National Geographic Special; Among the Wild Chimpanzees

<v WQED Speaker>For the ninth consecutive year, the National Geographic specials are made possible <v WQED Speaker>by the Gulf Oil Corporation. <v Narrator>For centuries, there were fearsome tales of a half human monster roaming <v Narrator>the African forests. <v Narrator>Even in modern times, knowledge of the elusive creature, the wild chimpanzee <v Narrator>was largely based on speculation. <v Narrator>Then in 1960, a daring young English woman set out to sort <v Narrator>fiction from truth. She had been warned, you'll never get near the chimpanzees, <v Narrator>but she was determined to try. <v Narrator>Her name? Jane Goodall. <v Narrator>She was 26 years old and destined to make scientific history. <v Narrator>[Chimpanzee noises] <v Narrator>Against odds, many thought insurmountable.

<v Narrator>She gradually earned the chimpanzee's trust. <v Narrator>The picture that has emerged is an awesome portrait of the animals most like <v Narrator>man. The similarities to humans are startling. <v Narrator>The obvious physical resemblance. <v Narrator>The discovery that they hunt and eat meat. <v Narrator>The even more profound revelation that they are intelligent enough to make and <v Narrator>use tools. <v Narrator>And in their nonverbal communication, perhaps the most uncanny <v Narrator>resemblance of all. <v Narrator>Meticulously documented on motion picture film, Jane Goodall's classic <v Narrator>study stretches from 1960 to the present day. <v Narrator>A compelling chronicle that spans three generations of chimps. <v Narrator>It is the longest study of any wild animal group in the world. <v Narrator>Unexpectedly, one of its recent chapters took a forbidding turn.

<v Narrator>The usually gentle, amiable chimps revealed a dark and sinister <v Narrator>side, puzzling, savage behavior as yet unexplained. <v Narrator>And so the saga goes on, a remarkable adventure of the wild <v Narrator>chimpanzees and the dedicated woman who works among them still. <v Narrator>Growing up in Bournemouth, England, Jane Goodall was drawn to the world of animals almost

<v Narrator>from the start. <v Narrator>When her mother gave the infant a chimp doll outraged friends predicted nightmares. <v Narrator>They could not have been more wrong. <v Jane Goodall>Even when I was very tiny, I was absolutely fascinated by animals. <v Jane Goodall>I think I first began to dream of going to Africa after reading Dr. Doolittle <v Jane Goodall>and Tarzan when I was about 8. <v Jane Goodall>I was absolutely fascinated with the idea of being out in the jungle, <v Jane Goodall>out with the animals, feeling a part of it all. <v Narrator>Famed anthropologist Louis Leakey had long searched for someone to study wild <v Narrator>chimpanzees for clues to the behavior of early men. <v Narrator>I want someone unbiased by academic learning, he said. <v Narrator>Someone with uncommon patience and dedication. <v Narrator>His faith in Jane Goodall would lead to one of the most important scientific <v Narrator>studies of our time. <v Narrator>Her journey would take Goodall to the East African country of Tanzania, then known

<v Narrator>as Tanganyika. The remote Gombe Stream Game Reserve <v Narrator>stretches for about 10 miles of rugged, mountainous country along the shore of Lake <v Narrator>Tanganyika. <v Narrator>And so on the 14th of July 1960, Jane Goodall was <v Narrator>4,000 miles from home, a tiny boat, her only link <v Narrator>to the civilized world. <v Jane Goodall>When I arrived at the Gombe Stream Reserve, I felt that at long last <v Jane Goodall>my childhood ambition was being realized, but when I looked <v Jane Goodall>at the wild and rugged mountains where the chimpanzees lived, I knew that my <v Jane Goodall>task was not going to be easy. <v Narrator>Day to day life in this remote wilderness would be difficult at best. <v Narrator>The local authorities, horrified at the thought of a young white woman alone in the wild, <v Narrator>at first refused Jane permission to come, agreeing only when she said

<v Narrator>she would bring a companion. <v Narrator>Aside from her mother, Vanne Goodall, and an African cook, Jane would spend <v Narrator>the next several months virtually alone. <v Narrator>It was already late afternoon when the tents were pitched and provisions stored. <v Narrator>But after 20 years of dreaming of this day, Jane was eager to begin. <v Narrator>Unarmed and untrained, she ventured into a strange new world. <v Narrator>For most, this would be a lonely, forbidding realm. <v Narrator>But for Jane Goodall, it was where she most wanted to be. <v Jane Goodall>During my first days at Gombe, I could hardly believe it was true. <v Jane Goodall>At last I was out in the wild. <v Jane Goodall>I didn't see many animals, but I had the feeling they were there all around <v Jane Goodall>watching me. There were rustles in the undergrowth.

<v Jane Goodall>Strange calls, smells I could not identify. <v Narrator>For months, the object of her search invariably fled at the mere sight <v Narrator>of her. Often she couldn't find them at all. <v Narrator>It was a steep, rigorous climb to the open ridges above. <v Narrator>But perhaps she hoped a way to pinpoint the nomadic apes below. <v Jane Goodall>I discovered not far from camp that there was a peak overlooking two <v Jane Goodall>valleys, and from this vantage point I was able to gradually <v Jane Goodall>piece together the daily behavior of the chimps. <v Jane Goodall>The major advantage of the peak was that the chimps could see me sitting up there <v Jane Goodall>and gradually get used to my presence. <v Narrator>Sitting quietly in the same spot.

<v Narrator>Day after day. Always dressed in the same neutral colors, <v Narrator>never attempting to follow the shy apes, the figure on the peak <v Narrator>gradually became less of a threat. <v Narrator>It would be some time, however, before Jane was accepted a closer range, <v Narrator>though, the chimps now recognize the intruder, her intent was far from clear. <v Narrator>Jane had to accept the realization that for the time being, at least <v Narrator>much of her knowledge would be based on indirect evidence, like an abandoned <v Narrator>sleeping nest high in the trees. <v Narrator>Jane found the nest was not simply a pile of wadded leaves, but a carefully <v Narrator>interwoven platform created by dexterous hands and a reasoning <v Narrator>brain. But the intelligent creature who made it had long <v Narrator>since moved on.

<v Narrator>Impatient with her slow progress with the chimps, Jane stretch each day to <v Narrator>the final rays of the setting sun. <v Narrator>This would be her first meal in 12 hours. <v Narrator>It had been another long and frustrating day. <v Jane Goodall>As I am not a defeatist, it only made my determination to succeed <v Jane Goodall>stronger. <v Jane Goodall>I never had any thought of quitting. <v Jane Goodall>I should forever have lost all self-respect if I had given up. <v Narrator>And so days that began before dawn reached well past midnight <v Narrator>and for as long as it would take tomorrow would be the same. <v Narrator>Even when there were no chimps to be found, there was always much to be done. <v Narrator>Samples of plants that chimps eat would be preserved for later identification. <v Narrator>There was a new language to learn. <v Narrator>Tribal customs to absorb, a makeshift clinic helped

<v Narrator>cement good relations with the local villagers. <v Narrator>With camp life settling into a comfortable routine, Gombe increasingly <v Narrator>became Jane Goodall's private world. <v Narrator>Though his staff was growing, outsiders till now had not been welcomed, <v Narrator>lest they frighten the chimps. <v Narrator>But at Louis Leakey's urging, she agreed that a permanent film record of <v Narrator>the chimps be made to shield herself and the cameraman, she built <v Narrator>a blind a screen of leaves. <v Narrator>Hugo Van Lawick is a specialist in wildlife, primarily <v Narrator>funded by the National Geographic Society. <v Narrator>Over the coming years, he and Goodall would capture details of chimp behavior never <v Narrator>before dreamed possible. <v Narrator>They found that chimpanzees are nomadic, traveling in ever changing groups

<v Narrator>in the daily search for food. <v Narrator>Wonderings that can take them two to six miles in a single day. <v Narrator>They are animals of dramatic extremes, noisy and excitable <v Narrator>one minute, calm and gentle the next. <v Narrator>It seemed that Jane's camouflage had failed. <v Narrator>But why didn't the chimps flee? <v Narrator>Apparently, the blind gave reassurance that the humans would stay where they were. <v Narrator>Represented no threat. <v Narrator>To satisfy their hunger on a diet that is largely vegetarian. <v Narrator>Chimps eat up to seven hours a day. <v Narrator>Much of their diet is fruit, but they also feed on leaves, blossoms,

<v Narrator>seeds, and stems after congregating at a food source. <v Narrator>Several individuals may rest and groom together, then separate once <v Narrator>again. The only stable group within the community is <v Narrator>a mother and her young. <v Narrator>Males take no part in child rearing. <v Narrator>Contrary to common belief, chimps do not have fleas. <v Narrator>Mutual grooming does remove flakes of dried skin and grass seeds. <v Narrator>But physical contact, for its own sake, seems to be the primary goal. <v Narrator>Not much interested in quiet pursuits. <v Narrator>Youngsters have better things to do. <v Jane Goodall>The chimps very gradually came to realize that I was not dangerous after <v Jane Goodall>all. I shall never forget the day after about 18 months,

<v Jane Goodall>when for the first time a small group allowed me to approach and be near <v Jane Goodall>them. Finally I had been accepted. <v Jane Goodall>I think it was one of the proudest and most exciting moments of my whole life. <v Narrator>Chimpanzees are as distinct from one another as are human beings, and Jane <v Narrator>gave them names as she came to recognize them. <v Narrator>Old Flo with a bulbous nose and raggedy ears, is matriarch of <v Narrator>the family Jane would come to know best. <v Narrator>At seven weeks. Infant Flint is still completely dependent on Flo. <v Narrator>Flo's adolescent son, Figgins, plays with his younger sister Fifi. <v Narrator>Even fully mature Faben often stays with the family. <v Narrator>Ever since Flint's birth, his sister Fifi has been fascinated by the baby. <v Narrator>Repeatedly, she tries to touch and groom him. <v Narrator>The older champs, less interested in babies tend to ignore Flint,

<v Narrator>but Fifi is persistent, actually trying to take the infant from Flo. <v Narrator>Though protective of her newborn Flo is never rough with Fifi, when <v Narrator>she's had enough, she simply walks off, leaving Fifi looking rather <v Narrator>frustrated. [Hooting sound from chimpanzee] <v Narrator>Another group's arrival is signaled by a chorus of hooting calls. <v Narrator>Adult males dominate chimp society and are much preoccupied with their <v Narrator>position in the hierarchy. <v Narrator>In an effort to better his rank, the male puts on an awesome charging display. <v Narrator>With hair bristling and vegetation flying the male makes himself appear <v Narrator>larger and more dangerous than he actually is intended.

<v Narrator>To intimidate rivals, it is usually nothing more than superb <v Narrator>bluff. <v Narrator>One infant male already has the idea, but not yet the coordination. <v Narrator>After displays of aggression, the dominant chimp often reassures those <v Narrator>who have been frightened or hurt and thus tension is defused, <v Narrator>harmony restored. <v Narrator>One male rose to the top of the hierarchy by intelligence rather than strength.

<v Narrator>Mike discovered that rolling empty kerosene cans from Jane's camp <v Narrator>made a horrifying noise. <v Narrator>Originally one of the lowest ranking males, Mike, was now number one. <v Narrator>Close to where they are feeding when dusk falls the chimpanzees will build sleeping <v Narrator>nests for the night 30 to 40 feet up in the trees. <v Narrator>After choosing a suitable foundation such as a horizontal fork.

<v Narrator>The chimp takes only three to five minutes to bend down branches and twigs <v Narrator>to create a comfortable padded bed. <v Narrator>The cycle of Jane's days now blended with the rhythms of the chimps. <v Narrator>When they nested near the peak she often slept there to be with them at the first light <v Narrator>of dawn. <v Jane Goodall>There's a special fascination about the sudden nightfall in the forest <v Jane Goodall>when the sounds of the day give place to the more mysterious sounds and rustles <v Jane Goodall>of the night. <v Jane Goodall>I always enjoyed these nights on the peak. <v Jane Goodall>I felt part of the mountain world around me, completely alone, <v Jane Goodall>completely at peace. <v Narrator>With creature comforts long since forsaken, Jane found increasing pleasures

<v Narrator>in her wilderness world. <v Narrator>But as she soon discovered, human creature comforts were not without appeal <v Narrator>to some. <v Narrator>A chimp had wandered into camp and found a supply tent where bananas were <v Narrator>stored. <v Narrator>Because he had been to camp before when Jane was in the forest. <v Narrator>She had a prearranged signal to call her back. <v Jane Goodall>It was thrilling after all this time to find a chimp actually, in my camp. <v Jane Goodall>It was David Graybeard, a male I had already come to know out in the forest. <v Narrator>David's boldness marked a turning point for Jane. <v Narrator>After the endless months, she had searched for them. <v Narrator>The chimps following David's lead now came to her.

<v Narrator>Gradually, their inherent fear gave way and an offer of friendship was accepted <v Narrator>with trust. <v Narrator>If she could lure the chimps into camp regularly, Jane realized. <v Narrator>Her observations would be far more consistent than chance encounters in the <v Narrator>forest. <v Narrator>Bananas were the answer. <v Narrator>The scheme was not without its flaws, as the local baboons quickly <v Narrator>proved. <v Narrator>David Graybeard repeatedly ran to his friend, the more powerful Goliath <v Narrator>for protection. <v Narrator>Goliath came to David's defense, but the baboon knew which

<v Narrator>chimp was afraid and it was David he went for. <v Narrator>Every time. <v Narrator>Because of the trust established in camp, tracking the chimps in the forest was now <v Narrator>much easier for Jane. <v Narrator>She was able to follow and document in detail the development of Flo's infant <v Narrator>son, Flint. <v Narrator>At six months, Flint is learning to ride on his mother's back. <v Narrator>But sometimes he doesn't get it quite right. <v Narrator>At around the same age, he takes his first tottering steps. <v Narrator>When he stumbles and whimpers, Flo quickly rescues him.

<v Narrator>Flo is a particularly affectionate, tolerant, and playful mother, <v Narrator>and because much maternal behavior is learned. <v Narrator>She is the role model for her daughter Fifi. <v Narrator>As Flint grows older, Flo permits Fifi to take him for brief periods of time. <v Narrator>Such experiences provide important training for the future. <v Narrator>When young females mature and have offspring of their own, <v Narrator>about the time Flo begins to carry Flint on her back. <v Narrator>Fifi tries to imitate Flo. <v Narrator>Though once successful, the attempt marks an important milestone in her learning <v Narrator>experience. <v Narrator>Mandy is a young female who has just had her first baby,

<v Narrator>Fifi has never seen the baby before and is intrigued. <v Narrator>For the moment at least, this is something more interesting than Flint. <v Narrator>As Mandy settles down, Fifi comes for a closer look at this newest <v Narrator>member of the community. <v Narrator>All youngsters at Gombe are interested in new babies. <v Narrator>But Jane had never seen one who showed more fascination than Fifi. <v Narrator>A study in concentration. <v Narrator>Mandy is not worried by Fifi's presence, but when adolescent male <v Narrator>Figan approaches, she nervously moves off. <v Narrator>Both Fifi and Figan are fascinated by the smell of the new baby. <v Narrator>Fifi, persistent as ever, follows Mandy.

<v Narrator>Another young female hasn't quite got the knack of how an infant should be carried. <v Narrator>Fifi has followed Mandy up a tree and now attempts to touch the baby. <v Narrator>Mandy gently fends her off. <v Narrator>Meanwhile, even Flint is curious about another infant younger than he. <v Narrator>But Flo is ready to move on in search of food, and she lets Flint know it is <v Narrator>time to go. <v Narrator>Fifi still engrossed with Mandy's baby, does not notice that they leave. <v Narrator>When she finally looks for her mother, Flo is out of sight.

<v Narrator>At 6, Fifi is still quite dependent on her mother and cries in distress. <v Narrator>She has no idea in what direction Flo has gone. <v Narrator>Normally, Flo would come at Fifi's cries, but apparently can't hear her above <v Narrator>the growing storm. [Sounds of rain falling and thunder] <v Narrator>Although chimps seem miserable in the rain, surprisingly, they make little effort <v Narrator>to find shelter. <v Narrator>Even in a torrential downpour, they just sit and wait it <v Narrator>out.

<v Narrator>Long committed to observing the chimps seven days a week. <v Narrator>Jane ignored the rain. <v Narrator>Searching for the lost Fifi, she saw something remarkable instead. <v Narrator>The male Goliath performing a spectacular display. <v Narrator>Enthralled by the magnificent rain dance, Jane would later write <v Narrator>with a display of strength and vigor, such as this primitive man himself <v Narrator>might have challenged the elements. <v Narrator>Twenty minutes later, the rain dance was over as suddenly as it had <v Narrator>begun. <v Narrator>Among Goliath's audience, Jane spotted Flo and Flint. <v Narrator>From her tall lookout, Fifi saw them too. <v Narrator>Strong family ties temporarily broken by the storm

<v Narrator>were once again intact. <v Narrator>The rainy season brings the flight of fertile winged termites <v Narrator>as they leave their nests to establish new colonies. <v Narrator>For chimp and baboon alike, they are a tasty delicacy, but baboons <v Narrator>can only capture the termites outside the nest. <v Narrator>As the swarms emerge and fly when they have gone and worker <v Narrator>termites, have re-sealed the nest, the baboons will move on. <v Narrator>But the chimps not only know termites are there hidden below the surface. <v Narrator>They have learned how to get at them. <v Narrator>In defense of their nest, the termites grip onto the grass and <v Narrator>with utmost care. The chimp gently draws them out.

<v Narrator>As a stem becomes bent, the chimp breaks off the end to make it work <v Narrator>more efficiently. <v Narrator>Sometimes a leafy twig is selected, but first it must be stripped of its <v Narrator>leaves. In these actions, modifying natural objects <v Narrator>for a specific purpose, the chimp is not only using but actually <v Narrator>making tools. <v Narrator>It seems certain that this is a learned behavior passed from generation <v Narrator>to generation by watching and imitation, Flint does <v Narrator>not yet know how to fish for termites, but already he imitates part of Flo's <v Narrator>technique. <v Narrator>Jane's proof that chimps make and use tools would rock <v Narrator>the scientific world. <v Jane Goodall>Tool using always used to be considered a hallmark of the human <v Jane Goodall>species. When Louis Leakey first heard about tool using at Gombe,

<v Jane Goodall>he got extremely excited and said, "Now we have to redefine <v Jane Goodall>man, redefine tool, or include chimpanzees <v Jane Goodall>with humans." <v Narrator>A chimpanzee brain will never design a computer, nor even imagine <v Narrator>a durable tool chipped from stone. <v Narrator>But his brain is more similar to our own than is that of any other living <v Narrator>creature. And surely it was thus that our distant human ancestors <v Narrator>began learning to master the natural world in the constant struggle <v Narrator>to survive. <v Narrator>To a thirsty chimp, rainwater trapped in the hollow of a tree is inviting <v Narrator>but not easily reached. <v Narrator>Once again, the chimps have learned to solve a problem by fashioning a tool. <v Narrator>Watered leaves act as a sponge, chewing makes them more absorbent.

<v Narrator>Using the sponge, the chimp can get as much as eight times more water <v Narrator>than with fingers alone. <v Narrator>Inherently curious, youngsters like Fifi learn from <v Narrator>older chimps and thus the technique is passed on. <v Narrator>Baboons at Gombe outnumber the chimps by about 4 to 1. <v Narrator>For the most part, the two species coexist peacefully, but the baboon <v Narrator>is a competitor for food and friction can arise. <v Narrator>Because he has the intelligence to use a weapon, yet another type of tool, <v Narrator>even a youngster can intimidate a fully grown male. <v Narrator>The bluff works. <v Narrator>But as Jane would find out, sometimes the aggression is very real. <v Narrator>A young baboon has been captured and killed by a group of chimps.

<v Narrator>And they will feast on its remains. <v Narrator>Jane's discovery astounded the scientific world. <v Narrator>The chimp is not the gentle vegetarian we had thought. <v Narrator>But like humans, a formidable predator. <v Narrator>Sometimes cooperating to hunt and stalk their prey, they also kill <v Narrator>young antelope, bush pigs and monkeys. <v Narrator>For the most part, champs eat meat only they themselves have killed. <v Narrator>Indeed, a dead animal is often a puzzling sight. <v Narrator>When renowned animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz saw this film sequence, he <v Narrator>said, "Ah, here we have the world's first zoologist.". <v Narrator>[Indistinct conversation] <v Narrator>With Gombe's growing fame, visiting students and scientists became a regular

<v Narrator>part of the scene. <v Narrator>One day, as part of a project to record chimpanzee calls, Jane put <v Narrator>out bananas in great quantities. <v Narrator>The result, an eruption of frenzied excitement, desperate <v Narrator>begging and violent aggression. <v Narrator>Because of the excessive hostilities aroused. <v Narrator>Jane disapproved of such human intervention. <v Narrator>But the episode was not without value, revealing the intricate patterns <v Narrator>of chimpanzee dominance and submission. <v Narrator>And the chimp's intense need for reassurance by touch. <v Narrator>The sounds of the encounter were carefully analyzed by students specializing in chimp

<v Narrator>vocalization. <v Narrator>With the passing years, Gombe drew students from around the world with <v Narrator>interests ranging from biology to communication to psychology. <v Narrator>They came because of Jane and the unique opportunities of the living <v Narrator>laboratory she created here. <v Narrator>To avoid future aggression over bananas. <v Narrator>Jane devised a system of rationing by remote control. <v Narrator>Now the chimps were fed only if they arrived alone or in small groups <v Narrator>and then just once in 10 days. <v Narrator>Apparently not happy with this new state of affairs, the ever creative chimps <v Narrator>made their wishes known. <v Narrator>The chimp's presence in camp provided an opportunity for experiments

<v Narrator>not possible in the forest. <v Narrator>How would they react to something new? <v Narrator>All chimpanzees are intensely curious, but often afraid <v Narrator>of the unfamiliar. <v Narrator>For the first time, Flint attempts the typical male intimidation display. <v Narrator>Pulling vegetation and stamping. <v Narrator>Later, Jane put out a mirror. It was clearly a fascinating <v Narrator>mystery. <v Narrator>In retrospect, Jane will say that had she known her study would continue indefinitely,

<v Narrator>she would not have encouraged contact between herself and the chimps. <v Narrator>For one thing, they are stronger than humans, and if they lose their fear <v Narrator>dangerous. <v Narrator>Indeed, in the future. Jane would minimize all interaction with the chimps. <v Narrator>But for the moment, after the long struggle for acceptance, David's silent <v Narrator>consent to be groomed was a prize beyond measure. <v Narrator>In 1966, tragedy strikes, an epidemic spreads <v Narrator>from a nearby village, and Gombe awakes to the devastation of <v Narrator>polio. <v Jane Goodall>Nothing that has happened at Gombe before or since has been as horrible. <v Jane Goodall>Nothing. They were among the darkest days of my life, <v Jane Goodall>a living nightmare.

<v Jane Goodall>The worst tragedy was old Mr. McGregor. <v Jane Goodall>He lost the use of both his legs and he could only move by pulling himself <v Jane Goodall>along the ground by his arms. <v Jane Goodall>The other chimps were frightened by this strangeness and shunned old Gregor, <v Jane Goodall>only his close relative Humphrey stayed nearby. <v Narrator>The mother, Ali, has lost her month old infant to the disease, <v Narrator>though she knows he is not alive. <v Narrator>She carries his dead body for three days. <v Narrator>Polio vaccine is flown in and fed to the chimps in bananas. <v Narrator>But for many, it is too late. <v Narrator>Flo's son, Fabian, paralyzed in one arm, protects it by walking

<v Narrator>long distances upright. <v Narrator>To get food, Mr. McGregor had learned to pull himself into trees with the strength of his <v Narrator>arms alone. But he dislocates his shoulder while trying to climb <v Narrator>and now can no longer move at all. <v Narrator>Jane knew she had one choice, her longtime friend must be shot. <v Narrator>But 1967 would bring joy, married <v Narrator>three years, Hugo and Jane now had a son. <v Narrator>Little Hugo, nicknamed Grub, would grow up in a world most children <v Narrator>never even see. <v Narrator>Spending less time at work to be with Grub, Jane modeled her behavior

<v Narrator>after the patient affectionate chimp mother she had long observed. <v Narrator>Gombe was the ideal place to raise a child, she said. <v Narrator>You could focus on the important things in life: Family, unity with all <v Narrator>living creatures, being part of the natural world. <v Narrator>As she watched her own son grow. <v Narrator>Jane continued to track the development of Flo's son, Flint, who was now <v Narrator>four and a half. <v Narrator>Pregnant with her fifth child Flo was increasing her attempts to wean <v Narrator>Flint, typical of youngsters his age he resisted. <v Narrator>Still trying to suckle and demanding to ride on Flo despite his large <v Narrator>size. <v Narrator>When denied his way, Flint threw violent temper tantrums, even

<v Narrator>hitting and biting his mother. <v Jane Goodall>Perhaps because she was too old to cope, Flo often gave in <v Jane Goodall>and let Flynn have his way. <v Jane Goodall>Later, this would have grave consequences. <v Narrator>Later that year, the baby was born and Jane named her Flame. <v Narrator>Still attached to the placenta, Flame was just a few hours old. <v Narrator>Because females give birth only every five to six years. <v Narrator>A newborn always stirs much curiosity among the youngsters. <v Narrator>Jane wondered what the birth would mean to Flint. <v Narrator>Flint's behavior would be expected to change with the new arrival.

<v Narrator>But instead he was getting worse. <v Jane Goodall>Even after the birth of his sibling. <v Jane Goodall>When most youngsters become more independent, Flint continued to pester his <v Jane Goodall>mother for attention, and more often than not Flo gave in <v Jane Goodall>to his demands. <v Narrator>Even with Flame at Flo's breast, Flint sometimes tried to suckle. <v Narrator>Six months later, while Flo was ill. <v Narrator>Flame disappeared, never to be seen again. <v Narrator>With no baby to care for now, Flo stopped even trying to encourage Flint's <v Narrator>independence. Jane wondered if he would remain an infant forever. <v Narrator>Life expectancy of a wild chimpanzee is guessed at 40 to 50 years. <v Narrator>Flo now well past 40 was feeble and warm, spending

<v Narrator>most of her time resting quietly near Flint. <v Jane Goodall>Although I knew that Flo had become very old indeed, it was still a sad <v Jane Goodall>day when I found her dead body lying in the stream. <v Jane Goodall>For me, it was like losing an old friend. <v Jane Goodall>For Flint it was like losing his whole world. <v Jane Goodall>Flint stayed by himself close to the place where Flo had died, <v Jane Goodall>he ate very little. He became increasingly lethargic and depressed. <v Jane Goodall>And finally, in this state of grieving, he grew sick. <v Jane Goodall>Three and a half weeks after losing his mother, Flynn died too. <v Narrator>Today, the name Jane Goodall is almost synonymous with animal research.

<v Narrator>Accomplished author, speaker and now a PhD. <v Narrator>She is sought all over the world, a rarity among scientists. <v Narrator>She has become a celebrity in her own right. <v Jane Goodall>He wasn't having it all. He wanted to follow his adolescent brother. <v Narrator>Wherever she goes and her annual lecture tours. <v Narrator>Eager crowds gathered to hear the latest chapter in the lives of the chimps. <v Man>Any new, particularly new developments, new behavior? <v Jane Goodall>Two quite interesting new developments. <v Jane Goodall>One is concerned with territoriality-[Response becomes indistinct]. <v Narrator>Though she welcomes the opportunity to share her world. <v Narrator>Jane keeps her visit short. <v Narrator>Gombe is where she most wants to be. <v Narrator>With her on this trip are her mother returning for a nostalgic visit and Grub <v Narrator>now 15. <v Narrator>Though not even Jane could have predicted her study would last this long. <v Narrator>It is 22 years since she first set foot on Gombe shores.

<v Narrator>In that time, the country has gone from British rule to independence. <v Narrator>Gombe, once a game reserve, is now a national park. <v Narrator>But friendships that spanned more than two decades remain unchanged. <v Narrator>[Indistinct conversation]. <v Narrator>Today, permanent structures have replaced Jane's Lakeshore tent, and <v Narrator>a staff of ten Tanzanian field assistants has been trained to help observe <v Narrator>the chimps. <v Narrator>[Jane speaking in Swahili] The men work in teams of two and follow the animals <v Narrator>seven days a week. In recent years, they, along with Jane, <v Narrator>witnessed a startling turn of events like Gombe itself. <v Narrator>The chimps, it seemed, had changed, too. <v Jane Goodall>If I'd left, as Louis Leakey predicted, after 10 years, we would

<v Jane Goodall>have had a very different picture of the chimpanzees to that which we have today. <v Jane Goodall>People's idea of the gentle, noble, savage would have been exemplified <v Jane Goodall>by the way of life of the chimps. <v Jane Goodall>I started off studying one community, and in 1972 <v Jane Goodall>that community divided into two and one part of it moved down <v Jane Goodall>into the south of the range that the whole community had shared. <v Jane Goodall>Two years later, a series of events began which were amongst <v Jane Goodall>the most horrifying that we've seen at Gombe. <v Jane Goodall>The males of the larger Kasakela community, the ones that we're studying today, <v Jane Goodall>systematically began to hunt down individuals of the smaller <v Jane Goodall>southern community to attack them when they found them on their own or in <v Jane Goodall>small groups and within a four year period. <v Jane Goodall>Every one of the seven males and at least one of the three females who had moved <v Jane Goodall>to the south had disappeared.

<v Jane Goodall>The sequence of events that occurred <v Jane Goodall>during this warfare were really shocking because <v Jane Goodall>these attacks were not over in one minute they lasted 20 minutes. <v Jane Goodall>There were gang attacks were between three and six adult males together <v Jane Goodall>attacked one victim. The victim was rendered senseless, virtually <v Jane Goodall>crouching on the ground, not even trying to fight back. <v Jane Goodall>And yet they would pound him, they would drag him, they would bite him, they would smash <v Jane Goodall>him. One of them had a broken leg. One of them had a great piece of skin ripped from his <v Jane Goodall>thigh. And these were very, very brutal attacks. <v Jane Goodall>And I think it's a bit horrifying to consider that just because we now know

<v Jane Goodall>how aggressive the chimpanzee can be, this makes them even more like humans than I <v Jane Goodall>thought they were before. <v Narrator>Only because Jane stayed on at Gombe was the warfare discovered. <v Narrator>Only because she remains there still may it at one day be explained. <v Narrator>While the male gang violence was a profoundly dramatic event. <v Narrator>Much of Jane's work continues to revolve around the subtle intricacies of day to <v Narrator>day family life. <v Narrator>Her observations of Flo and Flint taught her just how powerful a mother's influence <v Narrator>can be. In the 10 years since Flo died, Jane has followed <v Narrator>her family into its third generation. <v Narrator>Flo's daughter, Fifi, is now a mother herself. <v Narrator>Like the Flo, Fifi is an extremely playful and tolerant mother. <v Narrator>Her son, Frodo, bears a striking resemblance to his dead uncle, Flint.

<v Narrator>Young Fanni evokes images of Fifi herself as a child <v Narrator>and in adolescent Freud, a visible reminder of Figan as he matured. <v Jane Goodall>Gremlin now watches Frodo. Getty much more active than he used <v Jane Goodall>to be. <v Narrator>As she watches Getty, the youngest member of the Gombe community secure in his <v Narrator>mother's arms, Jane reflects on 10 other infants <v Narrator>who, over the course of four years met a gruesome fate. <v Jane Goodall>It was one extremely horrifying day. <v Jane Goodall>I was in Dar es Salaam and we were contacting Gombe by radios as <v Jane Goodall>we used to do every morning. <v Jane Goodall>And this strange message came over that the adult female Passion <v Jane Goodall>and her adolescent daughter Pom had seized a newborn infant <v Jane Goodall>from ?Gilka?. ?Gilka?, one of the polio victims, a chimp I'd known

<v Jane Goodall>since she was 1 year old, and that this mother Passion <v Jane Goodall>had killed the baby, and she and her daughter and her son had shared the body <v Jane Goodall>between them. And I found this almost impossible to believe that when I got <v Jane Goodall>to Gombe a week later, it was indeed true. <v Jane Goodall>And over the next four years, Passion and her daughter Pom <v Jane Goodall>were known to kill and eat three newborn babies. <v Jane Goodall>They were watched as they tried, but failed to catch two more. <v Jane Goodall>And we suspect that in that four years, in fact, they were responsible for the <v Jane Goodall>deaths of 10 newborn babies. <v Narrator>Jane had always described Passion as a somewhat unnatural <v Narrator>mother, cold and indifferent. <v Narrator>Indeed, often callous to her youngsters, yet Jane could not possibly <v Narrator>have predicted that Passion would become a killer attacking with aggression so <v Narrator>violent that she paid no attention to human observers even when they tried

<v Narrator>to intervene. <v Jane Goodall>Why did they do it? I really have no idea. <v Jane Goodall>I suspect that it was an aberrant behavior shown first by <v Jane Goodall>the mother, imitated by the daughter. <v Jane Goodall>It was perhaps the hardest thing to understand and to accept <v Jane Goodall>that's ever happened at Gombe. <v Jane Goodall>And the descriptions of the attacks on these mothers are some <v Jane Goodall>of the most moving and horrifying descriptions <v Jane Goodall>that have taken place in all the 22 years. <v Jane Goodall>For instance, when Passion together with Pom, two strong females <v Jane Goodall>attacked Melissa with her 3 week old baby, Melissa's daughter, Gremlin, <v Jane Goodall>much younger than Pom, ran over to the two field assistants who <v Jane Goodall>were watching this horrifying struggle, stood upright, looked into their eyes, <v Jane Goodall>looked back at the scene and really seemed to be begging for help.

<v Jane Goodall>But Passion and Pom were strong, stronger than Melissa, and <v Jane Goodall>they managed to seize the baby, leaving Melissa terribly, badly wounded. <v Jane Goodall>The moment they had the baby and would have killed it when Melissa went up <v Jane Goodall>to watch as they ate it. Passion reached out, embraced and kissed her <v Jane Goodall>as though I have no quarrel with you. <v Jane Goodall>I wanted your baby. Now I'm content. <v Jane Goodall>And as I say, we just do not understand this behavior. <v Jane Goodall>Hopefully now the behavior is finished. <v Jane Goodall>Passion is dead. Pom has shown no signs of doing this, and indeed on her <v Jane Goodall>own isn't capable of attacking another female and stealing her baby. <v Narrator>For now, the warfare is over. <v Narrator>The cannibalism has ceased. <v Narrator>Gombe is quiet again, but for the eternal sounds of the African night. <v Narrator>Then on the summer evening in 1982, a joyous chorus of human voices

<v Narrator>pervades the dark. An anniversary party celebrating 22 <v Narrator>years of research at Gombe. <v Narrator>To the assembled Gombe staff, their families and visiting friends. <v Narrator>Jane praises the dedicated work of the men. <v Narrator>[Jane speaks in Swahili] [Audience claps] [Man speaks in Swahili] <v Narrator>To share this night, some have come by boat, others have walked for miles. <v Narrator>With traditional feasting and speeches, they join together to toast the future <v Narrator>and celebrate the past. <v Jane Goodall>After 22 years, I have many, many fond memories of Gombe. <v Jane Goodall>Perhaps the one that I like to think back on most was after <v Jane Goodall>having struggled, crawled through the undergrowth, climbed up to the peak

<v Jane Goodall>and down again, and searched and been rewarded yes, by seeing chimps, but <v Jane Goodall>chimps that ran away every time I went up to them. <v Jane Goodall>To have a chimpanzee, just sit there and watch me and know that I was there and not <v Jane Goodall>mind. That was a very, very wonderful moment. <v Jane Goodall>It was tremendous feeling of accomplishment and exhilaration and <v Jane Goodall>pride in the fact that I'd been accepted. <v Jane Goodall>And then a rather different kind of memory was the first time <v Jane Goodall>that a wild chimpanzee mother came up to me and allowed her infant to <v Jane Goodall>reach out with that wondering expression in his eyes to touch me, <v Jane Goodall>and that, of course, was Flo was her infant Flint. <v Jane Goodall>And that's another moment I'll never forget. <v Narrator>And though it often seems a lifetime ago, she remembers them all. <v Narrator>Three generations of chimps who allowed her the privilege of entering their <v Narrator>private world.

<v Narrator>Wild animals roaming free who permitted a human to live among <v Narrator>them as a friend. <v Narrator>Today, the direction of the study lies uncharted ahead. <v Narrator>To be written by the chimps themselves, it is a future, Jane <v Narrator>Goodall embraces with anticipation and a personal dream. <v Jane Goodall>I hope to stay at Gombe for as long as I can struggle around the mountains, <v Jane Goodall>and even after that, I would hope that I can train somebody to <v Jane Goodall>follow in my footsteps so that when I'm old and doddering lady, I can <v Jane Goodall>still hear about Melissa's grandchildren and Fifi's <v Jane Goodall>successes and be happy in my old age. <v Narrator>When Louis Leakey told Jane her study might last 10 years, it sounded

<v Narrator>like a lifetime. And privately, she thought three years at most. <v Narrator>Already into her third decade at Gombe, the pioneer who dared <v Narrator>to be accepted by wild animals and won has no <v Narrator>intention of leaving now. <v WQED Speaker>For the ninth consecutive year, the National Geographic Specials are made possible

<v WQED Speaker>by the Gulf Oil Corporation.