how many of the teaching is that that our elders would the pass on to the people or during the wintertime yes there were some negative things happening in the indian schools because a lot of them were not allowed to talk maintained language and punished very severely force beating them and they were caught speaking the language i went to the day school here in san juan and then from fifth grade we get sent to the boarding school

in santa fe then i entered santa fe board in school i didn't like that all night times when he was lonely when you got a bit you have a nice clean sheets waiting for you a nice bit but the issue of grandfather additional grandma get to sit on their back and listen to the story as well columbus goes back to europe and claims he found a new world right columbus have to make such a claim what was troops ditty hats that it was a new world but he found this world was announced last summer principal meets today deputy geoff on non indian price pressures of heartland is instead of reversing the indian of what planned a non

indian homes why not he knows that he is holding them and only you know that he won't vote for you if you don't take us relations with the us government had taken more than sixty years to realize that we were native americans and entitled to the protection of our lands and waters and another threat that was favorable people came in the nineteen twenties in what it purports to do basically to legalize the right to water that would leave water they were

in congress the failure of protestant missionaries to eliminate made of allegiance led to yet another assault on one of the religious crime school in direct violation of the constitution the us government made our religion illegal until the old customs and in practices are broken up among these people we cannot hope for a great amount of progress the secret is to have one of the greatest you know what's going on i will not attend to say that i firmly believe that is is the list of the ruble system of the country our most fundamental right spread and it's actually a novel by our religion is sacred and it's more

important to us than anything else in her life and the religious beliefs and ceremonies and forms of prayer of each of those as well as the world and they are holding the week we're going into this have not consented to abandon the government was tampering with something very and the insincere in the minds of the public people because the religion ceremonies advances are at the heart of of who we are and when you start dressing that people are going to take care of themselves and protect themselves so very often what happens is you know that the intent that this is one thing but the result is just the opposite because it just forces people to clam up even more to guard themselves even further than than ever before the leadership of the all indian pueblo

council and widespread public support defeated these threats and by the nineteen thirties the policy of the bureau of indian affairs under john collier had changed for the first time has the idea that it was good an honor to be in but at the same time the bureau of indian affairs tried to impose its political system and federal rules and regulations on our way of life we are here and we are now there was a time that the recall issue gravity driven into its slot because of drought that occur in their minds they're able to manage that drought location shooting various pasture lands but somebody else came imposed a certain quarters and limitations on grazing capacity that there were extra but yet they had to live with them so that was a great period of great

time of devastation migrant flow these joey's talk about the survival even of indian people and he would always say that it's there's no question that we're sending people are going to survive but the more important question that we should be asking themselves is how and that are answered to that hall is the extent to which we continue to emit maintain the rights and powers of a sovereign entity because like other native americans the local people's defended the united states in its wars at home women and children pitched in to support the boys in the front and the warranty and the time i was with the

first infantry regiment we were ambushed with machine guns started firing off around the grove third time i looked up your japanese all around with that and then they walked us we walked the groove while you walk walk or more the pope came back the political level why we're go going to be fixed it's so many indians drafted you might say to be in the armed forces when there's two words when we on steele wars have to go back we had hoped that were more to it than all possibilities of other awards but it didn't come

out that way and i i thought that if any of our boys had to go to work other wars they should have to write toward port of people who said i'm not there we had to sue the state of new mexico before we got the right to vote in nineteen forty eight but the change is set in motion by world war two would have been even more profound impact on the global coral on the public people paid an additional price to defend the country lands from sunup to find support or were taken to create los alamos national laboratory the top secret research center which developed the atomic bomb now uranium was discovered at laguna pueblo and bulldozers earth movers and dynamite created a vast low armed forces veterans came

back return owned by the absence of farming people begin to work outside of the poconos was almost was established roger roger many had sold their livestock need a new moon because they like this could handle livestock and jarred fell now often i hear it i wish i hadn't sold my lifestyle i envy you because he still have a thousand other things that the old timers used to tell us don't ever sell your lifestyle because it's food on your table and clothes on your back when the going

gets tough in the nineteen fifties the us government attempted to terminate its treaty responsibilities for all tribal people and turning ministration over to the states at the same time the bureau of indian affairs began a program to relocate indians to urban centers across the country a i had an uncle who was part of the relocation program who has lived in oakland for over forty years they're feeling at the time was that they were going to do the best they could for their children but one of the devastated outcomes of that is the offspring has rejected their parents and over a bitter towards their parents because they never gave them an opportunity to learn about you quantity never have an opportunity to learn the language i think that until the nineteen seventies

notably indian policy but in a way the realities of making a living or finding a way to stay in the bubble was very difficult policy said go away nineteen fifty it was we take you away with the relocation of germination policy the pope ah the us government's efforts to destroy native culture has finally ended in the nineteen seventies with the recognition that we were capable of determining what congress today's the return of thousands lincoln marked the first time the us government actually gave the land back to a native people rather than just providing compensation this victory camp a sixty year long struggle by a community

of determined to maintain its sacred relationship to believe it wasn't until the nineteen seventies and who it was highly competitive person to ask who was a time of celebration i really see my grandmother crying my grandfather crying in the house was at night crying and they said we never have to worry about people desecrating our area and ive never my my older brother and i've david we're flashing a light often on the porch light because you're so happy luke listen to persevere the difficulty in recent years justice for our people

the secret to their secretaries yakima people have come to worship and a starkly beautiful law will flow of the map i sent are pablo was built over a thousand years ago yet in nineteen eighty seven the secret places were made part of the national park and exposed to the influx of tourists land is critical to the survival of the public people in this day and age because as elvers have put it unless we can basically for the children a place in which they may plant their feet as well as her crops or whatever they want to plant then the community will to solve them though scatter like leaves in the autumn for centuries our ancestors have

successfully defended our culture religion and lands against the attacks of the spanish mexican and american governments but today we face perhaps our greatest challenge how to maintain our existence as a couple people in a rapidly changing world replete with alcohol drugs days urban encroachment and television at the same time the traditional sort of the women are changing as they need to enter the workforce when i was growing up as a child i remember that the role of a woman being in a home being the nature taking care of the family fed find changes ice age women getting more involved in a working scale getting an education and

because the social economics we have more single parents need to get out and work now we have more women working in a pueblo near the whole of the women has changed drastically with the times that we lived on even that that education that that women have gotten an end a career that they want and then to try to be a part of india life it's very difficult lot to have it's extremely critical of that indian women hold onto and maintain our lives that involves the traditional aspect of being indian because if we dont then we go link says is a completely because the woman is the most important part of the home when it comes to the teaching of children and they were going to have our children continue to swear by then

it's up to us as mothers and teachers can still light at the same time traditional family rules are changing our culture is also been threatened by even more severe problem the loss of our native languages wang which art has been lost by the people and when that happens we have to worry and wonder about how long our traditional dances are songs and there's continued to survive the qualities that help the public supply with that culture up till today is first religion their native religion and in order to have their own native religion they have to have the language so they said the two outstanding qualities that help the public to survive religion

and language you need one to operate because it's very hard to say be from a community where language is so important for custom and tradition are so important and not be part of it not to have grown up and to not know the language that was really difficult i stuffed my mother about this as i would ask her about language i was i would ask her what are they saying when they say that when they pray and she would try to explain it to me and then she would say i don't know the words she said that's that sound is i know what they mean but i can't explain it in english and she said i don't even think i could explain it in my own language because those are words that are so special that they feel awkward in my mouth the campaign he made i

think that's a myth until we know that you know that hey if a good morning to a corner and i think they can learn a thing they can learn how to pray the right wing in them and i want them to see if they can actually says good because it had just come see you you were sending a pueblo indians in that if we don't go up speaking it's like they're it's our responsibility to men i think for a long time has been this expressed fear by tribal elders that somehow we're losing as they were pushing their children to get educated

you are the same time so their own tradition and the language and the culture in the stadium when asking if at any night stadium i know it would be very sad for me if they do lose the culture but i still want for them to carry it on and that's one of the reasons why i try to reinforce this in their classroom if they can get it at home they sure they can get it here at school and we just want to do is use to but it's entirely through the aftermath nobody has a port the comedy store for

you you know that even the line much you choose to consume time and time to come because we can feel that they can afford to do it and so we find ourselves on the eve of the consent and you're faced with some of the greatest challenges in people can have never faced over the last year is that is essential for patients at very proud to have a heritage that you have because i feel that that are that my people were opposed to that conversation here on you less intrusion at very proud of my

people think that there are cultural issues are so important i don't consider myself a citizen of the united states i don't consider myself a citizen of mexico i am a tanzanian that's diane that's my nationality which economists now three and i know i'm very proud of my history of resistance very probably instance instance is that we were going to be here in ten thousand years it's still very clear and strong wind and then the celebration man kingston very much part of our prayers there is hope it isn't what has generations of our people have always said as long as we keep believing in and living by the ways of our people we will continue

as long as the story of course troubles which is like the story of all people who deeply love and respect themselves and their culture community and land is told we the people will continue even after four hundred and fifty years the encounter of the rubble people was with white man scotch or continue what will be our children's future is unknown still we have the genius of undoing of surviving the descendants of clubs our colorado our math just

an un aid funding for this program has been provided by the corporation for public broadcasting and by the financial support of viewers like you additional funding has been provided by the rockefeller foundation and the native american public broadcasting consortium sure yes

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