Regional Report; 7; School Integration

it's been the pay dickens

at the national educational television this obviously more change in the month only eleven pretty eerie some of the change and when margaret coker official discrimination and then school people know they can be segregated and continue to receive federal aid are they can refuse the federal money and be forced to desegregate anyway oh that was seldom meyer editor of the gainesville georgia times you'll be back in a moment with a report on progress or the lack of it in school integration in the deep south national educational television presents regional report a programmer fact comment and opinion from reporters throughout the country are subject school integration

here again is national editor edward unveiling this is the second school year and which it is the law of the land the public schools must be desegregated our question is how far as it's gone how much progress has been made last year only two percent of the three million your children eleven southern states actually sat in classrooms than white children this year the school board's face the prospect of losing federal financial aid for noncompliance there is more progress but it's far from the massive development that some people expected here is so in my article part of that story the peak and soul and identity at the university of georgia fell very superficially desegregation of schools in the south as a fact of some twenty nine hundred and fifties two districts in the eleven states of the old confederacy less than a hundred have failed assign compliance agreements under the civil rights act there are three times as many

negro children in school would like to this year as there were last year yet only eight percent of the negro children in the south are in schools with white children some school systems like ruby south carolina this endemic within one fallout of immigration others like national georgia signed the pledge except it's integral children and white schools and then saw applications mysteriously withdrawn by the transfers lincoln and george is one of three georgia district still holding out and sign in compliance with the civil rights act even before its violent confrontations this fall lincoln's leaders refused to present a television interview seventeen thousand five hundred thousand years to a busier anticipates hundred thousand unless the government gets that it's adam an attitude of demonstrations and repression and reprisals a little is truly changed derek september's mutual distrust and fear cloud efforts to establish

communications and one of the agreement i signed later than those that other districts i'm getting a piece of paper would not bring much change to their tightly controlled communities reluctance to speak for the record is widespread about rescue officials who defied governor george wallace by signing a compliant agreement with the federal office of education turned down a request for a television interview while they go through the sensitive mechanics of joy in the south and the goal though the issues are clear cut law schools of the segregated in some cases buses are not joan voted to segregated schools on the vehicles that are still segregated even statistical information is sketchy and on reliable many precincts have yet to report who will take the initiative in saying that the spirit of the sole rights act is carried out

one knowledgeable observers feel is former north carolina newspaper ad that reads a rat who for five years was director of the southern educational reporting service in that position he was constrained from comet now he has another responsibility in southern education an incentive to get his first television interview on regional report i think that the southern states have seen that freedom of joyce offers the best way for them to achieve their objective and at the same time at this point obtained the approval of the office of the education us now is a visa process is underway as it really changing people i don't all the people themselves are being changed this is a slow process is i think almost anyone would agree on some of the situation is changing and the ways in which people react to the situation also changed i got myself very much that the way people feel

of basically has changed a great deal here that is i don't think they're going to be many negro schools going to many negro children going to the public schools and the south states where resistance is strongest atkins clark county georgia so they can transfer a plan in nineteen fifty nine but neglected to go and he grows about integration actually started in nineteen sixty three with five students howard county is not typical and it is fairly far down the road it is difficult because no one seems able to say whether nato agreement that the status quo residential patterns are a tacit and mutual gradualism artwork there i believe if the pupil transfer application had been made no to the negro community led efforts would have been made to integrate the schools in nineteen fifty nine has snow white community for the school board tried to

discourage you from proceeding with integration plans not to name made your way how many of those are now in the formerly white school two hundred why such a relatively low number two hundred i think in comparison with the other communities with a population of this county i think we have a high number of rental we have a low number do too few negro trying to apply it to say that we could have four hundred feet four hundred had applied this is not due to the school board this would be due to meet girls not warning to go to the school that was the reaction from the community to first integration well initially yes there was some of it very unfavorable most of that there are favorable

to extremist groups that are protesting vigorously effect yes our last poll is concern that you can think of the us one day the week before that it had been there representative and the lacy p allen but most of the reaction was favorable i don't think that everyone approved of it we didn't expect everyone to approve of that but we felt that most of the people and talk and i approved of the way it was done that night if you didn't approve that integration itself set where local leadership has pressed hard school officials think they are home for ebola here with token as a y perhaps because the nation itself thinks that segregation is over and remaining advances will take place in relative obscurity perhaps will cause and listen a new mobile devices have been concocted for laying newly applied federal regulations that still are not clearly defined that's because the

problem though than other incidents of doing protest have confused the local administrative school picture and have encased in bureaucratic entitlements so what will happen to change attitudes first as he headed to the government itself then perhaps the degree of opposition at the local level certainly the availability of leadership at the local level and then of course the degree to which long held notions are really change while some in the south we're four methods of evading federal regulations other southerners are trying to find ways of complying with them most of the school plans have been submitted to the office of education a so called freedom of choice plan one of the first to criticize mays and to incest that the federal government reject them when they come from local school is a fine line civil rights worker loses france's pollack

who is director of the georgia council on human relations well actually the house it's a remote chances in this now they it really is not for it and there's very little chalice the year is daley's the garden now the transparent the new coach after the white shadow on the back of the negro instead of the audience grew parties where actually bonds and where at the idea is then say as a sort of practice where in practice very slightly but i'd say over this state is ohio i'll be the negro testified that when he can seek to transfer and this is often very difficult because a transfer of periods i often i limited it early as today the maybe one weekend you laugh here two weeks in august there one weekend they semi else and sadly the

period of the timing is difficult for any other find out wayne he can go to sleep this transfer them when he actually gets to this place out of an aids in some places difficult maybe is the courthouse where the nato has to go into podcasting in many particularly savage out to tanzania grows afraid of the meanest go here to pick up its application by then it must be sad byard parents are so bored sometimes you have to be notarized they have to be returned to a certain place that's opened on the sanctity of the negro less than that in some way let's play on dates were love and often the traveling to the games van are there then people began to say to the chatter in one an ad b i'm a principal music that show and

then i'm really really don't want to or you know you may not there are very wealthy than once your background and then sang a man and i use your you want to chant oh maybe in another another place they are proudly together and say well you know you like to play football but he won't have a chance to play football total of about the counties across the southeast is burying in south georgia is can to stretch across georgia alabama and mississippi they reveal in their structure all the subtleties of history always invisible handling of situations by the polish took a national georgia think about the taliban warehouses and with not much to do with growing seasons thirty applications from the row students were transferred to white schools were accepted on a saturday by monday or thirty or withdraw the national her local paper commoner

vivid same hypocritical to accept these applications and then maneuver to evade the rules ms elsie granted jr a native of this area a former gospel and folk music star was the author of this article we asked her why berrien county sign the compliance forms in the first place only one thing federal money unless we have federal funds we can't operate wisconsin very intently and of course that was the celebration for submitting of the syndication play we're very difficult for them to grow students know making applications by teasing out the parents made their applications to the negro school principal and they have a period of about two weeks during which they made those applications at one time he said needed all applications just the county school superintendent that was on saturday before school opened on monday

at this hour saying to be here at the strange coincidence that all thirty of those applications will be the withdrawal about thirty hours buying but that is the picture as it has been given to us there are no negro students in their wives who can't because of those applications having been withdrawn and medieval forced to start as lovable our communities one of course they speculate so the parents and a great many of the students have speculated they had asked why the desegregation didn't come off as find out too a large number of why that was so the marion county was in a parent's day that we were backward in you know and of course that's a disappointment to them in the series will and all of those applications were withdrawn or silence

they just say they changed their mind we've been unable to get any other state or any other suggestions our lives well i would say that these pressures that are almost you can find out the entire stay with maybe just a few of those isolated campus where they are no neat rows of all very few negroes out that the case itself amana where are these these talents and all of these children have these theory the theory is that probably isn't a job as well as the actual threat of losing a job are adibi cases without actually have been along with the fierceness of grey the fbi that that's how one i have police protection at that fear that that our power will be an upper hand in school you are not be able to keep ah ah ah these our own

feelings that that the negro hairs that you can expect him to have that they're having there they oppressed for so many years makes it amazing to me impossible for him to carry the burden of taking the initiative and transferring to why skills and actually integrating this goes of course in our community our population is about saving the fat twenty white and color and they both of the colored community leaders from one paycheck to the mix that's that's an economic reality of this particular year and that with polling of that won't make it that means great these advantages to that particular family this is the thing that can happen when a little portion of a community is not economically it to fight for its sale or to

me that was the wrong word to import so you say in the south and politically and very personally there is our rapport between the races because we have really small place an area standpoint and we have all that have the economic pressure of rural america applied to us is not that we have we have built more than any other county in south georgia but basically these situations as they are heated whenever pressures could be applied from physical biologist economic pressure have not been done so openly and i have no reason to believe that they have been integration happen sometimes because of technical reasons because of school consolidation of a cause large schools

refused to continue to accept negotiation online communities will be a small town in north central south carolina with a population ratio of seventy white the very integral integrated completely principal ginny owner was proud that his community rose to this challenge again recognizes an undercurrent of hostility me here again a year you know they came and went to their classes and then they went to the auditorium and the news reporters went to an auditorium others where i'll run the school and i inform the heroes yeah that they would be treated alike endeavour's think that if you have one navy and our weapon

then regarded some race color creed even get that weapon and i'm a plant owner nominee they understand that you're at the top of the community to persuade them to or accept integration can only did not we did not we play thoughtful and various members and they said that this situation an alarmingly with them except for the civil rights era i'm now i can't and then i don't know how the other districts in the area look at wrigley now that its integrity i think that day of the industry generally in the movie amal really awful but i'm not certain stake in an

account by saying that i'm only made new though you think they will drop the freedom of chores wire in totally integrated rubio who a character i'm really their way of what i'm doing that will make thousands in her whole lot cheaper this now there's moving erratically and hesitantly as though waiting for the bureaucrats who control the dollars to set the pace of change and to say how far it must go when the stakes are not even in the hard core areas it seems to go as far as it must david seeley is the government official responsible for deciding whether desegregation plans comply with the law wall street journal reporter jonathan sperber asks <unk> silly to explain why if ninety five percent of the districts have complied with the law only seven percent of the negroes actually attended school with white children but cynthia confusion comes in the word compliance we have not reported that all of these districts

are in full compliance what we've said is that ninety five percent of the school districts have complied with the requirement for filing your assurance of compliance toward the segregation plan in fact the district has a desegregation plan does not mean that they are totally segregated really means that they have a plan to become better at it is the basic source of the confusion and one of the major problems you have encountered in the actual application of free choice and so this fall the fundamental factor in this success in three tours planned his community no question but that song in some communities the attitude is such as to make free choice virtually unworkable and this year we have a lot in the district which was to undertake a preacher's plan to try it are but i'd say that unless the attitude of the community his favorable in which a child can exercise this choice freely and without fear of reprisal and that it cannot be a very workable and

so far the focus of title sex has been on obtaining an approving desegregation plans from the cell what steps will now be taken to check on compliance to ensure that the necessary investigation force needs reform this very definitely is the next phases those checking into compliance i think not only because of the responsibility of congress but in fairness to those districts who are carrying out the act honestly artist would take both failed field visits by our staff and i'll read reports from the school districts both both kinds of activity are confident are where there is non compliance there were definitely have to be enforced and proceedings if the school district will not comply voluntarily the lyric not be a temptation because the penalty is so it's so great to avoid excessive force welcome to avoid excessive or even an unfortunate case but you can avoid the responsibility of carrying out what congress imposed hear

that at a district which continue to discriminate which will not take voluntary steps to stop discriminating that this tree simply cannot because they encounter problems nine years ago nashville tennessee was the same attention and demonstrations when it became one of the first southern cities to be serenaded schools we go back for a look at it now i'm eugene dietz education editor nashville tennessee on reporting from the bbc mtv things were not always this quiet in nashville there were mobs in the streets mass arrest general disturbances public schools were desegregated september nine nineteen fifty seven under federal court orders school was bombed on that my stomach turns principal of their school recalls the first day of the segregation ms keyser well it was a beautiful day but as far as the situation there was there are well when i came to school learned that money there were cars with play case stands out

senate mob gathered there were cheers from the crowd there were rocked game for all of the volcanic in cells being hurled at me and the teachers the chief architect of the natural desegregation became a model for the south was to be a press them superintendent and city schools has now regret now retired recalls walking through the markets goes on the first day and one woman in particular island in her opposition he's drawn about like that which almost what has happened through our rights our state's rights wife if any of them would contest to do it and she wanted to know what had become of our favourite and i've tried to use their anger and that same valuable information he they didn't enact all of that that the issue had been settled at apple night on the second day at their integration was launched we have more difficulty of any consequence

or there and we had a sympathetic feeling on the part of the public at large and that teaches others say doubling as it may appear recognize that after all of these were organized <unk> side of a good education and they accepted the decision of the court race quote uncooperative national miami dallas goal differentials announcer to lawsuits seeking complete integration to provide for desegregation a great year beginning in the first grade these officials credit the continuing support of many groups for widespread public acceptance of those groups include the clergy the academic community pta elements of the press and the city administration mayor riley well i think that the government ought to be a lot of social change i think that we should carry some degree of leadership any of the problems of this type are not solve its the fault the local leadership both

governmental industrial community johnson npr editor the national tennessean looks at the role of the press well i think the first world press in this area as in every other area of controversy and crisis in conflicts involve providing that coverage of the new developments in the media but beyond that i think it did involve also need to raise the year editorial boards and a formal leadership the opposition that editorially of his time the supreme court decision on this first became a controversial curtain country skier at that have been going on leading know the community yet ideally that would just doesn't allow or school board is

order to speed up affecting all nineteen sixty six when all great we desegregated two years earlier than required by the courts the board also has voluntarily emigrate the faculty what is national learned after these nine years dr john h harris director public schools well i would say that we have learned that the white children have accepted the negro children extremely well we have learned that some people did not think any good teacher could teach white children and i would be pleased to report that in some cases i have had white children asked to be transferred into the negro teachers really they have felt the teachers extremely good superior high quality know their subject they're well trained and what lies ahead well it will never be without problems we have people with opinions and do well as you often heard you say no problems will

work we'll have our problems are we satisfied with what has taken place so far services nashville nine years after school desegregation or schools in the north and then the segregated for years but that doesn't necessarily mean that black and white law school the other problem here is residential segregation so that the neighborhood school is all one race that's called de facto segregation for the story of how one city has tried to meet this problem we call upon the editor of the pittsburgh post gazette and that's a frank talk and reporting or station wgbh anne that roberts plays negro population is not his wives that the rebound and most of the moth big cities its problem of racial integration in this ruse is nonetheless complex or the city's school board has been subjected to think again another demonstrations an impatient negro community the response

has been an exhaustive study of the problem of racial integration on what schools are doing pretty mad at this report is not a success story there's a tremendous demand directly with an amalgamation of a political animation and the man honestly radiantly and response against it and attempts to achieve better racial balancing pittsburgh public school assistant superintendent east coast dr sidney mont union we asked got them on what was the board's exam listening to report on its words more easily while the border is years ago we're in support

education in a funny way this is yours it is

the provision these are those for those people big food is the new regional integration says this report titled the quest for racial equality is totally unsatisfied write to us the report male indicates that with respect to

desegregation which is a fundamental issue with us because we feel that you cannot have quality education which is segregated that nothing can be done until the school board a choir somehow large sums of money to build what got them all on our superintendent called the massive high school and then and then only will we owe possibly have these segregation on the secondary school the high school level so he was completely i'm satisfied in the us anymore so the police and is now the law around the state

and they do oh yeah those lawyers think we are on top of the overcrowded and predominantly negro westinghouse high school with birdman president of the spring branch of the national association for the advancement of colored people how do you react to the school board's policy declaration that quote feral child by government action from his neighborhood so like to accomplish and enforce

integration which maybe contrary to his family's wishes is as serious enough on your freedom as enforced segregation and thought well that statement simply is not tomatoes thinly disguised way of saying that he believes in the sanctity of the neighborhood school it's a silly conclusion because after all it was government action which place the children in neighborhoods there's nothing we sanctified about when many of us are saying in many of us can justifiably say that is the same government action that forces us to stay and go to these neighborhoods schools which offer an inferior caliber of education and this is an affront to us in the same report in the same paragraph the schoolboy speaking food of them on i believe indicated that it is opposed by saying big to promote the

segregation but it's not opposed to busing for other reasons and we feel that totally speaking that dopamine is a person who has decided that if we can maintain the status well assuming that we do have we do have a great deal of neighborhood association and this is what he's for them mr hornby yeah all right

you can't separate education economic problems that are or may have you can't separate education from our social structure but we feel is a fundamental principle that you cannot have a quality education in a segregated setting as long as you have segregation whether to supply legal firepower by neighborhood patterns into segregation and innocent people and avoid is a problem for the school administration to grapple with an appeal of reflective we think yeah i think the school board should immediately undertake a comprehensive study and existing school boundary lines to see where the boundary lines and reasonably be shifted and changed to promote racial balance i think the school board should also consider the actual reorganization in restructuring a certain school so that we could not only achieve racial balance but we can have up to news there's

no point in having schools that are overpopulated and other schools are under populated and by redistricting and restructuring the school i think that we can achieve both goals at least improve upon our present situation i think you're going to learn the reforms and approve immigration reform fifteen seconds

a few years ago oh yeah it mm hmm the

lawyers america manet one of course be helpful money and so to help solve many problems with the real solution is to have a dedicated staff and a schoolboy in the citizenry which is dedicated to achieving racial balance i've indicated before now say it again that we can do a great deal here in pittsburgh to improve racial balance if only we have the will to do so and will not take large sums up my serving a large sums of money and new school construction would be a way to do this but there are other ways of italy's improving the situation the

evidence from the scene here jeff is that the less about a racial balance and that takes two states in an atmosphere conducive to progress there is conflict but there is also agreement on objects disagreement only on how quickly they will slide right may yet win the way palm oil is racial integration and big city school system if it fails it a lot people want a sincere effort on the part of some of its most responsible citizens another large northern city the issue is a sign that the fight has moved from the boardroom to the streets here is our report yeah you do

because the city's jim crow laws and battered creates get owes chicago's neighborhood schools tend to be overwhelmingly negro or predominantly white as a school board member once said integration is that period between the first negro moving in and the last white moving out to break this pattern of de facto segregation civil rights leaders called for school districts to be enlarged the transfers within a section of the city the further charges but some district boundaries are gerrymandered to preserve the segregated status quo and then your children receiving an inferior education that was denied by school superintendent benjamins he was one of the nation's outstanding school administrators who maintain that the neighborhood's not the schools were segregated factor was immediately became the number one target of civil rights leaders demanded his ouster the board of education divided into pro and anti willis factions was caught in the crossfire between the civil rights movement and white parent groups supported dr lewis and his policies

almost every day for me to september demonstrators marched from the lakefront through the loop to city hall they were joined on the picket line by nuns and clergymen as the anti well as campaign became the rallying point for the entire civil rights movement in chicago most of the time it was peaceful non violent but there were occasions when things got a bit rough such as the day dick gregory battle policeman loading him into a lag are the situation took a national significance from chicago's young civil rights leaders forged an alliance with the reverend martin luther king and his southern christian leadership conference more than twenty thousand demonstrators fought dr king a dramatic march on city hall or you now that chicago would be the beachhead for his long promised invasion to attack segregation in the north and it is a feeling a very strong feeling that most were

not understand the depths and dimensions of the problem and facto segregation and who does not grasp that the mood of the neighborhood itself so dr willis chicago and its school system had become the symbols of de facto segregation in the north we interviewed actor lewis's office the board of education i has there been segregation defect or otherwise of the school system well one might look up and countless gotten find that as of last year three weeks ago four fourth over some fifty several months of growth could they would be all right and some sixty six of our members go through they all they go in other words

this would total about one fourth of our schools they were all white all those numbers go not number of job this has caused by the housing area grows cooler thousand people voted to go over and we certainly have a school board members go avila says there's no quality education the law were counterfeiting didn't exist ten years ago on a force that existed the day or one hundred thousand people and children all the teachers would be new to that

school was a very special steps taken to bring about immigration progressive track for other items over criticism for years why they have become for quite clear that mothers of children would like to have her younger children going to support growth where we're going to be and a proper function of the school system to promote integration what you think the public school survey published overnight i work for a community in relations though what's your response to the charge that became <unk> arabia and others that you have not been sympathetic to the solomon fail to understand well again i think that one people take time to look at the record they will probably find the concert fans group of activities it is

and somewhere along the line these people live in misleading other and have been liberally quoted impress welfare for you give some examples of some of these things are us the world with say one on with the inequality in education what is what makes for quality of education twenty five years ago one would have said how many children you give to a teacher size of class survey would be an ounce and whether youre able or willing to mr zarate to bring confidence and devoted people into the classroom slightly to light at there there's a number of also i were younger we had one and this goes on well as laser also quote him up in the city of chicago you find sixty years or a higher percent of the children in sections of it so

they were totally networks are in new buildings are active life tenure you'll find that are large drone program is located here anyone like to say that carlson who reportedly owes for the opportunity and why you live nineteen fifty five as i recall you made a statement your objective is to provide the best education possible for the greatest number of children or for educational social club each become always capable of a social problems or confirm with movies i think people saw people saw from the euro's to people i think so just started with them everyone must have tools of the core basic search out there and do something about the creative talents of people

present members of the legal right to take pictures the art whatever the building maybe and certainly to citizenship education thank you very much on the other side of the civil rights community are strategy intact i talk to al araby leader of the civil rights movement in chicago was driving dr wesler supporters contend that it's the neighborhood's not the schools are segregated what is your answer to that that has nothing total final answer to a problem essentially a manipulation of only one participant an administration has not only intensified in fact intensified and a lot of the policies and one education in a lame attempt to relieve the problem of residential segregation

hugh jackman school districts have been deliberately gerrymandered in order to preserve a segregated we continue to possess before unlike the stop where they have separate school systems for the white negro children here in chicago we have the same school system what's your objection to the education that is being given in the negro neighborhoods the result of that education is that the children first are being educated and the contributing factors to the loan number of certified teachers in the schools the absence of adequate equipment of the contributing factors to go about changing this pattern of segregation in the big northern cities we think that the state board of education which in sheridan transition community that every child within that community to get quality education we believe that we can't stop running from schools and the streets are one of the problems with twitter which is the question of the quality of education the stipend questions

dr willis become your main target is more than a simple in chicago as well as a symbol in alabama and represents the status quo here in the city of chicago as long as he's here this would be certain that there is no change of attitude on the part of those who could help correct the school situation in chicago with scenes is this the school segregation controversy here in chicago has become the rallying point for the entire civil rights movement perhaps even more important in the controversies over employment housing and so on have had become the rallying point and why hasn't i think it did have because they have the hopes and legalization process in our democracy is one of the vacation and there is no there is no hope for children and future generations will in the future of our society the quality of education the highest quality thank you very much

everybody he's got to think that bubble is critical it has become a symbol of segregation that has become a symbol of the factors aggravate him because he's not been the rubble of the dimensions of the problem and i think that the movement must remain alive and must work with determination passion to solve the problem in order to serve as an example of that and spit back dr francis coupled denies its commissioner of education title sex is the provision of the law requiring integration as a condition of federal aid are there other steps with the government can or should take as we look ahead to meet his part and the fact that tradition

well i think adam and happier if you said has taken and in order to get the thing in context that is the title of one of the elementary and secondary education act which is designed to wean through the quality of education where there are large concentrations of children in poor families overlap substantially overlapped in north south in city and far in primaries with relatively high concentrations of what is often described as de facto and those prone to design designed to improve the educational equality in the school with the children of such groups get i guess i'm old fashioned but it seemed to me that raising the quality of education for this group is going to help in the problem what new federal legislation would help speed the pace of school integration i suppose i'm an educator a month so it's dangerous to talk to an educator about new legislation was enthusiastic about and i

suppose there are that is encouragement of various kinds of exploratory things such as i've probably talked about the north koreans kind of posture school should know which would make it easier to avoid some of the district boundaries that kind of pilot program oh and there are others which we could think of that a conflict think about it they proposed by one i'm going to make a basic point here the federal government is the junior partner in that electorate you my money that's being spent on the elementary and secondary schools by federal taxation in comparison to the amount of state and local taxation is a six or seven percent the basic decision to be made locally and by state and i'm quite old fashioned of think that's exactly where they should be and i do not think that the federal government should be regarded as the only responsibility for solving a social problem with isn't the

conscience and to miguel cotto of the american people these reports i think and i can answer to the question posed at the beginning of this program in my opinion there is really not been much integration so for north the office of education charge of the force of the law has been overwhelmed by the size of the job is too little money too little stamp even find out of school districts are doing what they say they're doing so rights groups are highly critical some land commissioner couple others have told me they are cynical about the jobs and inspiration but if the administration really wanted enforcement it would make the fans on the staff available they are even more critical of the policy that permits southern school boards to escape by way of free choice a choice which is about as free as a chance to register and vote in some areas all we can say is that the game this year may be slightly but it's more than the whole proceeding decade but i do know firsthand that this rate of teen is not going to satisfy negroes is children are missing crucial years of educational

equality in this bleak nico