The road to Wounded Knee V: an interview with Tom Cook (Part 5 of 5); The road to Wounded Knee

Expressions of support for the independent while the nation continue to come from all over the world food and money have been donated through local American Indian Movement chapters and continue to be so. And dozens of medical assistance legal workers and sympathizers have attempted sometimes successfully to get through the federal barricades two and a half weeks after the original occupation. A local demonstration was held at the Mt. Rushmore National Monument a few miles from Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Ron Harvey was there to cover it for KPFA. Ron were kind of a demonstration was that it must have been a rather odd setting. It started out. To be a very large demonstration. People formed a coalition and Rapid City made up of the American Indian Movement and some other Indian groups. And it was known as the Lakota coalition. They originally applied for a permit from the Department of Interior the games and parks and they were granted a permit initially and as developments began to look more grave in Wounded Knee that the Department of

Interior. Turn down the permit request and at the last minute the demonstration was reported by most of the radio stations in the newspapers in the Rapid City area to be cancelled and were as expected as many as a thousand or 2000 people who supported the struggle in Wounded Knee. There are really only about 50 people who showed up and most of them were on the non-Indians and members of Vietnam Veterans Against the War from Missouri in Montana and Illinois. But there were some Native Americans there and we're going to listen to the sounds of that demonstration as it took place before America Rushmore a few weeks after the initial declaration of independence by the independent along a nation wide very hard on heavily rock rock only got bigger and could form what man had to operate and put up a bad leg and

I don't know the other one. Our founding father if I may well call them that. OK so we've got George Washington who own up on there on those go to hell. Two years ago reported red paint on those hills and we were arrested for death occurs in a public property with hills where a third man passed over the head of the property and a member of the Crazy Horse movement and we named that they're mad crazy horse because I have seen the vision of the Great Spirit above those four faces and I've seen visions and I think it's time

that we claim our Mother Earth it is ours. We have never sold her. She is ours and she will always be our. If there's a man over here with the gun thing done I'm not going to happen. I was doing another reading of American your American people. We have been guilty of black people might get in

there and get rid of the federal troops. The can of the things that have happened had government with the people there again the way they did battle last century. Thought here to join with you and offer a prayer Our Father in heaven. We are gathered here to be the country of ours the land might be what it is supposed to be and that is the land of justice and freedom you know that our country is guilty of a great many

great acts of violence. The government has been responsible for the killing in the writing art of fires and fires and Indian people. Persecuting other people. We are gathered here in the bright your special significance. There are two significant people who live here. These are the American people who are gathered here today to pray that the Native American. One day gain what is rightfully his here in the land again. Yeah right. I don't have a damn thing

to call you out. Why not. You know I can be doing this and you know they wanted me it was God or not no one. That's OK. You know what we know or not know

that. I don't have to worry about it. Kill people in their carriage run on that tell you that. And this land long so they ended and I want everybody to know. From far across the ocean or around the world the men are standing already deafening in every day. They don't even Bedouin or listen in AD when they need they're listening in all over the country how they're treating the Indians and we the Indians cannot do nothing because we haven't got the guns we haven't got the money the president the president should be raisonable and just the only things that wouldn't happen today

would be crazy would be standing holding hands with white people and would be all living happy together if it wasn't for that the white man. How many of those inside the new nation and many of those arriving from the outside were neither young nor particularly militant. Stephen Nichols for example was a 49 year old grandmother of eight who was sent as a representative to Rapid City by her local Native American Association. Demonstrations of support for Wounded Knee have been held in dozens of cities across the country. The theme of third world solidarity has been common to all these demonstrations in Denver Colorado nearly 5000 people reportedly turned out for a support parade organized by the Chicano group crusade for justice. Several days after the parade an incident occurred at the group's offices which led to exchanges of gunfire with police in which Luis Martinez who had returned from Wounded Knee was killed. The 19 people including 12 policemen were wounded. Crusade for justice spokespeople said that the eyewitness reports indicated Martinez was shot in the back

while lying on the ground. He was not the only Chicano to die in events related to Wounded Knee in Rapid City. Graziano chain Ojeda key was killed by police after he and four other students from Duke University near Sacramento California were stopped by police late at night. The killing was almost universally blacked out of the national media and Rapid City police have refused comment on the killing. According to survivors of the incident Yaki was shot while lying on the ground by the partner of a policeman who had been stabbed in a struggle with Iraqi. An ambulance arrived soon after the incident and took the wounded policeman away. I got a key bled to death in the snow. The four surviving Chicanos were reportedly told to leave South Dakota in exchange for having charges dropped against them. She got better she got over Michigan and Indiana because he was a Navajo and has better weapons like a big ass May he go. And he went to Wounded Knee with other brothers and sisters from the

Q You and Davis just to see and find out what was happening. I wanted me to know how he could help in any way that he would that he could and channel just ran into a courtroom. That the federal government in this country has put around the state on the whole state of South Dakota. I did it in Vietnam. The same thing to hold off any help by anyone who wants to get into Wounded Knee to help their brothers there. You just run into that. The plot I call it a conspiracy by the U.S. government to to kill any attempt that is made by anyone to hurt wounded me again like I said and I also also like to say right the government

has put all the weight that they can on all the news media radio television newspapers so that more information can be brought out for Wounded Knee because you know when they're last winter and got shot and clear blood. By a representative policeman. But it wasn't only represent a policeman who was doing it was in his actions alone it was the U.S. government's action that was ordering every pig every little lacky they have to kill anybody that works in or wants to drive in the place anyway. Like Adam was saying there are three hundred fifty three of the treaties that have been violated by the United States. People who pay that go treaty also I was signed with a mystic and time has been violated many times many times over.

Why does the police department allow for the tournament of people who just want to go and see and find out. And U.S. government also supports it and cover set up. I just would like to. I just would like to pinpoint and I want to say it in Spanish. We're going to channel it emma he can with Ambien you know in the oh you don't have a whole unit you can oh yeah I thought I could get him to see it. You put us on the spine a little I hear a good joke a salmon he kind o India look I say Ya me they bit and then they were supported better I look ass and when the needle said A-minus I overdose almost Indios told has been a wild horse almost got paid. He'll play through a spinal slowly when the near hysteria and all the levels get Indios and a little bit Melissa puts a

body in reserve as the onus a sort of gaseous. The Already we have seen the gunnels in many parts of the country and so I think we need a little a person a person and a Wounded Knee aplan dunno if you can a community in Los Angeles. I wore an adman of Seattle Washington people one can add to the whimsical boundary that he is between the kind of people who are in Chicago or Mexican people in Mexico who when where where women in Mexican hour are I've been doing that all the people in the story are an amount broken now you're lighting for your life on the line even though

that wasn't true and that is full of Wounded Knee. I think that bad out of a kind of a natural tendency for people to kind of people identify Andrew in New York with US nuclear umbrella Iran. Bad for the kind of people and I'm a problem when people I think they can do about it are the facts. You can lose your ability to convince your independent Oglala Newton who can Connell's seems that the two bad consider kind of people in this country as Indian people who are willing to me to be too many Indian people we were able to come to when did you hear that.

And on than the them in Babylon the with the light workers. Thank you. Similar to what I am used to and all of you will know that only the language of the parade route and perhaps some of the music that Indians and Ana people have very similar are way up in the world. That includes you know the song. I believe it because the people going for other children to grow up you know not honorable but the mantle that the people vote for for him are sacrificing other children to do all the same when they're in a good upbringing or in a can of you know mall pool. You know Bill

Bradley. You all did the right thing in going people are thinking will name him somebody simply because the people I've been close to him. Hello. I'm Stephanie Taylor. This is the fifth part of our program on Wounded Knee. First we'll have an interview with the president of the Indian press association Thomas Cook. And then following that some excerpts from Brown's book Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Their quote nation has often been thought the most united and sophisticated to use American terms of Indian groups. When the first Europeans came to this land

the Iroquois welcomed them and helped the white settlers. Well Tom Cooke is an Iroquois from the Mohawk reservation. In this tape which isn't perfect quality so you have to listen pretty closely. He speaks from Wounded Knee about his nation his people and the Americans the white people of the United States who have long forgotten the ancient generosity of the earth. There are no little or nothing of.

Have had lived out most out I listened out on a thousand years of North American history and Europeans came here with their villages in their whole culture and their back and out of their hand and so they've got their own definition that they share their own added value and it came in the crowd that there is lots of time for the very land and about things that were here on the American Indians have had a lot to say. And the question is whether the Americans year in secret at any desire. Ready to listen and learn with it. Now one thing that we learned from that era. Better to see you as a little of this nation of our government. Words are not afraid of working together and of their individual freedom and rights. That structured government really meant that in the Vietnam

era and from the reservation. And part of a group of family that have our name change that they are a nation yet. That they don't belong to the United States of America or to Canada that they are not part of all of our society and all of my life going to their construction Gretzky going to name him right now or they're going around is an attitude that only people who really shouldn't have ever were much of a damn about what outsiders think of that they're going to how they're going to and something we should be doing to be concerned about what Americans make of them. And I have become a kind of uncertainly. Shouldn't that be the way to take a stand if you're going to make the sale of the treasure and replace it with a dislike of their

grandfathers that keep her there. Ha right now today they came there to spend the eternity in the nation's going to they're going to run and the United States essentially when it comes to momentum even counting the fear understand what America is about and then the Americans are what is causing them to the land in the water and disregarding the air to be guarding them if it's near water. It's just going in there people want to see an internal a better state at the earth to learn to keep them out of politics but people that they learn to the earth to anything you know once you start doing things to their cards and then after that

once you start on that to happen on your own there as and people were just not allowing that they're bringing that to their own people and to into every corner. That was Tom Cook the president of the Indian press. Now we're going to have the first in a series of excerpts from Bury My Heart and me by d brown and first is going to be the reading of the beginnings between the white man and the Navajo. When our fathers lived they heard that the Americans were coming across the Great River westward. We heard of guns and powder and lead first flintlocks then for caution caps and now repeating rifles. We first saw the Americans at Cottonwood wash. We had wars with the Mexicans

and the pueblos. We captured mules from the Mexicans and had many mules. The Americans came to trade with us when the Americans came first we had a big dance and they danced with our women. We also traded Manuelito of the Navajos. Manuelito and other Navajo leaders made treaties with the Americans. Then the soldiers built a fort here Manuelito remembered and gave us an agent who advised us to behave well. He told us to live peaceably with the whites to keep our promises. They wrote down the promises so that we would always remember them. Manuelito tried to keep the promises in the treaty but after the soldiers came and burned his Hogans and killed his livestock because of something a few wild young Navajos had done. He grew angry at the Americans. He and his band had been wealthy but the soldiers had made them poor to become Rico's again they must raid the Mexicans to the south. And for this the Mexicans call them London Ronnie's or thieves. For as long

as anyone could remember the Mexicans had been raiding Navajos to steal their children and make slaves of them. And for as long as anyone could remember the Navajos had been retaliating with raids against the Mexicans. After the Americans came to Santa Fe and called the country New Mexico they protected the Mexicans because they had become American citizens. The Navajos were not citizens because they were Indians. And when they raided the Mexicans soldiers would come rushing into the Navajo country to punish them as outlaws. This was all an angry puzzle to Manuelito and his people for they knew that many of the Mexicans had Indian blood and yet no soldier ever went rushing after the Mexicans to punish them for stealing Navajo children. The first fourth the Americans built in the Navajo country was in a grassy valley at the mouth of Canyon Benito. They called it Fort Defiance and put their horses out to graze on pasture land long prized by Manuelito and his people. The soldier chief told the Navajos that the pastors belong to the fort and ordered them to keep their animals away

because there was no fencing the Navajos could not prevent their livestock from straying to the forbidden Meadows. One morning a company of mounted soldiers rode out of the fort and shot all the animals belonging to the Navajos to replace the horses and mules. The Navajos rated the soldiers heard and supply trains. The soldiers in turn began attacking bands of Navajos in February 1860. Men were Lito led five hundred warriors against the Army's horse herd which was grazing a few miles north of Fort Defiance. The Navajo lances and arrows were no match for the well-armed soldier guard. They suffered more than 30 casualties but captured only a few horses. During the following weeks manual Ito and his ally by bones SEATO built up a fort of more than a thousand warriors. And in the darkness of the early hours of April 30th they surrounded Fort Defiance. Two hours before dawn the Navajos attacked the fort from three sides. They were determined to wipe it off the face of their land.

They came very near succeeding with the rattle of fire from their few old Spanish guns the Navajos drove in the sentries and overran several buildings. As startled soldiers poured from their barracks they met showers of arrows. But after several minutes of confusion the soldiers formed files and soon commenced to study musket fire. When daylight came the Navajos pulled back into the hills satisfied that they had taught the soldiers a good lesson. The United States Army however considered the attack a challenge of a flag flying over Fort Defiance an act of war. A few weeks later Colonel Edward Richard Sprigg can be at the head of six companies of cavalry and nine of infantry was scouring the true sky mountains in search of manly toes hostiles the troops marched through the red rock country until they were out their horses and almost died of thirst although they seldom saw any Navajos. The Indians were there harassing the column's flanks but making no direct attacks. By the end

of the year both sides grew weary of the foolish game. The soldiers were unable to punish the Navajos and the Navajos and able to attend to their crops and livestock. In January 1861 Manuelito own SEATO Herrera a grand day. I'm a ho. Delgado and other Rico leaders agreed to meet Colonel Canby at a new fort. The soldiers were building 35 miles southwest of Forth defiance. The new fort was called Fort Fauntleroy in honor of the soldier chief. At the end of the parlors with can be the Navajos chose her ground as head chief. February 21st 1861 the leaders agreed that it was best to live in peace and hero ground a promise to drive all under unease from the tribe Manuelito was not sure that this promise could be carried out. But he signed his name to Canby's paper. A prosperous stock raiser again he believed in the virtues of peace and honesty the peace that came at the end of 1860 did not last long for many Alito and his

people in just the course of one day the Navajos were again in danger. After the winter meeting at Fort Fauntleroy there were several months of friendship between the soldiers and the Navajos. Rumors reached the Indians of a big war somewhere far to the east a war between the white Americans of the north and the south. They learned that some of can be soldiers had exchanged their blue coats for gray coats and had gone East to fight with the bluecoat soldiers there. One of them was the eagle chief Colonel Thomas Fauntleroy. His name was blotted out and now they call the post Fort Wingate in this time of friendship. The Navajos went off into Fort Fauntleroy Wingate to trade and draw a ration from their agent. Most of the soldiers made them welcome and a custom grew up of having horse races between the Navajos and the soldiers. All the Navajos looked forward to these contests and on racing days hundreds of men women and children were dressed in their

brightest costumes and ride their finest ponies to Fort when gate. On a crisp Sunday morning and September's several races were run but the special race of the day was scheduled at noon it was to be between pistol bullet and name given Manuelito by the soldiers on a Navajo pony and a lieutenant on a quarter horse. Many bets were made on this race money blankets livestock be whatever a man had to use for a bed. The soldiers jumped off together but in a few seconds everyone could see that pistol bullet Manuelito was in trouble. He lost control of his pony and it ran off the track. Soon everyone knew that pistol bullets bridle rein had been slashed with a knife Navajos went to the judges who were all soldiers and demanded that the race be run again. The judges refused. They declared the lieutenant's Quarter Horse was the winner. Immediately the soldiers formed a victory parade for a march into the fort to collect their bets. Infuriated by this trickery the Navajos stormed after them. But the forts gates were

slammed shut in their faces. When a Navajo attempted to force an entrance a sentinel's shot him dead. What happened next was written down by a white soldier Chief Captain Nicholas hoed the Navajos soon learned that star chief Carlton had a great hunger for their land and whatever mental wealth might be hidden under it. A princely realm he called it a magnificent house and mineral country. As he had many soldiers with nothing to do but march around their parade grounds rattling their guns. Carlton began looking about for Indians to fight the Navajos he said were that run through the mountains and must be subdued. Carlton turned his attention first to the Mescalero Apaches who numbered less than a thousand and lived in scattered bands between the Rio Grande and the Pecos. His plan was to kill or capture all Mescalero rose and then confine the survivors on a worthless reservation along the Pecos. This would leave the rich Rio Grande Valley open for land claims and

settlement by American citizens. In September 1862 he sent out an order. There was to be no council head held with the Indians nor any talks. The men are to be slain whenever and wherever they can be found. The women and children may be taken as prisoners but of course they are not to be killed. This was not kit Carsons way of dealing with the end eons. Many of whom he counted as friends from his trading days he sent his soldiers into the mountains. But he also opened up lines of communication with the Mescalero leaders. By late autumn he had arranged for five chiefs to visit Santa Fe and negotiate with Gen. Carlton while on route to Santa Fe. Two of the chiefs and their escorts met a detachment of soldiers under a command of a former saloon keeper Captain James Paddy Graydon Graydon pretended great friendship for the Mescalero was giving them flour and beef for their long journey. A short time later Nirdlinger Springs

Graydon's scouting party came upon the Mescalero again. What happened there is not clear because no Mescalero survive the incident of white soldier Chief Major Arthur Morrison reported briefly. The transaction was very strangely committed by Captain Graydon and from what I can learn he deceived these Indians going right into their camp and giving them liquor afterwards shot them down. They of course thinking him to come with friendly purposes as he had given them flour beef and provisions. The other three chiefs cadet chato and Escala reach Santa Fe and assure general Carlton that their people were at peace with the white man and wanted only to be left alone in their mountains. You are stronger than we could it said. We have fought you so long as we had rifles and powder but your arms are better than ours. Give us like weapons and turn us loose we will fight you again. But we are worn out. We have no more heart. We have no

provisions no means to live. Your troops are everywhere. Our Springs and waterholes are either occupied or overlooked by your young men. You have driven us from our last and best stronghold and we have no more heart. Do with us as may seem good to you. But do not forget we are men and Braves. Carlton Hartley informed them that the only way the Mescalero could achieve peace would be to leave their country and go to the ball screwed on the reservation he had prepared for them on the Pecos. There they would be kept in confinement by soldiers at a new military post called called Fort Sumner outnumbered by the soldiers unable to protect their women and children and trusting in the good will of rope thrower Carson the Mescalero chief submitted to Carleton's demands and took their people to imprisonment at Bosque Redondo. With some uneasiness the Navajos had been watching Carlton's quick and ruthless conquest of their cousins the

Mescalero Apaches in December 18 of the ricotta leaders including delegate Ito and Barb and SEATO. But not Manuelito travel to Santa Fe to see the general. They told him they represented peaceful Navajo herdsman and farmers who wanted no war. This was the first time they had looked upon star chief Carleton. His face was hairy. His eyes were fierce and his mouth was that of a man without humor. He did not smile when he told El Gato and the others. You can have no peace until you give other guarantees than your word that peace should be kept. Go home and tell your people so. I have no faith in your promises. By the spring of 1863 most of the Mescalero as had either fled to Mexico or been herded into the bus. In April Carlton went to Fort Wingate to gather information for a campaign against the Navajos as soon as the grass starts sufficiently to support stock.

He arranged a meeting with delegate Ito and Barb and SEATO near KU barrow and bluntly informed the chiefs that the only way they could prove their peaceful intentions would be to take their people out of the Navajo country and join the contented Mescalero Bhaskar don't go to this bar bun SEATO replied I will not go to the boss. I will never leave my country not even if it means that I will be killed. On June 23rd Carlton set a deadline for Navajo removal to the boss son for Delgado again. He instructed the commanding officer at Fort Wingate and repeat what I before told them and tell them that I shall feel very sorry if they refused to come in and tell them they can have until the 20th day of July of this year to come and they and all those who belong to what they call the peace party that after that day every Navajo that is seen will be considered as hostile and treated accordingly. That after that day the

door now open will be closed. The 20th of July came and went but no Navajos volunteered to surrender under the power of general Carleton Kit Carson and Cavalry Officer Faulkner set out to kill or capture the last of the Navajos that were not in the VAs could undergo manual ito the last holdout of the Navajo leaders was finally defeated and another treaty was signed on January 6 1864 the soldiers marched out of Fort can be kept in the Albert five or let a small force which was standing at the east end of Canyon de Chelly Kit Carson a little larger force which was standard the West End six inches of snow lay on the ground temperature was below freezing and the margin was slow. A week later fiver entered the canyon from brands and ledges hundreds of have starred Navajos hurled stones pieces of wood and Spanish curses upon the heads of the soldiers. But they could not stop them. Five men destroyed Hogans food

catchers and livestock killed three Navajos who came within range of their muskets found two elderly Navajos frozen to death and captured 19 women and children Carson Meanwhile established a camp at the West End and was scouting the canyon from the rooms on January 12th one of his patrols encountered a band of Navajos killing 11 of them. Two days later the two commands link to the entire canyon had been driven without a major fight that evening. Three Navajos approached the soldiers camp under a truce flag. Their people were starving and freezing. They told Carson they chose to surrender rather than die. You have until tomorrow morning Carson replied. After that time US soldiers will hunt you down. Next morning 60 ragged Macy headed Navajos arrived at the camp and surrendered. Before returning to Fort Canby Carson ordered complete destruction of Navajo properties within the canyon including their fine peach orchards. More than 5000 trees the Navajos could forgive the rope for for fighting them as a soldier for making prisoners of them

even for destroying their food supplies. But the one act that never forgave him for was cutting down the b loved peach trees during the next few weeks as news of the soldiers entries into the Canyon de Chelly spread through the hidden camps the Navajos the people lost heart. We fought for that country because we did not want to lose it. Many letters said afterwards we lost nearly everything. The American nation is too powerful for us to fight. When we had to fight for a few days we felt fresh been a short time we were worn out and the soldiers starved us out. January 30 first delegate Vito with his reassurances of conditions at Bhaskar Gondo persuaded 600 maybe more Navajos to surrender at Fort Wingate. Severe winter weather and lack of food forced others to come in for Candy. By mid-February 1200 were there hungry and destitute the Army issued them scanty rations and the very old and the very young began to die.

On February 21st Aurora Grandy came in with his band and the numbers rose to 1500 by early March. Three thousand had surrendered to both Fords and the trails to the north were filled with fearful Navajos approaching over the frozen snow. But the RICO chief's menu letto bargain SEATO and army have refused to quit with with their people they stayed in the mountains still determined not to surrender during March. The Long Walk of the Navajos to Fort Sumner and the boss of Redondo was set in motion the first contingent of 1430 reached Fort Sumter on March 13th. Ten died and three children were kidnapped probably by Mexicans among the soldier escort. Meanwhile a second group of 2400 Fort can be their numbers already reduced by a hundred twenty six who had died at the fort. The long caravan included 30 wagons three thousand sheep and four hundred seventy three horses. The Navajos had the fortitude to bear

freezing weather hunger dysentery Gere's of the soldiers in that hard three hundred mile journey but they could not bear the homesickness. The last of their clan they wept and a hundred and ninety seven of them died before they reached their cruel destination. On March 20th eight hundred more Navajos Laforet Camby most of them women children and old men. The army supplied them with only 23 wagons on the second day's march. The officer in command reported a very severe snowstorm set in which lasted for four days with unusual so severely an occasion to great suffering amongst the Indians many of whom were nearly naked. And of course unable to withstand such a storm. When they reached last Peano's the army commandeered the wagons for other use and the Navajos had to camp in the open. By the time the journey could be resumed several children had vanished. At this place Janet commented. Officers who have Indians in charge will have to exercise extreme vigilance or the Indian children will be stolen from them and sold

this contingent reached the Bost on May 11th 1864. I left Fort can be with 800 and received one hundred forty six in route to Fort Sumter making about nine hundred forty six and all of this number about a hundred and ten died. Litan April one of the holdout chiefs Amee ho appeared at Fort Canby and informed the post commander Captain Kerry that menu letto would arrive in a few days with Navajos who had spent the winter far to the north among the Little Colorado and San Juan army whose band of more than 400 came in a few days later. But when you let go of this people a few miles away at a place called Cool let us and sent a messenger to inform the soldier chief that he would like to have a talk with him. During the parley which followed Emanuel Otto said that his people wish to stay near the Ford plant their grain and crops and graze or sheep as they had always done. There is but one place for you Captain Carey

replied and that is to go to the boss. Why must we go to the boss man you let I ask we have never stolen or murdered and have at all times kept the peace we promised. General Canby he added that his people feared that they were being collected at the box so that shoulders could shoot them down as they had it foretold Roy in 1861. Kerry assured them that this was not so but many letters said that he would not surrender his people until he had talked with his old friend ROA Grandier some of the other Navajo leaders who had been at the bottom. When General Carlton heard there was a chance of many surrendering he sent four carefully chosen Navajos from the Boston but not Herero ground to use their influence on the reluctant war chief. They did not convince many. When June night after they had talked when the lotto and his band vanished from Cletus and went back to their hiding places along the Little Colorado in September he heard that his old ally Bob and SEATO had been captured in the Canyon de Chelly. Now he runs Aleppo

was the last of the RICO holdouts and he knew the soldiers would be looking everywhere for him. During the autumn Navajos who had escaped from the Boston Redondo began returning to their homeland with frightened accounts of what had happened to the people there was a wretched land they said the soldiers prodded them with bandits and herded them to the Adobe walled compounds where the soldier chiefs were always counting them putting numbers down on little books. Soldier chiefs promised them clothing and blankets and better food but their promises were never kept. All the cottonwood mystique had been cut down so that only writs were left for firewood to shelter themselves from rain and sun they had to dig holes in the sandy ground and cover and lined them with mats of open grass. They lived like prairie dogs and burrows with a few tools the soldiers gave them they broke the soil of the Pecos bottom lands and planted grain but floods and droughts and insects killed crops and now everyone was on half or Asians crowded together as they were. Disease had begin to take a toll of the weaker ones. It was a bad

place and although escape was difficult and dangerous under the watchful eyes of the soldiers many were risking their lives to get away. Meanwhile star chief Carlton had persuaded of Kerio of Santa Fe to sing at the T.M. and celebration of the Army's successful removal of the Navajos to the boss and the general describe the place to his superiors in Washington as a fine reservation. There is no reason why that the Navajos will not be the most happy and prosperous and well provided for Indians in the United States. But all of the ants we can feed them cheaper than we can fight them in the eyes of the star chief whose prisoners are only miles and bodies. These 6000 miles must eat and the 6000 bodies must be closed when it is considered what a magnificent historical and mineral country they have surrendered. A country whose value can hardly be estimated. The mere pittance in comparison must at once be given to support them sinks into insignificance a surprise for their natural

heritage. And no advocate of Manifest Destiny ever praised the support of that philosophy more slave than he. The accidents of this whole people from the land of their fathers is not only an interesting but a touching sight. They have fought us gallantly for years on years they have defended their mountains and there's dependence Canyon's with the hero ism which any people might be proud to emulate. But then at length they found it was their destiny. It had been that of their brother and tribe after driving away back toward the rising of the sun to give way to the insatiable progress of our race they threw down their arms and as brave men entitle to our admiration and respect. I've come of this with confidence and magnanimity and feeling that we are too powerful and too just a people to repay that confidence with meanness or neglect feeling that having to sacrifice to us their beautiful country their homes their associations of their lives the scenes rendered classic in their traditions. We will not boil out to them a miser's pittance in return for what they know to be and what we know to be a princely realm. Many

lotto had not thrown down his arms and he was too important a chief or general Carlton to permits to continue unchallenged in February 1865 Navajo runners from Fort Wingate manual Otto a messenger from the star chief warning that he and his band would be hunted down to the death unless they came in peaceably before spring. I'm doing no harm to anyone. Manilow told the messengers. I will not leave my country. I intend to die here. But he finally agreed to talk again with some of the chiefs who were at the mosque redone. And late February Herero ground he and five other Navajo leaders and the boss arranged to meet many a lot of near the Zuni trading post. The weather was cold and the land was covered with deep snow. After embracing his old friends when you let o lead them back into the hills where his people were hidden only about a hundred men women and children were left many letters band. I had a few horses and a few sheep. Here is all I have in the world many letters said See what a trifling amount you see how poor they are. My children are eating part milligram after a pause he added to his

orses. We're in no condition for travel to the Boston Red Arrow replied that he had no authority to extend the time set for him strenger menu lottos wavered. He said he would surrender for the sake of the women and children. Then he added that he would need three months to get his livestock in order. Finally he declared flatly that he could not leave his country. My God and my mother live in the West and I will not leave them. There's a tradition of my people that we must never cross the Three Rivers ground the sand on the Colorado. Nor could I leave just the mountains. I was born there. I shall remain. I have nothing to lose but my life and that they can come and take whenever they please but I will not move. I have never done any wrong to the Americans or the Mexicans. I have never robbed five killed innocent blood will be shed. Whoever said to him I have done all I could for your benefit I have given you the best advice. I now leave you as if your grave were already made

in Santa Fe a few days later ro ground to inform General Carleton of many letters to find stand cauldrons response was a harsh order to the commander of Fort Wingate. I understand of men you could be captured his band would doubtless command and that if you could make certain arrangements with the Indians at the Zuni village where he frequently comes on a visit and a trade they would cooperate with you and in his capture try hard to get manual out have him securely iron and carefully guarded. It will be a mercy to others whom he controls to capture or kill him at once. I prefer he should be captured if he attempts to escape. He will be shot down. But man yellow was too clever to fall into Carlton's trap at Zuni and he managed to escape capture through the spring and summer of 1865 late in the summer bargain SEATO and several of his warriors escaped from Bhaskar done. They were said to be in an Apache country of Sierra del skid a low so many

Navajos were slipping away from the reservation that Carlton posed the moment a guard for 40 miles around port somewhere. In August the general ordered the post commander to kill every Navajo found off the reservation without a pass on the box. Rain crops failed again in autumn of 1865. The Army issued the Navajos meal. Flour and bacon which had been condemned as unfit for soldiers to eat. Deaths began to rise again and so did the number of attempted escapes. Although General cauldron was being openly criticized now by New Mexicans for conditions that Bhaskar done he continued to hunt down those at last. On September 1st 1866 the chief he wanted most manual auto limped in the fort when Gabe was 23 beaten warriors and surrendered. They were all in rags or bodies and Macy added they still wore leather bands on their wrist to pray for protection from the slaps of bowstrings but they had no or bows no arrows. One of many letters arms hung uselessly as side from a wound.

A short time later Bob and SEATO came in with 21 followers and surrendered for the second time. Now there were no more war chiefs. Ironically only 18 days after many letters surrendered. General Carlton was removed from command of the Army's department of Mexico. The Civil War which had brought Starr chief Carlton to power had been over for more than a year and the New Mexicans had had enough of him and his pompous ways on many low arrived at the boss. The new superintendent was there AB Norton superintendent examine the soil on the reservation and pronounced it unfit for such cultivation of grain because of the presence of alkaline water as black and brackish scarcely bearable to the taste and said by the Indians to be unhealthy because one fourth of the population have been swept off by disease reservation Norton added. It cost the government millions of dollars. Sooner is it is abandoned and the Indians are removed the better. I've heard it suggested that there was speculation at the bottom of it. Do you expect an Indian to be satisfied and contented deprived of the common

comforts of life without which a white man would not be contented anywhere. Would any sensible man select a spot for a reservation for a thousand Indians where the water is scarcely bearable where the soil is poor and cold and where the mosquito roads 12 miles distant are the only wood for the Indians to use. They remain on this reservation. The mist always be held there by force and not from choice. Oh let them go back or take them to where they can have good cool water to drink wood plenty to keep them from freezing to death. And where the soil will produce something for them to eat. For two years a steady stream of investigators and officials from Washington paraded through the reservation. Some were genuinely compassion and some were mainly concerned with reducing expenditures. We were there for a few years. Man you lot over remembered many of our people died from the climate. People from Washington held a council with us. We explain otherwise punish those who disobeyed the law. We promised to obey the laws if we were permitted to get back to our own

country. We promised to keep the treaty. We promised four times to do so. We all said yes to the treaty. And he gave us good advice. He was General Sherman and the Navajo leaders first saw the great warrior Sherman they were fearful of him because his face was the same as star chief Carlton's fierce and hairy with a cruel mouth his eyes were different. The eyes of a man who had suffered through the pain of it in others. We told him we would try to remember what he said. Many a letter recalled He said I want all you people to look at me. He stood up for us to see him. He said if we would do right we would look people in the face. Then he said My children I will send you back to your homes. Before they could leave the Chiefs had to sign the new treaty. June 1st 1868 which began from this day forward a war between the parties to this agreement shall forever seize Bob in Cedars-Sinai. First the enemy has got a manual auto Herrera

Grandy and seven others. The nights and days were long before it came time for us to go to our homes. When the letter said the day before we were to start we want a little ways towards home because we were so anxious to start. We came back and the Americans gave us a little stock and we thank them for that. We told the drivers to let the meals we were in such a hurry and we saw the top of the mountain from Albuquerque we wondered if it was our mountain and we felt like talking to the ground. We loved it so and some of the old men and women cried with joy when they reached their homes. And so the Navajos came home when the new reservation lines were surveyed much of their best pasture land was taken away for white settlers. Life would not be easy. They would have to struggle to Rinder. But as it was the Navajos would come to know that they were the least unfortunate of all the western Indians. For the others the ordeal had hardly began. Work hours have been listening to a special report on KPFA concerning the

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