PBS NewsHour; December 30, 2021, 6:00pm-7:00pm PST

- Captioning sponsored by - NEWSHOUR PRODUCTIONS, LLC - >> Nawaz: GOOD EVENING, I'M AMNA - NAWAZ. - JUDY WOODRUFF IS AWAY. - ON THE NEWSHOUR TONIGHT, - PRESIDENTS BIDEN AND PUTIN HOLD - A SECOND CALL WITHIN THE MONTH, - AS RUSSIAN TROOPS AMASS ON THE - UKRAINIAN BORDER. - THEN, A TEXAS LAW BANNING - TRANSGENDER ATHLETES FROM - PLAYING SPORTS GOES INTO EFFECT - NEXT MONTH, ADDING TO CHALLENGES - TRANS KIDS ALREADY FACE GROWING - UP. - AND, A LOOK AT AMERICA'S BROKEN - FOSTER CARE SYSTEM AND ONE - FORMER FOSTER CHILD'S APPROACH - TO FIXING IT. - >> ALL THE TIME WE SEE THESE - SMALL BARRIERS LIKE A DEPOSIT - FOR AN APARTMENT OR THE NEED FOR - MORE FOOD, BEING THE BARRIER - THAT ACTUALLY BLOCKS FAMILIES - FROM STAYING TOGETHER. - >> Nawaz: ALL THAT AND MORE - ON TONIGHT'S PBS NEWSHOUR. - >> MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS - NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY:

- >> JOHNSON & JOHNSON. - >> BNSF RAILWAY. - >> CONSUMER CELLULAR. - >> FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM - RAYMOND JAMES. - >> THE KENDEDA FUND. - COMMITTED TO ADVANCING - RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND - MEANINGFUL WORK THROUGH - INVESTMENTS IN TRANSFORMATIVE - LEADERS AND IDEAS. - MORE AT KendedaFund.org. - >> CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF - NEW YORK. - SUPPORTING INNOVATIONS IN - EDUCATION, DEMOCRATIC - ENGAGEMENT, AND THE ADVANCEMENT - OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND

- SECURITY. - AT carnegie.org. - >> AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT - OF THESE INSTITUTIONS: - >> THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE - POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR - PUBLIC BROADCASTING. - AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS - STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. - THANK YOU. - >> Nawaz: PRESIDENT BIDEN AND - RUSSIAN PRESIDENT VLADIMIR PUTIN - HAVE SPOKEN AGAIN, AMID ONGOING - TENSIONS OVER UKRAINE. - THE TWO LEADERS HAD AN INITIAL - CALLERRIER, FORMER SECURITY

- TALKS BEGIN NEXT MONTH AND WE - WILL HAVE MUCH MORE AFTER THE - NEWS SUM ARE. - ON THE PANDEMIC NEW - HOSPITALIZATIONS OF CHILDREN - ROSE 66 PERCENT LAST WEEK. - THE ADMISSIONS ARE NOW THE - HIGHEST IN THE PANDEMIC, - INFECTIONS AMONG NURSING - HOMEWORKERS JUMPED 80 PERCENT. - TODAY FEDERAL HEALTH OFFICIALS - APPEALED TO THAT GROUP TO GET - BOOSTERS. - MEANWHILE "THE NEW YORK TIMES" - AND OTHERS REPORTED THAT ON - MONDAY THE FDA WILL AUTHORIZE - PFIZER VACCINE BOOSTERS FOR KIDS - 12 TO 15 YEARS OLD. - AND A SOUTH AFRICAN STUDY FOUND - JOHNSON & JOHNSON'S BOOSTER CUT - THE RISK OF HOSPITALIZATION IN - OMICRON CASES BY 85 PERCENT. - THE OMICRON SURGE - THE OMICRON SURGE IS ALSO - FORCING U.S. CITIES TO DECIDE - ABOUT GOING AHEAD WITH NEW - YEAR'S EVE CELEBRATIONS. - TODAY, CREWS IN NEW YORK - PREPARED FOR THE ANNUAL BALL - DROP IN TIMES SQUARE. - OUTGOING MAYOR BILL DE BLASIO - SAID THE FESTIVITIES WILL MOVE - FORWARD AS PLANNED. - >> IT'S GOING TO BE OUTDOORS, - VACCINATION ONLY, MASKS - REQUIRED, SOCIALLY DISTANCED. - BUT WE WANT TO SHOW THAT WE'RE

- MOVING FORWARD. - AND WE WANT TO SHOW THE WORLD - THAT NEW YORK CITY IS FIGHTING - OUR WAY THROUGH THIS. - >> Nawaz: BOSTON IS ALSO - PRESSING ON WITH ITS NEW YEAR'S - PLANS, BUT CONCERTS AND OTHER - EVENTS ARE BEING MOVED OUTDOORS - TO ALLOW FOR MORE SPACING. - AND, THE C.D.C. WARNED TODAY - AGAINST GOING ON CRUISES. - IT SAID THE CHANCE OF GETTING - INFECTED IS VERY HIGH, - REGARDLESS OF VACCINATION - STATUS. - IN SUDAN, SECURITY FORCES - REPORTEDLY KILLED AT LEAST FOUR - PROTESTERS TODAY AMID MASS - RALLIES AGAINST THE MILITARY - REGIME. - A MEDICAL GROUP SAYS IT HAPPENED - IN OMDURMAN, WHEN SECURITY - FORCES OPENED FIRE ON CROWDS. - THOUSANDS ALSO PROTESTED IN - KHARTOUM. - SECURITY FORCES USED TEAR GAS - AND LIVE AMMUNITION, TO DISPERSE - THE CROWDS DEMANDING A RETURN TO - CIVILIAN RULE. - >> ( translated ): OUR POSITION - IS CLEAR, WE ARE OPPOSED TO ANY - NEGOTIATIONS, PARTNERSHIP OR - COMPROMISE WITH THE GENERALS. - WE CAME OUT TODAY TO BRING DOWN - THIS RULING MILITARY COUNCIL AND - TO HAVE A CIVILIAN DEMOCRATIC - GOVERNMENTFTERWARDS.

- >> Nawaz: MAJOR DEMONSTRATIONS - HAVE ROCKED SUDAN SINCE - OCTOBER'S MILITARY COUP, DESPITE - TIGHTENED SECURITY MEASURES. - MOURNERS LINED UP IN SOUTH - AFRICA TODAY TO PAY RESPECTS TO - THE LATE ARCHBISHOP DESMOND - TUTU. - HE LAY IN STATE AT ST. GEORGE'S - ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL IN CAPE TOWN, - WHERE HE HAD PREACHED AGAINST - RACIAL INJUSTICE. - HUNDREDS FILED PAST THE SIMPLE - PINE CASKET. - >> I'M HERE TO SAY GOODBYE BUT - TO ALSO CELEBRATE ARCHBISHOP - TUTU BECAUSE HE'S MEANT SO MUCH - TO ME IN MY LIFE. - I'VE HAD FOND MEMORIES OF - MEETING AND SPENDING TIME WITH - HIM AND I THINK I WANT TO BE... - HE'S LEFT THAT IMPRESSION ON ME - THAT INTEGRITY, CHARACTER AND - SERVICE IS EVERYTHING. - >> Nawaz: THE LYING IN STATE - CONTINUES TOMORROW. - A REQUIEM MASS AND FUNERAL WILL - TAKE PLACE ON NEW YEAR'S DAY. - TUTU DIED SUNDAY AT THE AGE OF - 90. - BACK IN THIS COUNTRY, A WIND- - DRIVEN WILDFIRE IN COLORADO

- FORCED EVACUATIONS OF NEARLY - 35,000 PEOPLE FROM TWO TOWNS - NEAR DENVER. - SMOKE ROSE OVER NEIGHBORHOODS IN - SUPERIOR AND LOUISVILLE AND CARS - LINED UP TRYING TO LEAVE THE - AREA. - WINDS GUSTING TO 100 MILES AN - HOUR WERE PUSHING THE FLAMES. - THE LATEST WINTER STORM IN THE - PACIFIC NORTHWEST SOCKED IN A - MAJOR HIGHWAY. - HEAVY SNOW SHUT DOWN ABOUT 80 - MILES OF INTERSTATE 90 ACROSS - WASHINGTON STATE. - THE SAME STORM HAS ICED LOCAL - ROADS IN THE REGION AND FOULED - TRAFFIC IN SEATTLE AND PORTLAND. - THE ARCTIC BLAST IS EXPECTED TO - LAST UNTIL THE WEEKEND. - TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS WAS FOUND - GUILTY TODAY OF FUELING OPIOID - ADDICTION IN NEW YORK STATE. - A JURY SAID THE COMPANY USED - MISLEADING MARKETING TACTICS - THAT HAD LETHAL CONSEQUENCES. - A SEPARATE TRIAL WILL DETERMINE - DAMAGES. - ALL TOLD, MORE THAN 3,000 - OPIOID-RELATED LAWSUITS ARE - PENDING IN THE U.S. - IN ECONOMIC NEWS, FIRST-TIME - CLAIMS FOR JOBLESS BENEFITS

- DROPPED LAST WEEK BY 8,000, TO - 198,000. - AND, THE FOUR-WEEK AVERAGE WAS - THE LOWEST SINCE 1969. - THE NUMBERS INDICATE THE OMICRON - SURGE HAS YET TO TRIGGER NEW - LAYOFFS. - AND, ON WALL STREET, THE DOW - JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE LOST 90 - POINTS TO CLOSE AT 36,398. - THE NASDAQ FELL 24 POINTS. - THE S&P 500 SLIPPED 14. - STILL TO COME ON THE NEWSHOUR: - INSIDE TURKEY'S BATTLE WITH A - KURDISH SEPARATIST MOVEMENT IN - IRAQ. - TWO CRITICS GIVE THEIR TAKES ON - THE BEST OF BOOKS OF 2021. - SOME REFLECTIONS ON A - CHALLENGING YEAR, PLUS SOME - REASONS TO BE HOPEFUL. - AND MUCH MORE. - >> Nawaz: TODAY, PRESIDENT BIDEN - SPOKE BY PHONE WITH RUSSIAN

- PRESIDENT VLADIMIR PUTIN, THEIR - SECOND CALL IN THREE WEEKS AMID - A CRISIS OVER UKRAINE. - 100,000 RUSSIAN TROOPS ARE - MASSED ON UKRAINE'S BORDERS, AND - THE ADMINISTRATION HAS WARNED - THEY COULD INVADE. - NICK SCHIFRIN IS HERE TO TALK - ABOUT THE CONVERSATION. - GOOD - TO SEE YOU, SO YOU HAVE BEEN - TALKING TO YOUR SOURCES IN THE - ADMINISTRATION, WHAT ARE THEY - SAYING ABOUT THAT CALL? - >> AMNA, SENIOR ADMINISTRATION - OFFICIAL WHO JUST BRIEFED - REPORTERS CALLED THE CALL QUOTE - SERIOUS AND SUB SAN TIFF, A KIND - OF SETUP FOR THE TONE AND TENOR - OF IN PERSON DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN - THE U. SND AND RUSSIA AND ALLIES - IN EARLY JANUARY, THAT LASTS - ABOUT 50 MINUTES AND MADE AT THE - REQUEST OF TIN SWI UNUSUAL AND - TOOK PLACE AFTER 11 P.M. IN - MOSCOW. - PUTIN HAS MADE IT CLEAR HE WANTS - FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN U.S. AND - ALLIED POLICY, A GUARANTEE THAT - UKRAINE CAN NEVER JOIN NATO. - A REVERSAL OF NATO EXPANSION - SINCE 1997, AND NO U.S. - EXERCISES IN MUCH OF EASTERN

- EUROPE. - THAT WOULD REVERSE DEED CADES OF - U.S. POLICY AND U.S. OFFICIALS - MADE IT CLEAR SOME OF THAT IS - DEAD ON ARRIVAL. - BUT TODAY THE SENIOR - ADMINISTRATION OFFICIAL - REITERATED THAT THE U.S. IS - EAGER TO HEAR RUSSIAN CONCERNS - AND PRIORITIES AND IN RETURN - WILL SHARE U.S. CONCERNED AND - U.S. PRIORITIES, MOST NOTABLY - THAT HUGE MASS OF ADDITIONAL - RUSSIAN TROOPS. - -- IT IS AROUND UKRAINE IN FOUR - DIFFERENT SPOTS, AS YOU CAN SEE - ON THIS MAP, CREATED BY U.S. - INTELLIGENCE WHICH BELIEVES THAT - RUSSIA PLANNED FOR AS MANY AS - 170,000 TROOPS TO INVADE. - THE WHITE HOUSE REITERATED THAT - PRESIDENT BIDEN TOLD PUTIN THAT - DIPLOMATIC PROGRESS COULD ONLY - TAKE PLACE IN THE CONTEXT OF - DEESCALATION OF THOSE RUSSIAN - TROOPS. - AMNA, A FEW MINUTES AFTER THE - CALL ENDED, JUST BEFORE 7 P.M. - EASTERN,-- 6 P.M., MEDIA ROUTED - A DIPLOMAT THAT PRESIDENT BIDEN - SAID NOT TO SEND ANY O FENNIVE - WEAPONS TO UKRAINE, THE WHITE

- HOUSE HAS NOT RESPONDED TO THAT - CLAIM BUT IN GENERAL, AMNA, U.S. - OFFICIALS REFER TO THE WEAPONS - THEY SEND TO UKRAINE AS - DEFENSIVE, NOT OFFENSIVE. - >> Nawaz: THE U.S. SAYS TO - HAVE PROGRESS THEY NEED - DEESCALATION FROM RUSSIA FIRST, - IS THERE CHANCE OF THAT - HAPPENING. - >> THERE IS NOT REALLY A SIGN OF - THAT. - U.S. OFFICIALS ADMIT THERE IS - TROOP MOVEMENT BUT SAY THOSE - TROOPS HAVE NOT DEESCALATED AND - HAVE NOT RE DEPLOYED BACK INWARD - TO RUSSIA, SO AS THE U.S. TRIES - TO FIND A DIPLOMATIC OFF-RAMP IT - IS ALSO TRYING TO DETER A - RUSSIAN INVASION BY THREATENING - EXTENSIVE U.S. AND ALLIED - ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, MORE TROOPS - DEEMPLOYED-- DEPLOYED TO EASTERN - EUR PEAN NATO ALLIES AND MORE - WEAPONS FOR UKRAINE, ON TOP OF - 450 MILLION WORTH OF WEAPONS IT - HAS ALREADY SET INCLUDING - ANTITANK JAVELINS, THE U.S. IS - WORKING TO FIND STEPS UKRAINE - CAN MAKE TO ADDRESS RUSSIAN - CONCERNS IN EASTERN UKRAINIAN - REGION WHERE RUSSIAN TROOPS - PARTIALLY OCCUPIED AND WHERE - MOSCOW SUPPORTS UKRAINIAN - SEPARATISTS. - LONGER TERM THAT INCLUDES

- AMNESTY FOR THOSE SEPARATISTS AS - WELL AS MORE AUTONOMY AND - ELECTIONS IN THE AREA. - BUT RUSSIAN ACTIONS HAVE - COALESCED UKRAINIAN POLITICS - AGAINST THE KREMLIN, MAKING ANY - UKRAINIAN SK-- KSH AND COALESCED - NATO AND IN THIS COUNTRY - REPUBLICANS WARNED BIDEN NOT TO - NAKE ANY CONCESSIONS TO PUTIN. - THO CONCESSIONS THAT RUSSIA IS - ASKING FOR IS VERY DIFFICULT FOR - THE U.S. AND THEIR ALLIES. - >> Nawaz: YOU MENTIONED THOSE - UPCOMING IN-PERSON MEETINGS IN - JANUARY BETWEEN RUSSIAN - OFFICIALS, U.S. OFFICIALS AND - THEIR ALLIES, WHAT DOES THAT - LOOK LIKE, WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? - >> YEAH, SO THE THREE DISTINCT - DIPLOMATIC MEETINGS IN EARLY - JANUARY. - THE FIRST ONE JANUARY 9th TO - 109, DEPUTY SECRETARY OF STATE - WENDY SHERMAN WILL MEET HER - EQUIVALENT DEPUTY FOREIGN - MINISTER ON JANUARY 129. - NATO AND RUSSIA WILL MEET TO - DISCUSS RUSSIAN DEMANDS OF THE - FUTURE OF NATO AND ON JANUARY - 13th 9 ORGANIZATION FOR - SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN - EUROPE WHICH INCLUDES THE - RUSSIAN U.S. AND UKRAINIANS WILL

- MEET ALLOWING UKRAINIANS TO BE - AT THE TABLE. - AMNA, THE STAKES ARE HIGH. - PUTIN COULD STILL DECIDE TO - INVADE, ACCORDING TO U.S. - OFFICIALS. - AS THE NUMBER THREE STATE - DEPARTMENT OFFICIAL TOLD US ON - THE SHOW JUST A FEW WEEKS AGO, - IF DEMOCRACY STANDS BY AND - ALLOWS THAT TO HAPPEN, IT IT - WILL EM BOLDERN AUTOKRATS - EVERYWHERE SND THAT IS WHY THE - U.S. IS SO CONCERNED AND WE'RE - LOOKING FORWARD TO THAT IN - JANUARY. - >> Nawaz: THAT IS NIK SCHIFRIN - WITH THE LATEST ON THAT CALL - TODAY BETWEEN PRESIDENT BIDEN - AND PUTIN, THANK YOU SO MUCH. - #R - >> Nawaz: TRANSGENDER RIGHTS - HAVE BEEN FRONT AND CENTER FOR - THE LAST YEAR. - THE TEXAS TRANS SPORTS BAN WILL - TAKE EFFECT IN A FEW WEEKS. - ACCORDING TO THE A.C.L.U., TEXAS - IS ONE OF 31 STATES THAT HAVE - ATTEMPTED TO PASS LEGISLATION TO

- STOP TRANS YOUTH FROM - PARTICIPATING IN GENDERED - SPORTS. - STUDIES SHOW THAT LEGISLATION - LIMITING TRANS RIGHTS TAKES A - TOLL ON MENTAL HEALTH FOR TRANS - YOUTH. - FIRST, ALICE SCOTT FROM OUR - STUDENT REPORTING LABS TALKSO - TWO TEENS IN TEXAS. - >> I'M JUST A NORMAL TEENAGER - AND I'M FIGURING OUT WHAT MY - NORMAL IS. - >> Reporter: JAKE WAGGONER, A - 9th GRADER IN AUSTIN, TEXAS, - CAME OUT AS TRANSGENDER IN - NOVEMBER OF 2020. - HIS PROCESS OF BOTH FORMING AND - FORGING HIS IDENTITY WAS A - NORMAL PART OF HIS ADOLESCENCE, - MUCH LIKE WEDNESDAY GOMEZ, A - 10th GRADER ALSO FROM AUSTIN - TEXAS WHOSE VIEWS ON GENDER AND - SEXUALITY HAVE ALSO RECENTLY - BECOME MORE CLEAR. - >> I'M NON-BINARY WHICH MEANS - I'M NOT A BOY OR A GIRL AND I - DON'T REALLY IDENTIFY WITH - EITHER OF THOSE THINGS. - I'M KIND OF EVERYTHING AND - NOTHING AT THE SAME TIME. - >> Reporter: MANY TEENS AND - THEIR FAMILIES ARE LEARNING TH - VALUE OF SELF-DISCOVERY. - ACCORDING TO NATIONAL SURVEYS - FROM THE C.D.C., THE PERCENTAGE - OF YOUNG PEOPLE, AGES 15 TO 17, - WHO IDENTIFY AS“ - NON-HETEROSEXUAL” GREW FROM - JUST OVER EIGHT PERCENT IN 2015 - TO NEARLY 12% IN 2019.

- >> I HAD A REALLY HARD TIME LIKE - BEING ABLE TO BE HAPPY BEFORE I - CAME OUT LIKE I WAS SORT OF LIKE - YEAH I AM HAPPY BUT I'M NOT - BEING MYSELF AND BEING HAPPY AT - THE SAME TIME WHICH FELT REALLY - OFF FOR ME. - EVEN THOUGH I DON'T KNOW A LOT - OF THINGS RIGHT NOW YOU KNOW AS - A YOUNGER PERSON I KNOW WHO I - AM. - >> Reporter: THE PROCESS OF - COMING OUT LOOKS DIFFERENT FOR - EACPERSON WHO GOES THROUGH IT. - >> MENTALLY, I'VE JUST BEEN A - LOT HAPPIER BECAUSE LIKE I FEEL - LIKE I'VE ALWAYS TRIED TO LIKE - KEEP THIS IN MY OWN HEAD BECAUSE - LIKE I DIDN'T REALLY KNOW LIKE - WHAT IT WAS OR HOW TO EXPLAIN IT - BUT THEN WHEN I CAME OUT I JUST - LIKE OKAY AND I FELT SO MUCH - MORE LIKE MENTAL FREEDOM. - >> I'VE BEEN FEELING SO MUCH - MORE CONNECTED TO MYSELF AND - REPRESENTED IN MY LIKE LIFE AND - EVERY TIME SOMEONE REFERS TO ME - CORRECTLY IT JUST REALLY HELPS - ME FEEL VERY MUCH LIKE SECURE - AND GROUNDED IN MY IDENTITY. - >> Reporter: WITH MORE THAN

- THREE OUT OF FOUR TRANSGENDER - AND NON-BINARY YOUTH - EXPERIENCING SYMPTOMS OF AN - ANXIETY DISORDER LAST YEAR, MANY - ARE LOOKING FOR MORE SUPPORT. - >> SO I THINK TODAY'S UTH ARE - REALLY AWARE OF THE FACT THAT - THEY DON'T HAVE TO FIT INTO A - BOX. - >> Reporter: FAMILIES CAN MODEL - SUPPORTIVE BEHAVIOR FOR OTHERS - TO FOLLOW SUCH AS USING GENDER - INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE, RESPECTING - PRONOUNS AND AVOIDING DEAD - NAMING, THE USE OF THE PERSON'S - FORMER NAME, ALL IN AN EFFORT TO - CREATE AN OPEN DIALOGUE AND - PROMOTE ACCEPTANCE. - >> IT'S NOT ABOUT YOU LIKE YOUR - JOB IS TO SHOW UP AND LOVE YOUR - KID UNCONDITIONALLY. - YOUR SWEET BABY IS THE SAME, - LIKE, SWEET BABY THAT YOU ALWAYS - HAD AND YOU KNOW AND WATCHED - GROW UP. - THE TRANSITION DOESN'T UNDO OR - MAKE THEM A DIFFERENT PERSON. - >> Reporter: HAVING A SUPPORTIVE - COMMUNITY CAN GIVE TRANSITIONING - TEENS AN OPEN SPACE TO - COMMUNICATE AND EXPRESS WHAT - THEY NEED TO FEEL SAFE. - >> I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT FOR - EVERYBODY TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES - AND JUST LIKE LIVE AS THE PERSON

- THAT THEY WANT TO BE. - >> IT'S OKAY TO NOT KNOW WHO YOU - ARE AND YOU'LL FIGURE IT OUT - EVENTUALLY. - AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO FEEL - SUPPORTED EVEN IF YOU AREN'T - QUITE SURE WHAT YOU NEED TO BE - SUPPORTED IN QUITE YET. - >> Reporter: FOR THE PBS - NEWSHOUR STUDENT REPORTING LABS, - I'M ALICE SCOTT IN AUSTIN, - TEXAS. - >> Nawaz: FOR MORE ON THE LAWS - LIMITING TRANSGENDER RIGHTS AND - THEIR EFFECT ON MENTAL HEALTH, - WE'RE JOINED BY JONAH DeCHANTS, - A RESEARCH SCIENTIST FOR THE - TREVOR PROJECT, A SUICIDE - PREVENTION AND CRISIS - INTERVENTION ORGANIZATION FOR - L.G.B.T.Q. YOUTH. - JOHNA, WELCOME TO THE - NEWSHOUR, THANK YOU FOR YOUR - TIME, AS YOU AND YR COLLEAGUES, - WELL KNOW, BECAUSE YOU HAVE BEEN - TRACKING THIS, 2021 SAW A RECORD - NUMBER OF ANTI-TRANSBILLS IN THE - STATE LEGISLATURE ACROSS THE - COUNTRY, SO TELL US MORE ABOUT - THOSE, WHAT IS IT THAT THOSE - BILLS SEEK TO DO? - >> YEAH, SO WE ARE UNFORTUNATELY - SEEING A SURGE IN ANTI-LGBTQ AND - PARTICULARLY ANTI-TRANSAND - NONBINARY LEGISLATION IN TEXAS

- AND THE U.S. INCLUDING THINGS - LIKE BANNING TRANSAND YOUTH IN - SPORTS, TO AFFIRMING HEALTH - CARE, LIMITING HAIR ACCESS TO - PRIVACY IN SCHOOL AND OTHER WAYS - OF GENERALLY JUST MAKING IT - HARDER FOR THEM TO - EXCESS-- EXPRESS THEIR IDENTIFY - ASI ASI IDENTITIES IN FEELING - SUPPORTED. - >> ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT A - MAJORITY OF STATES WHERE THESE - ACTIONS HAVE BEEN TAKEN EITHER - CONSIDERING OR PASSING - ANTI--TRANSLEGISLATION - SPECIFICALLY BUT HAVE I TO ASK - YOU, A NEWSHOUR POLL SHOWED - EARLIER THAT ACTUALLY A MAJORITY - OF AMERICANS OPPOSE THOSE - MEASURES, TALKING ABOUT TWO - THIRDS OF AMERICANS AND THAT YOU - CLS MAJORITY OF ALL POLITICAL - IDEOLOGY AND ALL AGE GROUPS. - SO WHAT DO LAWMAKERS ARGUE IS - THE BEHIND THOSE RULES AND LAWS. - >> YEAH, THE RATIONALE BEHIND - THESE LAWS VARIES BASED OFF OF - THE PARTICULAR LAW WHETHER WE - ARE TALKING ABOUT HEALTH CARE OR - SPORTS. - PARTICULARLY LOOKING AT SPORT - THERE ARE FOLKS WHO CLAIM THAT - THEY ARE PROTECTING - COMPETITIVENESS. - FOR.

- BUT THERE ARE OTHER SPORTING - ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS OLYMPIC - INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE - AND THE NCAA WHICH DO ALLOW - TRANSGENDER ATHLETES TO - PARTICIPATE IN WAYS THAT ALIGN - WITH THEIR GENDER IDENTITY. - AND SO WE BELIEVE THESE BANS - WITH WHETHER THEY ARE ABOUT - HEALTH CARE OR SPORTS ARE SIMPLY - OPPORTUNITIES TO DISCRIMINATE - AND CONTINUE TO STIGMATIZE TRANS - AND NONBINARY YOUTH AND THEIR - IDENTITIES. - >> LET'S TALK ABOUT THE MENTAL - HEALTH IMPACT. - YOU HEARD ABOUT PEOPLE SHARING - THEIR EXPERIENCES, FROM YOUR - RESEARCH, FROM PEOPLE YOU TALK - TO, WHAT IS THE MENTAL HEALTH - IMPACT PARTICULARLY ON TRANS - KIDS EVEN WHEN LEGISLATION LIKE - THIS IS JUST BEING DEBATED. - >> YEAH, SO THE IMPACT WE SEE AT - THE PROJECT BOTH IN OUR RESEARCH - AND SERVICES IS THAT THESE TYPE - OF LEGISLATION AND AS YOU SAID - THE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE - LEGISLATION INCREASED - DISCRIMINATION, HARASSMENT, - AGAIN STIG MATTIZATION FOR THESE - YOUTH THAT ARE ALREADY - VULNERABLE TO HARASSMENT,

- NEGLECT SPHWHRAITION. - OUR RESEARCH FOUND 94 PERCENT OF - THESE YOUTH REPORT THAT RECENT - POLITICS NEGATIVELY IMPACTED - THEIR MENTAL HEALTH AND ARE - HEARING DIRECTLY FROM YOUNG - PEOPLE IN TEXAS AND OUR CRISIS - SERVICES WHO ARE SAYING THAT - THEY ARE TRANS AND NONBINARY AND - THE ONSLAUGHT OF ANTI-TRANSBILLS - IN THEIR STATE HAVE CAUSED THEM - TO FEEL STRESS AND EVEN CONSIDER - SUICIDE. - >> TO PUT A FINER POINT, WE ALL - KNOW THE PANDEMIC YEARS HAVE - EXACERBATED AN EXISTING MENTAL - HEALTH CRISIS PARTICULARLY AMONG - YOUNG AMERICANS BUT YOUR - RESEARCH SPECIFIC TO TRANSKIDS - IS WORTH POINTING OUT, THIS IS - SO DISTURBING. - WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE NUMBERS 61 - PERCENT OF TRANS YOUTH REPORTING - ABOUT BULLIED, 32 PERCENT OF - THOSE BULLIED ATTEMPTED SUICIDE - AND TRANS AND NONBINARY YOUTH IS - TWICE AS LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE - DEPRESSION. - BY THOSE NUMBERS THAT MEANS ONE - OUT OF EVERY FIVE ROUGHLY TRANS - KIDS ATTEMPTED SUICIDE LAST - YEAR. - I MEAN DO YOU SEE THOSE KINDS OF - NUMBERS ANYWHERE ELSE?

- >> NO, THOSE ARE UNIQUELY HIGH - NUMBERS COMPARED TO OTHER LGB - YOUTH AND COMPARED TO STRAIGHT - GENDER YOUTH, HERE WHAT WE - REALLY SEE IS THOSE NUMBERS ARE - THE RESULT OF MISTREATMENT THAT - YOUNG PEOPLE EXPERIENCE. - THE RESULT OF NOT HAVING - FAMILIES WHO ARE ABLE TO SUPPORT - THEM, OF FEELING BULLIED AND - HARRING RASED IN SCHOOL, FEELING - LIKE THEY ARE UNABLE TO UPDATE - THEIR IDENTITY DOCUMENTS TO - ALIGN WITH THEIR IDENTITY, - FEELING BANNED FROM - PARTICIPING IN SCHOOL - ACTIVITIES SO IT IS THIS - CUMULATIVE ONSLAWT OF HAVING - YOUR RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE AS A - SOCIETY BE ATTACKED THAT CAN - REALLY CAUSE FOLKS TO BE A AN - ELEVATED SUICIDE RISK AND - INCREASED MENTAL HEALTH. - >> JUST TO REMIENGD EVERYONE, - WE'RE TALKING ABOUT KIDS, KIDS - WHO DESERVE TO FEEL SAFE AND - LOVED LIKE ANY OTHER KID SO WHAT - IS YOUR MESSAGE TO ADULTS ABOUT - HOW THEY CAN MAKE SURE THAT - HAPPENS. - >> THANK YOU FOR ASKING THAT. - THE OTHER TREND THAT WE SEE IN - ALL OF OUR RESEARCH IS THAT - BEING AN ALLY MATTERS. - WE SEE THAT WHEN YOUNG PEOPLE - HAVE A SUPPORTIVE ADULTS IN

- THEIR LIFE, WHEN THERE ARE - PEOPLE AFFIRMING THEM AT SCHOOL, - WHEN THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE - USING THEIR NAME AND PRONOUNS - CORRECTLY, ALL OF THOSE - CONTRIBUTE TO BETTER MENTAL - HEALTH AND DECREASED SUICIDE - RISK. - SO ALL OF THOSE SMALL ACTIONS - THAT WE CAN TAKE AS ADULTS TO - SUPPORT YOUNG PEOPLE WHETHER - DISPLAYING A PRIDE FLAG ON YOUR - CLASSROOM, WHETHER THAT IS IF - YOU ARE A SPORTS COACH - DISCUSSING LGBTQ ISSUES WITH - YOUR ATHLETES, ALL OF THOSE - THINGS ARE THINGS YOUNG PEOPLE - PICK UP AND TELL US MAKE THEM - FEEL SAFE AND AFFIRMED AND - BENEFIT THEIR MENTAL HEALTH. - >> THAT IS JOHNA DECHANTS, - RESEARCH SIGN TRIS FOR THE - TREVOR PROJECT, THANK YOU SO - MUCH FOR YOUR TIME. - >> THANK YOU. - >> Nawaz: THERE ARE CURRENTLY - MORE THAN 400,000 CHILDREN IN - FOSTER CARE IN THE U.S. - AND WHILE THE PANDEMIC HAS MADE - LIFE EVEN MORE DIFFICULT FOR - THESE VULNERABLE KIDS, MANY SAY - THE FOSTERARE SYSTEM ITSELF - HAS BEEN PUTTING THEM AT RISK

- FOR DECADES. - SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT CHARLAYNE - HUNTER-GAULT SAT DOWN WITH ONE - FORMER FOSTER CHILD WHO IS NOW - ON A MISSION TO FIX THE SYSTEM, - BY HELPING FAMILIES STAY - TOGETHER IN THE FIRST PLACE. - IT'S PART OF OUR RACE MATTERS - SERIES AND HER ONGOING REPORTING - ON RACISM IN AMERICA. - >> MEET 61-YEAR-OLD VALENCIA - POLK. - HER SIX GRANDCHILDREN CAME TO - LIVE WITH HER AFTER CHILD - PROTECTIVE SERVICES REMOVED THE - CHILDREN FROM THEIR PARENTS DUE - TO NEGLECT ALLEGATIONS. - IT WAS A LOTO TAKE ON, BUT THE - GRANDMOTHER NEVER THOUGHT TWICE. - THEN, AFTER A FEW MONTHS AND - WITHOUT WARNING, ALL SIX OF THE - CHILDREN WERE TAKEN FROM HER AND - PUT IN A FOSTER HOME. - SHE WAS NEVER GIVEN A SPECIFIC - REASON. - >> WHY ARE YOU GOING TO TAKE THE - KIDS? - 'WE DON'T THINK YOU CAN HANDLE - IT.' - WHEN THEY TOOK THEM, THEY WERE - SITTING ON THE FLOOR DOING THEIR - HOMEWORK. - AND THEY CAME AND GOT THEM.

- SCREAMING AND CRYING, ¡PLEASE - HELP ME, PLEASE HELP ME!' - AND I HAD TO LEAVE, I SAID I'VE - GOT TO GO BACK IN THE HOUSE, - BECAUSE I FELT LIKE I WAS GOING - TO FALL INTO THE GROUND. - >> POLK SAYS THE CHILDREN WERE - PHYSICALLY AND VERBALLY ABUSED - IN FOSTER CARE, ADDING THEY WERE - DIRTY DURING SUPERVISED VISITS. - THE TRAUMA LED EACH OF THE - CHILDREN TO START SHUTTING DOWN - IN DIFFERENT WAYS. - EIGHT-YEAR-OLD B.J. STOPPED - DOING HIS SCHOOL WORK. - >> HE TOLD ME OUT OF HIS OWN - MOUTH, HE SAID I DON'T WANT TO - DO BETTER UNTIL I GO HOME, - THAT'S WHAT HE TOLD ME, SO - THAT'S WHAT I'M DEALING WITH. - THE THREE YEAR OLD THAT'S IN - THERE, THE BOY WOULDN'T SAY - NOTHING, THEY THOUGHT HE WAS - DEAF AND DUMB, THEY WERE - TEACHING HIM SIGN LANGUAGE. - I TOLD THEM HE'S NOT DEAF AND - DUMB, YOU BROKE HIM. - >> THEN, JUST AS SUDDENLY AS - THEY WERE TAKEN AWAY, THREE OF - THE CHILDREN WERE GIVEN BACK TO - POLK, AGAIN WITHOUT EXPLANATION.

- ALL THIS IS AVOIDABLE TRAUMA - CAUSED BY A BROKEN SYSTEM, - ACCORDING TO SIXTO CANCEL. - IT'S CASES LIKE THIS ONE THAT - LED THE 29-YEAR-OLD FORMER - FOSTER CHILD TO START A - NONPROFIT CALLED THINK OF US. - IT COLLECTS THESE KINDS OF - STORIES, BRINGS THEM TO - SHINGTON, AND ADVOCATES FOR - CHANGE THAT WOULD HELP FAMILIES - LIKE THE POLKS STAY TOGETHER. - ON THIS NIGHT, CANCEL VISITED - THE POLKS WITH VALERIE JACKSON - OF MONARCH FAMILY SERVICES, THE - CHILD PLACING AGENCY HELPING - POLK OBTAIN PERMANENT - GUARDIANSHIP. - I MET SIXTO CANCEL NEAR THE POLK - HOME, IN HOUSTON, TEXAS TO HEAR - MORE ABOUT HIS IDEAS ON WHAT - NEEDS TO CHANGE, IDEAS FUELED - EQUALLY BY HIS OWN TRAUMATIC - CHILDHOOD. - JUST HOW TYPICAL IS WHAT WE'VE - JUST SEEN? - >> THIS IS A STORY THAT WE SEE

- OVER AND OVER AND OVER. - AND ALL THE TIME WE SEE THESE - SMALL BARRIERS LIKE A DEPOSIT - FOR AN APARTMENT OR THE NEED FOR - MORE FOOD, BEING THE BARRIER - THAT ACTUALLY BLOCKS FAMILIES - FROM STAYING TOGETHER. - OR THESE TECHNICALITIES THAT A - FAMILY MIGHT NEED TO BE LICENSED - TO TAKE CARE OF THEIR CHILDREN, - THEIR RELATIVES. - >> BUT EVEN IN YOUR OWN LIFE, - YOU'RE NOW 29. - AND YOU HAD THIS EXPERIENCE LIKE - IN A WAY LIKE THIS FAMILY SINCE - YOU WERE 11 MONTHS OLD. - WHAT WAS THAT LIKE? - >> UNFORTUNATELY MY MOTHER - COULDN'T TAKE CARE OF US BECAUSE - OF HER DRUG ADDICTION. - AND BY THE AGE OF NINE, I WAS - ADOPTED, AND IT WAS A PRETTY - ABUSIVE AND RACIST ADOPTION. - >> WHAT DO YOU MEAN? - >> I WAS PLACED WITH A PUERTO - RICAN WHITE-LOOKING WOMAN WHO, - YOU KNOW, WHILE THE LIGHT- - SKINNED CHILDREN GOT TO GO TO A - PRIVATE SCHOOL, SHE TOLD ME - BECAUSE I WAS BLACK I WOULD HAVE - TO GO TO A PUBLIC SCHOOL. - AND I WOULD EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT - TYPES OF ABUSES BASED ON WHO I - WAS.

- AND SO BY 13 FOUND MYSELF COUCH - SURFING AND TRYING TO PROVE TO - THE AGENCY WHAT WAS GOING ON. - BUT IT WAS THIS TALL, BLACK- - LOOKING KID AGAINST THIS WHITE - SHORT-LOOKING PUERTO RICAN - WOMAN. - AND I WASN'T BELIEVED FOR A VERY - LONG TIME UNTIL I STARTED TO - RECORD THE ABUSE. - >> AND YOU CAME UP WITH A - SOLUTION BY WATCHING WHAT IS ONE - OF MY FAVORITE SWS, "LAW & - ORDER?" - >> YEAH, SO IT WAS ONE DAY I WAS - WATCHING "LAW & ORDER," AND THAT - WAS THE MOMENT WHERE I REALIZED - I HAD TO FIND EVIDENCE, I HAD TO - BUILD EVIDENCE. - SO AFTER THAT I WAS ABLE TO BE - PUT BACK INTO FOSTER CARE. - >> WHAT WAS IT LIKE IN THOSE - FOSTER HOMES? - >> IT WAS A ROLLER COASTER. - FOSTERING IS A CALLING, AND SOME - PEOPLE ARE CALLED TO DO THE - WORK, AND SOME PEOPLE REALLYEE - THE MUTUAL BENEFIT OF BEING ABLE - TO SURVIVE LEVERAGING THAT - STIPEND THAT THEY GET FROM THE - GOVERNMENT. - >> IT WAS ONLY AFTER HE AGED OUT - OF THE SYSTEM AT 23 THAT CANCEL - DISCOVERED HE HAD FAMILY MEMBERS - LESS THAN 60 MILES AWAY WHO

- WOULD HAVE TAKEN HIM IN. - BUT, HE SAYS, THEY WERE NEVER - CONTACTED. - >> WE SEE THIS STILL HAPPENING - TODAY. - BUT WHAT IS ENCOURAGG IS THAT - WE'RE ALSO SEEING A LOT OF - MOVEMENT AROUND MAKING IT - BETTER. - THERE HAVE BEEN LAWS THAT HAVE - BEEN PASSED IN THE LAST THREE - YEARS THAT PEOPLE ARE REALLY - WORKING HARD TO CHANGE THIS. - >> HOW MUCH OF IT IS, DO YOU - THINK, IS ABOUT RACE? - DOES IT HAPPEN TO ALL CHILDREN, - REGARDLESS OF COLOR, OR IS THERE - A DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACT IF - YOU'RE A PERSON OF COLOR? - >> SO WHAT WE KNOW RIGHT NOW IS - THAT 53% OF ALL BLACK FAMILIES - WILL EXPERIENCE A CHILD ABUSE - INVESTIGATION. - 10% OF ALL BLACK CHILDREN WILL - EXPERIENCE FOSTER CARE. - THAT IS TWICE THE RATE OF WHITE - CHILDREN. - SO WHAT WE SEE IS AN OVER- - SURVEILLANCE OF CHILD WELFARE IN - COMMUNITIES THAT ARE POOR. - I THINK WHEN YOU THINK OF FOSTER - CARE, YOU THINK OF CHILD - WELFARE, YOU THINK OF FOLKS WHO - HAVE PROBABLY BEEN PHYSICALLY

- ABUSED, SEXUALLY ABUSED, - EMOTIONALLY ABUSED. - BUT 64% OF THE CASES ACTUALLY - HAV TO DO WITH NEGLECT ISSUES - THAT ARE COMING FROM POVERTY. - THE LIGHTS, WATER ARE NOT - RUNNING. - NOT ENOUGH FOOD. - SO WE CREATED A SYSTEM THAT WAS - SUPPOSED TO BE ABOUT PROTECTING - CHILDREN FROM ABUSERS, BUT WHAT - WE REALLY HAD IS THE MAJORITY OF - THE CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE ARE - EXPERIENCING HIGH POVERTY - ISSUES. - >> SO HOW DID YOU GET INVOLVED - IN THIS PROGRAM THAT YOU'RE - WORKING WITH NOW? - >> I STARTED THINK OF US WITH - THE PREMISE THAT WE SHOULD BE - FIXING THE SYSTEM, - RE-ARCHITECTING IT IN A WAY THAT - WE ADDRESS THE CORE PROBLEMS - THAT ARE AROUND IT. - AND SO I TRULY ENVISION THAT - RIGHT NOW, WE CAN MOVE FROM - BEING A SYSTEM THAT IS MAINLY - FOCUSED ON PLACING CHILDREN WITH - STRANGERS, RIGHT, FOSTER PARENTS - THAT THEY DON'T KNOW, THAT WE - CAN MOVE THAT TO A SYSTEM THAT - SUPPORTS GRANDMA, UNCLE, - COUSINS, PEOPLE THAT THE - CHILDREN ALREADY KNOW AND - THEY'RE ALREADY RELATED TO AND - FIGURE OUT HOW DO WE SUPPORT - THEM IN TAKING THEM IN.

- RIGHT NOW ONLY 33% OF CHILDREN - ARE ACTUALLY PLACED WITH A - RELATIVE. - >> SO WHERE ARE THE REST OF - THEM, IN GROUP HOMES? - >> WE SEE THAT THEY'RE IN FOSTER - HOMES, IN GROUP HOMES. - AND THE DIFFERENCE THAT WE'RE - ALSO SEEING HERE IS THAT WHEN - THEY ARE PLACED WITH A RELATIVE, - THAT STATES ARE NOT SUPPORTING - THOSE FAMILIES THE SAME WAY THAT - THEY WOULD SUPPORT A FOSTER - PARENT. - ON AVERAGE, A FOSTER PARENT GETS - ABOUT $800 IN REIMBURSEMENT A - MONTH FOR A CHILD. - BUT FOR MANY STATES, THEY - PROVIDE NO TYPE OF SUPPORT OR - VERY LITTLE SUPPORT TO AN ACTUAL - GRANDPARENT OR AN AUNT AND UNCLE - WHO'S TAKEN THEM IN. - >> I'VE SEEN YOU SAY THAT - DESPITE ALL OF THEIVISION THAT - WE SEE POLITICALLY THESE DAYS, - YOU'VE GOT SOME COOPERATION - BETWEEN THE PARTIES ON THIS. - >> ONE OF THE THINGS I'M SO - ENCOURAGED BY ON CHILD WELFARE - PARTICULARLY IS THAT IT IS A - BIPARTISAN ISSUE. - BUT I THINK WE NEED TO GO EVEN - FURTHER. - WE HAVE A LOT OF AGREEMENT - AROUND FOSTER CARE, BUT - SOMETIMES WE THINK DIFFERENTLY

- ABOUT KINSHIP CARE-- THE IDEA - WHEN GRANDMA TAKES IN HER - GRANDCHILDREN THAT SHE SHOULD - JUST DO THAT. - AND WE NEED TO SHIFT OUR - THINKING TO SAY, NO, WE SHOULD - SUPPORT GRANDMA IN BEING ABLE TO - MAKE SURE THAT GRANDMA HAS ALL - THE TOOLS AND RESOURCES THAT WE - WOULD GIVE A FOSTER PARENT TO - KEEP THAT FAMILY TOGETHER. - >> SO WHAT KEEPS YOU GOING? - >> I'M VERY HOPEFUL, BECAUSE AT - THE BASIS OF WHAT'S HAPPENING - RIGHT NOW, THE MONEY'S CHANGING - IN CHILD WELFARE, WHAT CAN BE - FINANCED. THE RULES ARE CHANGING - IN CHILD WELFARE. - BUT WHAT I REALLY WANT PEOPLE TO - KNOW IS THAT THIS IS AN - OPPORTUNITY FOR US TO ENSURE - THAT CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE - GET FAMILIES, AND THAT WE GROW - UP WITH FAMILIES. - AND THAT EVERY CHILD SHOULD BE - ABLE TO FEEL SOMEONE WHO LOVES - THEM PAST A CONTRACTUAL - AGREEMENT. - AND THIS IS THE OPPORTUNITY - WHERE WE GET TO DO THAT. - >> AND YOU'RE HOPEFUL THAT WE - CAN DO THIS? - >> I'M CONFIDENT THAT WE CAN DO - THIS. - >> WELL, SIXTO CANCEL, YOU MAKE - ME HOPEFUL JUST LISTENING TO

- YOU. - >> THANK YOU. - >> Nawaz: FOR DECADES TURKEY HAS - FOUGHT THE P.K.K., A KURDISH - SEPARATIST MOVEMENT THAT'S BEEN - DESIGNATED A TERROR ORGANIZATION - BY THE U.S. AND OTHER NATIONS. - THE REBEL GROUP HAS SOUGHT - REFUGE IN NORTHERN IRAQ, WHICH - IS INHABITED BY A SIGNIFICANT - KURDISH POPULATION. - OVER THE YEARS, TURKEY HAS - CROSSED INTO NORTHERN IRAQ TO - FIGHT THE P.K.K. AND MORE - RECENTLY THE TURKS HAVE - ESTABLISHED DOZENS OF MILITARY - BASES ON IRAQI SOIL. - PBS NEWSHOUR SPECIAL - CORRESPONDENT SIMONA FOLTYN - GAINED EXCLUSIVE ACCESS TO - TURKISH-CONTROLLED PARTS OF - NORTHERN IRAQ. - >> Reporter: BEHIND THIS - MOUNTAIN IN IRAQ'S NORTHERN - SEMI-AUTONOMOUS KURDISH REGION - LIES WHAT AUTHORITIES HERE CALL - A “RED ZONE,” A RESTRICTED AREA - WHERE IRAQ'S NORTHERN NEIGHBOR - TURKEY HAS BEEN RAMPING UP ITS - MILITARY PRESENCE.

- DRIVING UP THE MOUNTAIN ROAD, WE - REACH THE LAST CHECKPOINT OF THE - IRAQI BORDER GUARD. - THE COMMANDER HERE ISN'T ALLOWED - TO SPEAK ON CAMERA, BUT TELLS US - TWELVE NEW TURKISH MILITARY - BASES HAVE BEEN SET UP HERE OVER - THE PAST YEAR, WELL INSIDE - IRAQ'S BORDERS. - BEYOND THIS POINT, HE SAYS, - TURKISH FORCES HOLD DE-FACTO - CONTROL OVER IRAQI TERRITORY. - WE'RE AROUND EIGHT MILES AWAY - FROM IRAQ'S BORDER WITH TURKEY - AND THIS IS ESSENTIALLY A - MILITARIZED ZONE, WHERE TURKEY - HAS BEEN BUILDING A GROWING - NUMBER OF BASES AND OUTPOSTS, - AND WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE SOME OF - THEM ON THOSE MOUNTAIN TOPS - BEHIND ME. - FOR DECADES, TURKEY HAS CARRIED - OUT SPORADIC OPERATIONS AGAINST - THE P.K.K., AN OUTLAWED KURDISH - SEPARATIST MOVEMENT, CONSIDERED - A TERROR GROUP BY THE U.S. AND - THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR DECADES. - THE P.K.K. AIMS TO ESTABLISH A - KURDISH STATE ACROSS KURDISH - MAJORITY PARTS OF TURKEY, IRAQ, - SYRIA, AND IRAN, AND IT HAS LONG

- USED THESE MOUNTAINS AS A BASE - FOR ITS INSURGENCY AGAINST THE - TURKISH GOVERNMENT. - BUT THE RECENT MAJOR EXPANSION - OF TURKISH MILITARY BASES HAS - RAISED FEARS OF OCCUPATION. - DOWN BELOW THE TURKISH OUTPOSTS, - WE FIND VALLEYS EMPTIED OF - CIVILIANS. - TURKISH OPERATIONS HAVE UPROOTED - THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE IN THIS - AREA. - ALI MAHMOUD IS ONE OF FEW - SHEPHERDS WHO'VE STAYED BEHIND - TO LOOK AFTER THEIR LIVESTOCK. - >> ( translated ): THIS IS A - MILITARY AREA NOW. - WE CANNOT GO EVERYWHERE WITH OUR - SHEEP. - MANY WAYS HAVE BEEN CLOSED OFF. - >> Reporter: DURING OUR TWO-DAY - VISIT, WE HEARD SEVERAL ROUNDS - OF ARTILLERY BEING FIRED IN THE - DISTANCE. - ONE SUCH STRIKE HIT MAHMOUD'S - HOUSE IN MAY, KILLING DOZENS OF - HIS ANIMALS AND INJURING TWO - SHEPHERDS. - HE RECORDED THIS VIDEO THE - MORNING AFTER. - IN JUST THIS AREA, 24 OUT OF 26 - VILLAGES HAVE BEEN EMPTIED OVER - THE LAST COUPLE OF YEARS. - MAHMOUD WAS FORCED TO LEAVE HIS

- VILLAGE OF SHARANISH A FEW MILES - FURTHER NORTH. - >> ( translated ): THIS IS AN - ENCROACHMENT ON OUR LANDS. - I HAD TO RELOCATE HERE - TEMPORARILY. - WE HOPE WE CAN GO BACK TO OUR - VILLAGE. - >> Reporter: IT'S NOT SAFE FOR - US TO ACCESS THE VILLAGE, BUT - DETAILED SATELLITE IMAGERY - REVEALS THE EXTENT TO WHICH - TURKEY CONTROLS THE AREA. - THIS IS THE TURKISH OUTPOST WE - SAW ON OUR WAY, OVERLOOKING THE - ROAD LEADING TOWARDS SHARANISH. - PERCHED ATOP THE MOUNTAIN TO THE - NORTH IS ANOTHER TURKISH BASE. - THERE ARE ALSO TWO ROADBLOCKS, - ONE BEFORE AND ONE AFTER - SHARANISH. - THE VILLAGE ITSELF, FILMED HERE - IN 2019, HAS BEEN DAMAGED IN - TURKISH STRIKES.“ - SHARANISH IS COMPLETELY - DESERTED,” THIS CIVILIAN SAYS AS - HE WALKS THROUGH ITS ABANDONED - STREETS. - THE MAN WHO FILMED THE VIDEO - FLED TO A NEARBY TOWN AND WANTED - TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS FOR FEAR OF - RETRIBUTION. - HE TOLD THE "NEWSHOUR" THAT

- TURKISH FORCES HAVEN'T ALLOWED - ANYONE TO GO BACK. - >> ( translated ): WE WENT TO - CHECK ON OUR HOUSES, BUT THEY - HAD BLOCKED OFF THE ROAD, AND - WHEN WE APPROACHED THEY FIRED - WARNING SHOTS. - >> Reporter: TURKEY HAS - ESTABLISHED AROUND 40 MILITARY - FIXED POINTS LIKE THIS ONE - ACROSS NORTHERN IRAQ, WITH - THOUSANDS OF TURKISH SOLDIERS - BELIEVED TO OPERATE ON IRAQI - SOIL. - IRAQ'S FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS - CRITICIZED THESE MANEUVERS AS - ILLEGAL AND HAS REPEATEDLY - SUMMONED TURKISH DIPLOMATS IN - THE CAPITAL BAGHDAD. - ALI REZA GUN IS TURKEY'S - AMBASSADOR TO IRAQ. - >> WE ARE GOING TO CONTINUE - UNTIL THE P.K.K. IS NO LONGER A - THREAT TO TURKEY. - >> Reporter: YET THE GOVERNMENT - OF IRAQ HAS CONDEMNED YOUR - PRESENCE IN THE NORTH AS A - VIOLATION OF ITS SOVEREIGNTY. - >> THEY CAN, BUT FIRST THEY HAVE - TO DO THEIR OWN JOB. - EACH AND EVERY COUNTRY HAS THE - RIGHT TO CLAIM TO BE SOVEREIGN, - BUT IT REQUIRES ALSO BEING - RESPONSIBLE TO KEEP YOUR - TERRORITORIES CLEAN FROM

- TERRORISTS. - >> Reporter: BUT TURKEY ISN'T - ALONE HERE-- THE ARMED FORCES OF - IRAQ KURDISH REGION, THE - PESHMERGA, ARE BUILDING BASES - TOO. - AND WHILE AUTHORITIES IN BAGHDAD - PUBLICLY CRITICIZE TURKEY'S - MILITARY INCURSIONS, THE RULING - PARTY OF IRAQI KURDISTAN, - CONSTANTLY IN DISPUTE WITH THE - BAGHDAD GOVERNMENT, HAS CLOSE - ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH TURKEY - AND HAS INCREASINGLY COOPERATED - WITH THE TURKS IN THEIR FIGHT - AGAINST THE P.K.K. - PESHMERGA COMMANDER YASSEEN - SHERWANI HAS COME TO INSPECT THE - NEW BASE. - IT'S ONE OF DOZENS BUILT IN THIS - AREA TO PRESSURE THE P.K.K. TO - TAKE ITS FIGHT BACK TO TURKEY. - >> ( translated ): THE P.K.K. - CANNOT BE ACTIVE HERE BECAUSE - IT'S NOT THEIR AREA. - THEIR AREA IS IN TURKEY, BUT - UNTIL NOW, THEY HAVEN'T MANAGED - TO CONTROL ANY VILLAGES THERE. - >> Reporter: AND WHILE THE - P.K.K.'S AIM IS THAT GREATER

- KURDISH STATE, SHERWANI SAYS - IRAQ'S KURDS HAVE WHAT THEY - WANT: - >> ( translated ): WE IN IRAQI - KURDISTAN ALREADY HAVE AUTONOMY, - AND WE HAVE NO PROBLEMS. - WE HAVE OUR OWN GOVERNMENT. - >> Reporter: BUT KURDISH - AUTHORITIES ARE ALSO WARY OF - IGNITING FRESH TENSIONS AMONG - THE KURDS, WHO'VE FOUGHT BRUTAL - WARS AMONG THEMSELVES. - ALTHOUGH THE P.K.K. SOMETIMES - ATTACKS THEM, MANY PESHMERGA ARE - NOT WILLING TO FIGHT THEIR OWN - BRETHREN. - MAROUF HALA ISMAIL HAS BEEN A - PESHMERGA FIGHTER FOR 31 YEARS. - >> ( translated ): I SWEAR IF - THERE'S ANOTHER FIGHT BETWEEN - THE KURDS, I WILL LEAVE MY - WEAPON AND GO HOME. - >> Reporter: I ASK HIM IF TURKEY - CAN DEFEAT THE P.K.K. IN THIS - MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN. - >> ( translated ): THEY'RE - TRYING TO PUT PRESSURE ON THEM - USING DRONES. - IN MY OPINION, THIS HAS NO - IMPACT ON THEM. - THEY ARE MOVING FROM THIS - MOUNTAIN TO THAT ONE. - >> Reporter: TO SEE THIS NEW - MILITARY STRATEGY IN ACTION, WE - VISITED THE QANDIL MOUNTAINS,

- THE P.K.K.'S BASTION IN IRAQI - KURDISTAN. - TO DO SO, WE NEEDED THE P.K.K.'S - APPROVAL AND WERE ACCOMPANIED BY - ONE OF ITS MEMBERS. - MANY CIVILIANS HAVE FLED THE - CONFLICT AND THOSE WHO'VE STAYED - BEHIND, LIKE RENAS ZAGROS, ARE - ARDENT P.K.K. SUPPORTERS WHO ARE - WILLING TO SACRIFICE THEMSELVES - FOR THE CAUSE. - >> ( translated ): LIFE IS - REALLY DIFFICULT. - EVERY DAY, THERE ARE DRONES AND - BOMBINGS. - >> Reporter: DURING THE - INTERVIEW, A TURKISH DRONE - HOVERS ABOVE THE SHOP. - TURKEY HAS DENIED TARGETING - CIVILIANS, AND HAS INSTEAD - ACCUSED THE P.K.K. OF USING THEM - AS HUMAN SHIELDS. - THE NEARLY CONSTANT SURVEILLANCE - HAS FORCED THE P.K.K.'S - LEADERSHIP INTO HIDING. - ITS SPOKESPERSON WAS UNABLE TO - MEET FOR AN INTERVIEW. - BUT WE ARE ABLE TO GET THE - P.K.K.'S PERSPECTIVE IN THE - MAKHMOUR REFUGEE CAMP, 100 MILES - SOUTHWEST OF THE QANDIL - MOUNTAINS. - IT WAS SET UP 23 YEARS AGO FOR - TURKISH KURDS UPROOTED BY THE - TURKEY/P.K.K. CONFLICT.

- THE TURKISH GOVERNMENT HAS - CALLED THE CAMP AN INCUBATOR FOR - MILITANTS, AND HAS REPEATEDLY - TARGETED IT WITH AIRSTRIKES, - KILLING BOTH P.K.K. FIGHTERS AND - CIVILIANS. - LEILA ARZU ILHAN IS PART OF THE - CAMP MANAGEMENT, COMPRISED OF - P.K.K. LOYALISTS. - >> ( translated ): FOR SURE WE - ARE AFRAID. - EVERY THREE TO FOUR DAYS, THERE - IS A TURKISH DRONE FLYING ABOVE - AND WATCHING US, BUT IT DOESN'T - MEAN WE WILL STOP. - WE ARE REVOLTING AGAINST - TURKEY'S OCCUPATION. - >> Reporter: ILHAN BELIEVES - TURKEY IS USING THE P.K.K. AS A - PRETEXT FOR TERRITORIAL - EXPANSION. - >> ( translated ): THEY ARE - TRYING TO RETURN TO THE TIMES OF - THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. - THEY ARE TRYING TO EARGE THEIR - TERRITORY AT THE EXPENSE OF - MINORITIES. - >> Reporter: THE IRAQI OFFICIALS - SAY WHAT'S REALLY NEEDED IS A - POLITICAL SOLUTION TO END THIS - DECADES-LONG CONFLICT. - BUT WITH NONE ON THE HORIZON, - TURKEY'S FIGHT AGAINST THE - P.K.K. IN IRAQ HAS OPENED THE - DOOR TO LONG-TERM TURKISH

- MILITARY PRESENCE, AND PERHAPS - WIDER CONFLICT FOR AN ALREADY - DESTABILIZED REGION. - FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR, I'M SIMONA - FOLTYN IN NORTHERN IRAQ. - >> Nawaz: AS WE CLOSE THE BOOK - ON 2021, WE WANT TO SHARE SOME - GOOD READS. - JEFFREY BROWN TALKS TO SOME - NEWSHOUR LITERARY FRIENDS TO GET - THEIR BEST RECOMMENDATIONS ON - WHAT TO CURL UP ON THE COUCH - WITH, OR SHARE WITH A FRIEND. - IT'S PART OF OUR ARTS AND - CULTURE SERIES, CANVAS - >> Brown: I'M JOINED HERE IN - STUDIO BY CARLOS LOZADA, THE - NONFICTION BOOK CRITIC OF THE - "WASHINGTON POST." - HE WON THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR - CRITICISM IN 2019. - AND FROM BROOKLYN, JACQUELINE - WOODSON, AUTHOR OF NOVELS FOR - ADULTS, AS WELL AS NEWBERY - HONOR, WINNING TITLES FOR YOUNG - READERS. - SHE WAS THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS - NATIONAL AMBASSADOR FOR YOUNG - PEOPLE'S LITERATURE AND A - MACARTHUR FELLOW LASYEAR, AND

- IT'S REALLY NICE TO SEE AND TALK - TO BOTH OF YOU. - I FEEL LIKE I ALWAYS START WITH - FICTION, SO FOR ONCE WE'RE GOING - TO START WITH NONFICTION. - CARLOS, YOU GIVE US A COUPLE OF - PICKS. - >> YES, I WANT TO START WITH TWO - BOOKS THAT I THINK GET TO SOME - CURRENT MAJOR CRISES WE'RE - FACING, BUT DO SO IN REALLY - NOVEL WAYS. - FIRST IS "UNDER A WHITE SKY" BY - ELIZABETH KOLBERT. - SHE'S PROBABLY BEST KNOWN FOR - HER BOOK "THE SIXTH EXTINCTION," - WHICH DEPICTED THE CRUSHING OF - THE PLANET'S BIODIVERSITY UNDER - THE HUMAN FOOTPRINT. - THIS SUBSEQUENT BOOK IS KIND OF - A PERFECT SEQUEL BECAUSE IT'S A - WARNING ABOUT HOW EVEN VERY - WELL-INTENTIONED FIXES TO OUR - ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAN BE - CAUSING MORE DAMAGE. - IT'S KIND OF A PESSIMISTIC BOOK, - BUT I THINK A REALLY IMPORTANT - ONE. - OKAY, THE SECOND ONE I WANT TO - HIGHLIGHT IS CALLED "READ UNTIL - YOU UNDERSTAND" BY FARAH - GRIFFIN. - >> Brown: THAT'S A GOOD TITLE. - >> IT'S A GREAT TITLE, AND THE - BOOK ACTUALLY SUITS IT VERY - WELL. - THERE HAVE BEEN SO MANY BOOKS - THAT TRY TO GET AT THIS MOMENT - OF WRESTLING WITH THE CHALLENGES

- OF RACIAL JUSTICE, AND GRIFFIN'S - DOES SO IN A WAY THAT MIXES - MEMOIR AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS - AND KIND OF A LITERATURE SEMINAR - ALL AT ONCE. - WHAT I LIKE ABOUT THIS BOOK SO - MUCH IS THAT IT SHOWS THAT - READING IS A VITAL PART OF - ENGAGED CITIZENSHIP. - >> Brown: ALL RIGHT, JACQUELINE - WOODSON. - SO ANNA, GIVE US A COUPLE OF - WELL, NOVELS, IF YOU CAN. - WHAT HAVE YOU GOT? - >> I CAN, AND IT'S SO FUNNY - BECAUSE TYLER AND I ARE SO MUCH - ON THE SAME PAGE IN TERMS OF THE - ENERGY OF WHAT WE'RE READING. - I WANT TO START WITH EMBOLO, - MBULE AND APOLOGIZING IF I MESS - UP HER NAME, BUT HER BOOK IS - CALLED "HOW BEAUTIFUL WE WERE," - AND IT'S A NOVEL ABOUT AN - AFRICAN VILLAGE THAT IS - STRUGGLING AGAINST A BIG - AMERICAN OIL COMPANY THAT IS, - THAT'S MESSING UP THEIR - ENVIRONMENT. - SO IT'S A BOOK ABOUT - ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, IT'S A - BOOK ABOUT FAMILY. - IT'S A BOOK ABOUT WHEN BIG - AMERICAN BUSINESSES COME INTO

- COMUNITIES AND OTHER COUNTRIES - AND DESTROY THEM OR SET OUT TO - DESTROY THEM. - AND ONE THING I LOVE ABOUT THIS - BOOK IS THAT SO IT'S SO - THOUGHTFUL, BUT IT'S ALSO FUNNY. - I MEAN, SHE CAN GET AT THE HUMOR - IN SOME OF THE HARDEST PLACES. - AND ANOTHER BOOK THAT I CAME BY - WAY OF ACCIDENT THAT JUST LAST - NIGHT, ONE CENTER FOR FICTION - FIRST NOVEL AWARD IS A BOOK - CALLED "THE FIVE WOUNDS" BY A - WOMAN NAMED KIRSTEN VALDEZ - QUADE. - BUT IT'S A BOOK ABOUT A FAMILY - WHERE THE TEENAGE GIRL ANGEL - GETS PREGNANT AS SHE SHOWS UP AT - HER FATHER'S HOUSE ON THE DAY - THAT HE IS PRACTICING TO BE CUT - TO PLAY THE ROLE OF JESUS IN THE - TOWN CEREMONY. - BUT HERE'S THE THING THAT STOOD - OUT FOR ABOUT THAT BOOK FOR ME. - ONE THING THAT KIRSTEN DOES IS - SHE IS A SPANISH AND IT'S NEVER - ITALICIZED, WHICH I LOVE BECAUSE - WHAT SHE'S SAYING IN THIS BOOK - IS MY LANGUAGE IS NOT OTHER, AND - THIS STORY IS NOT OTHER AND MY - PEOPLE ARE NOT OTHER. - AND AGAIN, ONE OF THE MANY

- REASONS I LOVE THIS BOOK IS HOW, - >> Brown: ALRIGHT, CARLOS, I - MEAN, IN TERMS OF THEMES, I KNOW - YOU, YOU SPENT A LOT OF TIME - LOOKING AT OUR POLITICS AND OUR - DIVIDED POLITICS. - YOU HAVE A COUPLE FROM THE PAST - YEAR. - >> SO YES, I HAVE READ A LOT OF - TRUMP BOOKS, WAY TOO MANY TRUMP - BOOKS IN MY DAY JOB AT THE - "WASHINGTON POST." - AND A LOT OF THEM ARE OF THE, - YOU KNOW, CAN YOU BELIEVE HE DID - THIS OR SET OF THAT KIND OF - SCHOOL? - BUT IN THE LATEST THAT ARE - COMING OUT, YOU START SEEING - BOOKS THAT ARE MORE SORT OF - THOUGHTFUL AND THEMATIC AND - DEVELOP AN ARGUMENT TO I WANT TO - HIGHLIGHT "OUR FIRST REIGN OF - TERROR" BY SPENCER ACKERMAN. - THIS BOOK CAME OUT JUST A FEW - MONTHS AGO, AROUND 20th - ANNIVERSARY OF 9/11, - AND IT DRAWS A VERY BRIGHT AND - CLEAR LINE BETWEEN THE EXCESSES - OF THE 9/11 ERA AND THE EXCESSES - OF THE TRUMP PRESIDENCY. - IT LOOKS AT ISSUES SUCH AS, YOU - KNOW, EXPANDING PRESIDENTIAL - POWER, YOU KNOW, ANTI-IMMIGRANT, - ANTI-MUSLIM SENTIMENT, YOU KNOW, - WEAKENING OVERSIGHT AND JUST THE - OPEN-ENDED NATURE OF THE WAR ON - TERROR AND SHOWS HOW A LOT OF - THOSE THINGS WERE KIND OF - REDIRECTED AND HARNESSED DURING - THE TRUMP YEARS. - THE OTHER IS A BOOK BY FIONA

- HILL CALLED "THERE IS NOTHING - FOR YOU HERE." - AND FIONA HILL IS A RUSSIA - EXPERT WHO WAS AN ADVISER IN THE - TRUMP WHITE HOUSE AND BECAME - BEST KNOWN, PROBABLY WHEN SHE - TESTIFIED DURING THE TRUMP - IMPEACHMENT TRIAL. - THE FIRST TRUMP IMPEACHMENT - REGARDING UKRAINE NEWS. - >> Brown: OUR VIEWERS WILL - REMEMBER THAT WELL. - >> OH YES. - BUT WHAT IS FAR MORE - INTERESTING, AS IS THAT SHE - LOOKS AT THREE PLACES THAT SHE - KNOWS WELL, HER NATIVE ENGLAND, - WHERE SHE GREW UP IN A IN A - WORKING CLASS MINING TOWN, - RUSSIA, WHICH SHE STUDIED AS AN - ACADEMIC. - AND THE UNITED STATES, WHERE - SHE'S LIVED FOR MANY YEARS AND - IS A U.S. CITIZEN AND SHOWS HOW - VERY SIMILAR CULTURAL AND - ECONOMIC FORCES ARE PROPELLING - THE RISE OF POPULISM IN ALL - THREE PLACES. - SO SHE'S UNIQUELY POSITIONED TO - TELL THE STORY, AND IT'S THE - RARE TRUMP BOOK THAT DOESN'T - OBSESS ABOUT TRUMP. - >> Brown: JACQUELINE, WHAT ABOUT - PUT ON YOUR YOUNG READERS' HAT - HERE. - >> AND "YOUR LEGACY" BY SHELLY - WILLIAMS, WHICH IS A BOOK ABOUT

- ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - BEFORE THEY WERE ENSLAVED. - SO IT TAKES US BACK TO AFRICA - AND SHOWS US THE CULTURE TO - DIFFERENT PARTS OF AFRICA AND - SHOWS US THAT THE CULTURE AND - THE GRANDEUR AND THE WEALTH AND - THE CIVILITY THAT PEOPLE HAD - BEFORE THEY WERE BROUGHT TO THIS - COUNTRY AS ENSLAVED PEOPLE. - AND I REALLY LOVE THAT BOOK - BECAUSE IT'S NOT STARTING THE - NARRATIVE AT ENSLAVEMENT, IT'S - STARTING THE NARRATIVE WHEN - PEOPLE WERE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT - ENSLAVED - SO AND ANOTHER QUIRKY BOOK THAT - I REALLY LOVE IS MO WILLEMS. - THE BELOVED MO WILLEMS WROTE A - BOOK CALLED "OPPOSITE ABSTRACT," - WHICH IS ABOUT IT'S ABOUT - CONCEPTS, AND IT'S A REALLY - THOUGHTFUL WAY TO TALK ABOUT - ABSTRACT IMAGES WITH VERY YOUNG - PEOPLE. - >> Brown: I WANT TO ASK YOU BOTH - BEFORE WE GO, I'LL START WITH - YOU, JACQUELINE WOODSON ON THIS - ONE. - JUST WAS THERE A BOOK THAT YOU - WENT BACK TO THIS YEAR OR THAT - PERHAPS THAT YOU READ FOR THE - FIRST TIME, AN OLDER BOOK THAT - WAS PARTICULARLY MEANINGFUL TO - YOU? - >> I'M SO GLAD YOU ASKED THAT, - JEFF, BECAUSE I HAVE BEEN - READING IDA B. WELLS - AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND I'VE BEEN - READING IT AND I'VE BEEN - LISTENING TO IT, AND IT'S JUST - THE BOOK I NEEDED. - I NEEDED TO THINK ABOUT SOMEONE - WHO SURVIVED HARDER TIMES AND

- WHO WAS BRAVE IN THEM AND WHO - CHANGED A LOT OF THE WORLD IN - THE WORK THAT SHE DID SO. - SO IDA B. WELLS FOR THE WIN WAS - THE BOOK THAT GOT ME THROUGH A - LOT THIS YEAR. - >> Brown: CARLOS, WHAT ABOUT FOR - YOU? - >> YES, I HAVE MANY UNREAD BOOKS - IN MY MANY YET TO BE READ. - YES, IN MY IN MY HOME. - AND ONE I PICKED UP THIS YEAR - WAS "NIGHT DRAWS NEAR" BY - ANTHONY SHADID, THE LATE, GREAT - FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT AND WAR - REPORTER. - SO MANY OF THE BEST KNOWN BOOKS - OF ABOUT AMERICAN WARFARE TEND - TO BE ABOUT THE AMERICANS TEND - TO BE ABOUT HOW AMERICANS GO OFF - TO TRY TO TRANSFORM DISTANT - LANDS AND ARE TRANSFORD - THEMSELVES BY THE EXPERIENCE. - SO THIS BOOK IS DIFFERENT. - SHADID LOOKS AT HOW THE IRAQ WAR - WAS LIVED THROUGH THE EYES OF - ORDINARY IRAQI PEOPLE, MAINLY IN - WAS JUST HIS THE DEPTH OF HIS - REPORTING, THE EMPATHY OF HIS - SPIRIT. - AND HE WAS ABLE TO SHOW, FOR - INSTANCE, HOW IRAQIS CAN BOTH - DESPISE A DOMESTIC DICTATOR AND - RESENT THE FOREIGN OCCUPIER. - AND THOSE TWO THINGS ARE NOT - INCONSISTENT. - >> Brown: ALL RIGHT, I WANT TO - THANK YOU BOTH FOR SHARING YOUR

- BOOKS AND LOVE OF READING - JACQUELINE WOODSON, CARLOS - LAZADA, THANK YOU VERY MUCH. - >> THANK YOU. - >> THANK YOU. - >> Nawaz: AS 2021 COMES TO A - CLOSE, WE WANT TO TAKE A LOOK - BACK AT THIS YEAR OF IMMENSE - CHALLENGE AND LOSS, BUT SO - PERSEVERANCE AND HOPE. - IN RECENT DAYS, WE HAVE - RECONNECTED WITH A NUMBER OF - YOU, VIEWERS AND GUESTS WE'VE - INTERVIEWED OVER THE PAST YEAR- - PLUS. - WE WANTED TO HEAR HOW YOU'VE - HANDLED THE LAST 12 MONTHS, THE - CHALLENGES YOU'VE FACED, AND - YOUR WISHES FOR 2022. - >> MY NAME IS MONDAY BUSQUE, I'M - FROM DETROIT, MICHIGAN, AND WE - >> I'M AMY SCHIEDE. I LIVE IN - >> I'M AMY SCHIEDE. I LIVE IN - THE CENTER OF WISCONSIN. - >> MY NAME IS NORA GALLINA. - I LIVE IN ZEPHYR HILLS, FLORIDA. - >> MY NAME IS MARIE CHESLIK. - >> MY NAME'S MARISSA HACKETT. - I AM IN SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. - >> HI, I'M MATT BERZOK. - I'M AN ATTORNEY AND THE FATHER - OF A SPECIAL NEEDS SON WHO HAS - AUTISM, WHO IS 17 AND A DAUGHTER - WHO'S 14. - THE PANDEMIC AND THE UNCERTAINTY - AROUND IT IS VERY, VERY - DIFFICULT FOR SOME PEOPLE, - ESPECIALLY MY SON BEN, WITH

- SPECIAL NEEDS. - HE DOES DO IN-PERSON SCHOOL, BUT - WITH A MASK, WHICH HE FINDS - FRUSTRATING. - AND ESPECIALLY FOR SOMEONE LIKE - BEN, WHO HAS TROUBLE READING - EMOTION EVEN IN THE BEST OF - TIMES BECAUSE OF AUTISM, MASKING - IS THE KIND OF THING THAT MAKES - IT MORE DIFFICULT FOR HIM TO - INTERACT AND UNDERSTAND WITH - PEOPLE. - >> I THOUGHT EVERYTHING WOULD BE - BETTER BY NOW AND IN CERTAIN - ASPECTS IT IS. - THE VACCINES ARE AVAILABLE, BUT - A LOT OF SAD THINGS HAVE - HAPPENED ALONG THE WAY. - >> IN JANUARY 2021, I LOST BOTH - MY PARENTS TO COVID AND THEY - PASSED WITHIN A WEEK OF EACH - OTHER. - SIX MONTHS LATER, IN JULY, I - LOST MY OLDER SISTER TO CANCER. - IT WAS DIFFICULT. - THROUGHOUT THIS YEAR, ONE OF THE - OTHER FEELINGS THAT I HAD - ALONGSIDE WITH GRIEF TO TRY TO - TEMPER THAT WAS ONE OF GRATITUDE - AND GRATITUDE OF ALL THE PEOPLE - HELPING US, FEELING GRATEFUL FOR

- WHAT I DO STILL HAVE LEFT. - >> I'M SEEING LESS PATIENTS WITH - COVID IN THE HOSPITAL RIGHT NOW - AS OPPOSED TO IN 2020 IN - NOVEMBER. - BUT I'M SEEING MORE OF NURSE - STAFFING ISSUES. - I'M SEEING MORE HOSPITAL ISSUES. - IT'S ALWAYS BEEN AN INTENSE JOB. - IT'S ALWAYS BEEN A CHALLENGING - JOB. - BUT MORE NOW THAN EVER, I'M - FOCUSING ON JUST KEEPING MY HEAD - ABOVE THE WATER. - >> AND FOR ALMOST EIGHT YEARS, I - OWNED A RESTAURANT THAT SADLY - HAS NOW CLOSED. - >> PEOPLE'S VIEW OF THE SERVICE - INDUSTRY HAD COMPLETELY CHANGED. - WE WERE SEEING AT THE BEGINNING - PEOPLE CREATING BANNERS AND - PAYING IT FORWARD AND BEING KIND - AND GENEROUS. - AND IN THE END, WE WERE BEING - SPIT ON. - WE WERE BEING HARASSED. - WE HAD PEOPLE WHO WOULD COME IN - AND RIP THEIR MASK OFF AND DRAG - IT ALONG THE TABLES IN THE - DINING ROOM. - IT WAS JUST AN OVERALL SHOCK TO

- SEE HOW DIVIDED OUR COMMUNITY - AND OUR COUNTRY AS A WHOLE HAD - BECOME. - >> I'M SCARED ON A BIGGER LEVEL - AT THIS POINT THAN I WAS IN THE - BEGINNING OF THE YEAR, RIGHT - AFTER THE INSURRECTION. - I'M SEEING FOLKS TURN A BLIND - EYE TO THE GRAVITY OF WHAT TOOK - PLACE ON JANUARY 6. - AND I AM WONDERING IF I'M - WATCHING THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE - FAIL IN FRONT OF ME BECAUSE THIS - ISN'T DEMOCRACY. - >> I'M AN IMMIGRANT TO THE U.S. - I WAS BORN IN ARGENTINA, BUT I - GREW UP IN NEW YORK AND I'VE - BEEN HERE SINCE I WAS A SMALL - CHILD AND TRAVELED BACK AND - FORTH TO ARGENTINA MANY YEARS. - AND ARGENTINA WAS ALWAYS THE - CRAZY COUNTRY WHERE THE - GOVERNMENTS WERE AWFUL AND YOU - HAD CRAZY INFLATION AND YOU HAD - MILITARY COUPS AND THAT THING - DIDN'T HAPPEN IN THE U.S. - THIS IS WHERE WE WERE AWAY FROM - THAT, BUT WE'RE NOT AWAY FROM - THAT ANYMORE. - AND I FIND THAT KIND OF

- OVERWHELMING. - >> THE CLOSING OF THE RESTAURANT - WAS ONE OF THE HARDEST THINGS - THAT I'VE DONE IN MY LIFETIME. - AND I THINK ONE OF THE HARDEST - THINGS WAS THE AMOUNT OF - CUSTOMERS THAT WERE JUST - HEARTBROKEN AT THE ASPECT OF US - CLOSING AND WE FELT A REAL - RESPONSIBILITY FOR THAT. - THEY'D BEEN SO SUPPORTIVE. - AND WE MISS THEM. - >> IF THERE IS A WORD TO USE, IT - WOULD PROBABLY BE ENDURE. - BECAUSE THAT IS WHAT ME AND MY - FAMILY HAVE HAD TO DO IS TO - ENDURE A MASSIVE AMOUNT OF - CHANGE AND TRAUMA AND GRIEF, AND - I THINK WE'VE DONE A PRETTY GOOD - JOB OF ENDURING AND HONORING - THEIR LIVES THROUGH THIS PAST - YEAR. - >> I'M A NURSE, AND I'M PROBABLY - THE MOST CONTAGIOUS PERSON MY - FRIENDS ARE HANGING OUT WITH,

- POTENTIALLY. - BUT I'M I AM HOPEFUL AND HOPEFUL - FOR THE FUTURE. - AND I THINK WE HAVE TO BE. - >> I'M HOPEFUL THAT THINGS WILL - GET BETTER IN THAT RESPECT THAT - I'LL FEEL SAFER. - AND FEEL MORE CONFIDENT IN - ENGAGING WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD. - I'D LIKE TO ENGAGE WITH THE - WORLD. - I'D LIKE TO TRAVEL MORE. - I'D LIKE TO SEE MY FAMILY MORE. - I WANT TO BE WITH THE PEOPLE I - LOVE. - >> THROUGH THE MIDST OF ALL OF - WHAT WE'RE SEEING HAPPEN AROUND - US POLITICALLY AND SOCIALLY, I - JUST WISH AND HOPE AND ENCOURAGE - FOLKS TO NOT FORGET TO CONNECT - AND CONNECT WITH THE FOLKS THEY - LOVE, DO THE THINGS THEY LOVE - AND TELL PEOPLE THEY LOVE THEM. - >> WE HAVE TRIED TO KEEP OUR - EXPECTATIONS SHORT TERM, STAY IN - THE MOMENT AND ENJOY WHAT WE - HAVE. - AND NEXT YEAR IS GOING TO BRING - WHAT NEXT YEAR IS GOING TO - BRING. - AND AS A CAREGIVER TO SOMEONE - WITH SPECIAL NEEDS, IT'S OUR - JOB. - IT'S MY JOB TO ADAPT AND MAKE - NEXT YEAR BETTER THAN THIS YEAR.

- >> Nawaz: AND ONLINE RIGHT NOW, - MEMBERS OF OUR NEWSHOUR - COMMUNITY SHARED SOME OF THE - MEANINGFUL CHANGES THEY MADE - THIS YEAR. - FIND THAT AT pbs.org/newshour. - AND THAT'S THE NEWSHOUR FOR - TONIGHT. - I'M AMNA NAWAZ. - JOIN US ONLINE AND AGAIN HERE - TOMORROW EVENING. - FOR ALL OF US AT THE PBS - NEWSHOUR, THANK YOU, PLEASE STAY - SAFE, AND WE'LL SEE YOU SOON. - >> MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS - NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: - >> FOR 25 YEARS, CONSUMER - CELLULAR'S GOAL HAS BEEN TO - PROVIDE WIRELESS SERVICE THAT - HELPS PEOPLE COMMUNICATE AND - CONNECT. - WE OFFER A VARIETY OF - NO-CONTRACT PLANS, AND OUR - U.S.-BASED CUSTOMER SERVICE TEAM - CAN HELP FIND ONE THAT FITS YOU. - TO LEARN MORE, VISIT - >> JOHNSON & JOHNSON. - >> BNSF RAILWAY. - >> AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT - OF THESE INSTITUTIONS

- AND FRIENDS OF THE NEWSHOUR. - >> THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE - POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR - PUBLIC BROADCASTING. - AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS - STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. - THANK YOU. - - THIS IS A TERRIFIC SALMON - CURED WITH MOLASSES.

- MY FRIEND JEAN-CLAUDE DID IT FOR - YEARS IN HIS CATERING BUSINESS. - IT DOES TAKE A LITTLE BIT - OF TIME TO DO IT, - BUT IT'S REALLY - NOT COMPLICATETO MAKE. - HERE IS HOW I DID IT. - FIRST, MAKE THE RUB. - MIX TOGETHER KOSHER SALT, - SUGAR, CAYENNE, GROUND NUTMEG, - PAPRIKA, GROUND ALLSPICE, - AND SOME CUMIN. - ADD SOY SAUCE AND MOLASSES - AND MIX IT ALL TOGETHER. - SPREAD A LARGE FILLET OF SALMON, - ABOUT 1 1/2 POUND, AND SPREAD - THE MIXTURE ON BOTH SIDE. - YOU CAN DO THIS WHILE THE SALMON - IS SITTING OVER A PIECE - OF PLASTIC WRAP. - WRAP IT TIGHTLY AND LET IT SET - IN THE REFRIGERATOR FOR, - LIKE, 12 HOURS OR OVERNIGHT. - UNWRAP THE CURED SALMON AND PAT - IT DRY WITH PAPER TOWELS.