Where minds meet; Self image

What about the regular way in which you like only you when really I mean. What do you make of that John. Not much because I don't understand Spanish. I'm afraid I can't tell you much about what was said but I certainly gained a vivid impression of the man behind all those words. Where our minds meet a series of explorations in human communication conducted by professors John freind and Arnold Nelson of the Department of English Western Michigan University where minds meet is produced and recorded by W. M. U.K. under a grant from the National Association of educational broadcasters. In a shrinking world where minds meet in words hard not at all man speech is his most decisive act. These discussions explore this world of speech. The topic for today

is self image. Here are professors frind and Nelson. This is John freind and this is Arnold Nelson and the first voice you heard today was of course that of Fidel Castro. John you said you gained a vivid impression of him from his speech. What did you mean. Well I saw a man haranguing a crowd. He was emotional. He was being carried along by the flow of his own words. He was in the spotlight and his voice showed that he liked it. Maybe the vividness of my impression is the result of hearing other voices like that in the past. Here's one of them I think. I don't think I'm good at that. Thank you. Oh and only I am. I don't want to be but I want but I want that. Well the words are German but the image is the same. I get a different visual impression of course but the real impact of Hitler's personality came through his

voice so that when we hear voices like Hitler's And Castro's we get a distinct picture of the man. Even though we don't understand a word of the language maybe the picture is actually clearer because we don't understand the words. Well here's another voice that ought to give you a clearer picture. Unless you understand Italian. He copied. Us. Yes I read it. Yes. Yes. Very clear again there seems to be no doubt that the features of a man's voice can convey the broad outline of his personality and most noticeably when we're not distracted by what he's saying. Well Arnie Isn't this something that everybody uses his speech for. We try

to tell our listeners something about ourselves who we are or at least who we think we are answering. But this is only half the story. We use our audience to find out who we are. Our audience acts as a mirror and we see our reflection in their responses to us. Yes the self image of them which is our subject for today our picture of ourselves is painted in the act of communication. We tell them who we think we are and they tell us who they think we are. Did you notice John that all three of these speakers got lively response from their audience. Yes miscellany seemed almost to be directing his audience as if it were a choir. He would speak and then there would be a chorus of approval. How would you say this affected his self-image. Oh it it strengthened it. He thought he was Caesar like a psychopath thinks he is Napoleon. But he was kidding himself and his audience was killing him. And the same is true of Hitler. The leader of the master race. Well.

Is it too early in this year to ask you about Castro's self-image. I don't mean how do you see Castro now but rather how does Castro see himself. Well I wish I could answer that because it is very important in dealing with a person to know how he sees himself. But I don't know and I don't think it's easy for any American to know it completely because we are contributing to it. We are his audience. We are his mirror and it's very hard for the mirror to look inside itself. Well I certainly agree that it is important in dealing with the person to know how he sees himself. The other side of the picture is equally important. He must see himself clearly if he doesn't he probably can't act effectively. And this of course applies to whole nations as well as to individuals. Hitler and Mussolini and Castro as leaders of nations build national self-images in this way the whole nation sees itself in a certain way and is capable of acting as a unit. Well our examples so far are of dictators. Their effectiveness and we must grant

I suppose that dictators are effective at least while they're dictating their effectiveness is molders of the National self-image is quite obvious but our leaders must help their people see who they are to give them a unified self-image. Here's the familiar voice of a national leader who was not a dictator. We must be big break up democracy for us. This is an emergency as serious as war itself. It's clear that Roosevelt wanted America to see what it had to do to see itself as an Arsenal supporting Britain and the free world. This was in the period of Lend-Lease when not all Americans were united in a self-image. One other thing Roosevelt did was to send Wendell Willkie the leader of a large segment of the American people at that time to talk with Winston Churchill. This act helps solidify our self-image. Certainly the message that Churchill sent back to America with Wilkie reinforced the American self-image.

Here's what Churchill said and I shall give you a name for this great man. And leaning in well it's equally clear that Churchill was building a self image for his people. People with a job to do and the determination to carry it out. It was absolutely essential in the communication between the United States and Britain that each have a clear image of the other. And for this each had to have a clear self image. Well I like your suggestion that the clarity of the image was necessary to communication between these two nations. This seems to apply equally well to individuals. Nations tend to be divided into fragments and as groups with their own interests in the same with individuals. Now in order to act effectively the individual must gather his fragments together and he does this through the self-image. I'll admit to being a collection of fragments France is one part of me as a father

another husband another an English professor. If I'm to act effectively as any one of these I've got to see my part clearly right now. For example I've got to see myself as an English professor. Well in other words you've got to change your self-image to suit the occasion. It's important to distinguish between this temporary self image though and a kind that is a more permanent part of the personality whether you are a father a husband or an English professor you still see yourself as well a male and an adult. Oh and American. And it goes without saying that you see yourself as a human being. Yes but it doesn't always go without saying I need that a human being sees him self as a human being. There is the famous case of Joey the mechanical boy. Now here was a young boy who saw himself as a machine. A collection of wires and motors and switches. The pictures he drew of himself even looked like pictures of machines. He would plug in invisible cords before he ate. Now it took intensive

psychiatric treatment before Joey could see himself as a human being. He developed this self image of the machine because that's the way his parents saw him. Simply another household appliance that had to be maintained. Well that's an interesting case the connection then between the way we see ourselves and the way others see us is very close. That's that was what I was trying to bring out for instance to this political speech by the late secretary of the interior Harold Ickes when he was campaigning for Roosevelt against Governor Dewey this speech is in the best tradition of campaign satire that not only play when America had already nothing to adequately portray.

There's a famous back myself. Not a word. No time for what. It's interesting to note that it comes right out and tells us what he thinks Deweese self-image is in the speech here. According to these do we think C is God the creator of the universe. But it is attributes this self image to do it in order to drive home it gies own image of Dewey that of a little boy playing with tinker toys and having an exaggerated know even of his own importance. That's a wonderful speech I suppose we could imagine. Examine these words to see what his own self image is. But I'd like to underline what we've said so far. We've been dealing with the most important aspect of the human personality that it is organized through our

communication with others. It's shape depends upon the goal kasian and upon the reactions of others that have some kind of shape seems necessary for the effectiveness of one's speech right. One other aspect of the personality of course is that of groans. Yes and as the personality grows the self-image must also develop. It's interesting sometimes to examine the child's personality to see how his self-image is taking shape. Here is Queen Elizabeth's voice before she was queen even though she is in her early teens. I think she has a rather clear notion of who she is and who she is to become. Really true. Oh yeah. We are trying to do. Oh we can't help but I guess I learned a lesson. There are good and there. And Randy Terrill. And then there are the true look

at their hair and their right to carry it by night. And we are going to go to Eric. Come on I'm not good looking I'm OK. Good Night and Good Luck to you. Well it's the voice of a child but the self-image of a national leader. This is an unusual situation and I think the young queen to be carried off well would show us how the personality can adjust to the situation. But let's go back to an earlier stage in the development of a growing personality. At what age would you say John does the baby or child realize that it has a self one doesn't have a self which you ask very hard questions any I suppose the first time the baby can tell the difference between his toes and a rattle. But I believe you're interested in the age when his self-image shows in his speech. Yet so what I'm interested in. Well this I think we first detect when we hear him use pronouns accurately in learning to use words like I me you her and they he actually

gains a clearer picture of themselves. Let's play that recording of my boy Alaric when he was 3 years old. We were at your house trying to get your parakeet to talk and we were trying to get Alaric to talk to. Bertie will you duck when you talk. Alaric would like to have you talk. Mr. Nelson would like that. I do that right with you dog because if you don't we can play your voice to everybody. David will hear you talk. We will.

My name's John. Yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah. And that means now right. And your name is Socrates. It's something I've been darky. Yeah well he uses all three persons I knew and he and he keeps them straight too. But it's his mistakes I suppose that tell most about his development. He referred to me as that and he confused anybody with everybody. I suppose the landscape was a little blurred but he did seem to be quite clear where he stood on it. Well Alaric is six now and I played this tape for him. He's somewhat scornful of the way he talked when he was three. He recognizes himself in it but he's certainly pleased with the fact that he doesn't sound like that anymore. Well this is a part of growing up self image of a child is forced upon him and he

often expresses his distraction. This is dissatisfaction with it. He says I'm not a baby anymore. The tension is often severe in the adolescent and the teenager yes. My 16 year old daughter Chris went through an interesting experience recently when she played the part of a middle aged Swedish housekeeper in a school play. She was rehearsing it at home one night and I recorded her voice. This is what she sounded like. Me tell you I know it as you say and I mean Ligustrum and I respect that. I think that's a man and I say it again. Why do you think I know nothing about man. I think she sounds pretty good considering the difficulty a teenager I wanted to anybody for that matter has in seeing himself in such a totally different way. But what I want to know is what did she think of herself when you played the recording back to her. Well she was a little upset. I think that she heard herself rather than the role she was trying to play. This is what she actually said.

Little Girl is you know a little girl you know not right. You don't sound like I know her but I found my calling to me when I was great. Well her reaction doesn't surprise me. She said she sounded like a little girl like herself when she was in the fourth grade. As a matter of fact I could recognize Chris the little girl too. Everyone's voice pattern is quite well established by the age of 10. But she was tremendously upset by this and I think this reflects the teenager's intense desire to become an adult. Yes. And this desire continues on into college age colleges tend to set patterns of adult behavior for students and the pressure is frequently indirect but occasionally we find a crisis a crisis happened to a former student of mine recently. She had always worn her hair long. And the effect was very striking with her hair down below our shoulders. She felt some direct pressure first from her house mother. My health's mother called me to tell me that my appearance. Right

exactly thrilling the concept of a fair lady. What do you know about it. Well they think the ones that I have my hair probably cut and haven't and by all means curled and more bright in color and evidently look present that you feel like you were. The picture of a Westerner might well be frank I had no concept of the West related to begin with. I was interested in her last remark I think she has a concept of a Western lady that is the kind of ladylike behavior expected at Western Michigan University. This is rather stereotyped and her self-image refused to be squashed into into a girl's hair is a pretty important part of her self-image. It announces her femininity just as a man's beard may announce his masculinity Castro's Castro's beard. It may not come form to our idea of a Cuban gentleman but that argument isn't going to get him to shave it

off. Well this girl when at least half way she made an appointment with a hairstylist in Chicago and really intended to give a crap. He kept her waiting in a waiting room there so that he could observe her personality. Here's the way she described her interview with him. Well I kind I was out looking around making myself comfortable and answering a few questions here and there that he was observing me and that what he was going to do is get started and prove to some degree and what I had already had and that this hairstyle was exactly what with me and for my personality which she got unexpected support then that's right. As it turned out he cut practically nothing off the hairstylist saw that she was expressing accurately her own self image by the way she wore her hair and unless she changed her self-image she shouldn't change your hair. Well this concludes the case of the girl with the unladylike image Rapunzel in the witch but John perhaps we should look at the growth of the self-image as it

is directly related to speech. How would you describe the difference between the speech of the immature and that of the mature person. Well that's our main point today. The child is extremely self-conscious and egocentric. He tends to divide the outside world into two parts his part and everybody else's part. Growing up means enlarging his part or merging it with everybody else's part. In adolescence this growth is so accelerated that his self-image is frequently blurred and consequently his speech is ineffective. Well there are immature adults too of course. I'm thinking of the story part of the newspaper some time ago a motorist in a strange town stopped a man on the street to ask for directions. The man refused to help the motorist out here's what he said. I'm a pedestrian I don't help cars. His world was small sized for walking around in on foot and his self-image was clear but the price that he paid for this sharply defined self image was well half the world.

Yes that person was speaking like a child. Either he was joking or he was a crank. Yeah but children aren't joking and they're not cranks about their self-image. For them it's a painful and serious matter. The adolescent now is not willing to cut off part of the world and his ineffective attempts to see his relationships to society with all its complexities is often expressed in awkward and hesitant speech. I have a recording of another of my students that shows all of these features I believe. I asked him in class one day to speak without any preparation on a horribly difficult topic. The role of government in labor management relations is not little time. Here's a very small segment of his speech just enough to catch his tone of voice. Government was to become involved in the dispute and the general public would feel that the government was becoming corrupt and even unlawful.

If the government was the more the judge of all of the dispute between labor and management and there would have to be a decision made and either the Labor or management would be. Well I me I was listening carefully but I didn't get the impression that he really said anything only that I heard a lot of false starts and embarrassed giggle. A general uncertainty. He seemed a million miles away from the subject when I was just about what he said when I talked to him afterward he said he just didn't know where he stood in relation to that subject. Giving that speech though probably gave him a better idea where he stood I think so we simply must allow the adolescent time to find out where he stands. Time to explore some of those remote parts of the outside world. We don't expect him to master every area but simply to measure the distance he stands from that is important and it takes years. All of this implies then that the effective mature speaker is one who knows where he stands

and who can speak from where he stands. But unlike the pedestrian can still relate himself to the concerns of others. That's right and of course this last point means that no individual ever stops growing ever stops trying to relate himself further. Could we play by way of contrast to your young student. The speech of an adult the speech of Al Smith will serve as an example. I am not interestingly argument. I still when there are not sheep we should retain the so-called established principles. I'm international. I am not a student of law but I'm ready to defend the proposition that there is no respect for international law at this time. Where my students voice was hesitant. Al Smith's was firm. Well Al Smith very easily and confidently was able to admit that he was not a student of law. Your student's self-image did not allow him to admit that he was not an authority on labor relations that's just why Al Smith was able to make his main point forcibly as he said he spoke

personally for himself. Well let's hear a few more examples of effective speech that reveals a clear self-image. Here's President Truman for example campaigning for his second term. Larry writes I got a job to win this election and I'm going to do that. Second my whole speech is devoted to defining his self-image. He saw himself clearly and apparently got his audience to see him in the same way. Yes and here's an entirely different example where the speaker takes pains to define his self-image in order to make his point. This is the right dose of Welsh speaking at the Army McCarthy hearings. He was directing his remarks to Senator McCarthy. If it were in my power to forgive you for your reckless cruelty I would do so. I like to think I might get on my. Butt. You are. Very gifted.

With laughter. From someone other than me. I can almost see him bringing him self into a situation that is essentially a public matter rather than a personal one. In effect he made his self image a public matter. Yes he could only indicate his strong feelings about the situation by first convincing us that he was a gentle man. Well well spoke with a kind of rhetorical flourish. I mean one of the old fashioned school which I'm sure was also a part of his self-image. This element of speech is especially noticeable in the next speaker. This is General MacArthur's famous farewell speech. Well it turned over let it go. Since I took the oath on the plane at West Point. And the hopes and dreams. Have long since that. But I still remember the

refrain. Of one. Of the most popular ballots of that day. Which proclaimed most probably. Never Die. They just. Fade away. And like the soldier of that. I now my military career. Just. Fade away. Well that I suppose is one of the most effective speeches in our time. Yes I would agree. I think a number of our audience remember the occasion it was delivered and the applause in the speech indicates part of the effect that it yes. But it wasn't only the rhetoric. And by that I mean the almost singing quality of his voice that's the thing we notice

most clearly that singing quality but I would agree that there was a self-image matter is much more important. It was the it was the compelling image with which he identified himself and the image from which he spoke. And that was the old soldier. Some speakers simply through their tone of voice or or their metaphors or their vocabulary can convey a very clear example of how they see themselves. I don't know of any better example than John L. Lewis the Labor leader here is part of a speech he made during the little steel strike and why he did. It when we were all there. I mean that's the future. The children of the rate it will be able to show maybe a stable and maybe

I need you and I may become. I would say he saw himself as a patriarch. He's like an Old Testament prophet giving a scathing denunciation to the children of Israel. Well unlike MacArthur Welsh and Truman Lewis did not in that speech actually tell us how he saw myself and this is the usual case but a speaker can hardly escape revealing his self image in some way. Let's play one more voice then John and let our listeners form their own impression. For as we emphasized earlier the self-image is partly the creation of the listener. I'm sure of one thing they will have a definite impression of this speaker's self-image. What we play is a small segment of a high school commencement address the speaker a public official is describing a conversation he inhaled early in the space race by the general in the Pentagon. I remember going to private in the rear rank going are going out in a company I think

we want to point General Longorio every day we're me and I can remember it all I want to hear. You could want to me and I know you have not had time to think but I think going to be going to happen. We want to get excited about going into the ground is there anything that the American people give them any satisfaction out of nothing grew out of the American dream they reckon they've never had a bird or anything. When you're going to get right here. And when you're out of you know going the way of your unit then you were walking down the road then the moon is very handy to have