Ohio: Its People and Its Heritage

<v Announcer>In commemoration of the nation's bicentennial, WOSU presents Ohio: <v Announcer>Tts people and Its Heritage. <v Speaker>I now look with amazement upon our audacity in attempting a flight with a <v Speaker>new and untried machine in a 27 mile wind. <v Speaker>[Airplane roars] <v Neil Armstrong>One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. <v Don Davis>A little over 60 miles separate Dayton from Wapakoneta and a little over <v Don Davis>60 years separate a pair of bicycle builders from a young engineer and test pilot. <v Don Davis>Many would find it a coincidence that the first man to walk on the moon grew up only an <v Don Davis>hour's drive from the inventors of powered flight. <v Don Davis>Yet our values, our goals, our perspectives on life are in large measure <v Don Davis>molded by the people and traditions which form our heritage.

<v Don Davis>The achievements of the Wright brothers and Neil Armstrong symbolize in a profound way <v Don Davis>the genius of the American spirit, a spirit of competitiveness and determination, <v Don Davis>a love of the applied and the pragmatic. <v Don Davis>Such a world view, if we may call it that, is not the only one possible or even the best <v Don Davis>one necessarily, for each both expands our horizon and limits <v Don Davis>our vision. In many respects, however, Ohio and its people have seemed <v Don Davis>to mirror this practical, individualistic view of the world, so <v Don Davis>much so that some observers have looked upon the Buckeye State as a microcosm of the <v Don Davis>nation. Does it, in fact, manifest this quality or have the remarkably <v Don Davis>diverse and at times contradictory forces in Ohio life, concentrated <v Don Davis>as they are in such a small geographic area, resulted in a culture distinctively <v Don Davis>different from the rest of the nation? <v Don Davis>Geography, history, politics and commerce all interact to produce a culture, <v Don Davis>and it is that culture, that set of values and perspectives, which we will be examining

<v Don Davis>in the next hour. <v Don Davis>Ohio is at once a great industrial and a great agricultural state. <v Don Davis>It leads the nation in the production of Bibles and business machines, cash registers <v Don Davis>and coffins, glassware and jet aircraft engines, machine tools, playing <v Don Davis>cards, vacuum cleaners, footballs and police whistles. <v Don Davis>It is second in iron, steel and autos. <v Don Davis>Yet Ohio is also a major producer of agricultural products. <v Don Davis>Ranking 9 out of the 50 states, the Ohio State Fair - vestige <v Don Davis>of an earlier more pastoral era - is the largest annual exposition of its kind <v Don Davis>in the world. Well, at least Ohioans say that. <v Don Davis>John Gunther once wrote that basically Ohio is nothing more nor less <v Don Davis>than a giant carpet of agriculture studded by great cities. <v Don Davis>In the years since Gunther made that observation, the size of the cities has increased. <v Don Davis>But unlike other highly urban areas, Ohio is noted for its strong <v Don Davis>republican tradition.

<v Don Davis>Ohio has produced no less than eight presidents. <v Don Davis>None of them rated any better than average and innumerable scientists and engineers, <v Don Davis>some of them considered among the most influential intellects in American history. <v Don Davis>To understand all of these paradoxical relationships and how they came to be, <v Don Davis>it's necessary to focus on the early history of the state and its geographical <v Don Davis>characteristics. <v Don Davis>Ohio was the first state to be carved out of the Northwest Territory. <v Don Davis>Joining the union in 1803. <v Don Davis>Scattered bands of Englishmen had settled in the region long before, and it was their <v Don Davis>clashes with the Indians and later with the French that led to George Washington's <v Don Davis>expedition into the area in 1753. <v Don Davis>But it was not until after the revolution that what was to become Ohio began <v Don Davis>to develop rapidly. <v Don Davis>Ohio State University history professor Richard Hopkins: <v Richard Hopkins>Early population settlement in Ohio had a lot to do, I think, <v Richard Hopkins>with the development of politics, because Ohio was <v Richard Hopkins>the first state that was produced by the, well,

<v Richard Hopkins>maybe I ought to call the American colonial or territorial system. <v Richard Hopkins>And it was carved up into a number of land grants. <v Richard Hopkins>The Western Reserve was probably the most famous of these that was granted to <v Richard Hopkins>the residents of Connecticut, the state of Connecticut, which granted it to a Connecticut <v Richard Hopkins>land company, a private company that paid a million dollars or something like that. <v Richard Hopkins>And consequently, the Western Reserve area is very heavily New England oriented <v Richard Hopkins>almost from the very beginning. <v Richard Hopkins>The area from Columbus southward between the Scioto River and the Miami River <v Richard Hopkins>was known as as the Virginia military tract. <v Richard Hopkins>And so that was settled by Revolutionary War veterans or those who bought up the <v Richard Hopkins>the warrants of those Revolutionary War veterans from Virginia and <v Richard Hopkins>was heavily dominated by Virginians who came here often by way of Kentucky, <v Richard Hopkins>the so-called Chillocothe junto or perhaps more appropriately, <v Richard Hopkins>the Chillicothe gang that dominated early state politics

<v Richard Hopkins>in Ohio after 1803, when Ohio became a state, um, was centered <v Richard Hopkins>in this Virginia military tract. <v Speaker>And as a matter of fact, Chillicothe, the I believe it was the capital of the state for a <v Speaker>while. <v Richard Hopkins>For a while, it was. Um, people often think of Virginians as planters. <v Richard Hopkins>You know, they're the great farmers, the dirt farmers. <v Richard Hopkins>But if you look at why there was a good deal of the controversy at the end of the <v Richard Hopkins>territorial period in Ohio, in the beginning of the statehood period, it turns out <v Richard Hopkins>that all of these Virginians wanted to build homes. <v Richard Hopkins>And there was a great struggle to see which of these homes, Chillocothe or <v Richard Hopkins>some of the other ones would become the state capital. <v Richard Hopkins>And that was a very important part of the struggle between the so-called Democrats, <v Richard Hopkins>the Democratic Republicans, the Jeffersonian Party, and the Federalists. <v Don Davis>The first organized settlement in the Northwest Territory was Marietta on the Ohio River. <v Don Davis>Mrs. B.F. Rider of the Campus Martius Museum in Marietta, describes <v Don Davis>early life there.

<v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Marietta was the first permanent settlement in the Northwest Territory. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>It was established in 1788 by a group of New Englanders <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>who came out under the Ohio Company and Associates to <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>take land in this new country and payment for their service in the <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Revolutionary War. They had been paid off in <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>continental currency, which depreciated in value, and <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>by exchanging the currency for land, they got more of an equivalent <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>for their service. And each share of stock in the Ohio company <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>cost one thousand dollars in Continental script and ten <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>dollars in actual cash. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And for that they received one lot here at the Ford, three acres out <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>in town and eight acres in the county and all drawn by <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>lottery so there wouldn't be any favoritism of any kind. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Now the town of Marietta was planted over in New England <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>before the settlers actually came.

<v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And so when they had their drawing, uh, in July <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>after the settlement was made, the town was already planted <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>and we have the original drawing of that plan. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>The settlers landed on the 7th of April, 1788, <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>and there were forty eight in the party under the supervision of General <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Rufus Putnam. And uh the uh vote <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>was tied up at the mouth of the Muskingum. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>The settlers came on land, were met by a group of Indians who were friendly <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>at that time, and, uh, Putnam to apartand <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Markey that he had salvaged from Burgoyne's Army and established <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>that as his headquarters and being a surveyor, he laid out the town <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>along the lines that he thought would be right. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And Washington Street was a wider street and the main street of the town. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And that was designated as a business street and Campus Martius,

<v Mrs. B.F. Rider>the fort which was to be built as a protection against the Indians, was located <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>on Washington Street near the river. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>The ordinance, as it was set up, provided that <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>all public buildings should be west of the mound on Fifth Street. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Now, that was one of the relics of the mound builders that have been built in seven <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>hundred, approximately 700 A.D.. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>The ordinance was rescinded later because there were no roads and all <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>the traffic was by river. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>So they came down and established their business <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>section down near the river, which was low ground, of course. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And that's the reason Mariota has been hampered by floods all these years. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>In 1823, while Putnam was still living, the ordinance was rescinded <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>and the courthouse was built down on the low ground. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And of course, business followed the courthouse and closed down. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Now the, um, the fort was one hundred and eighty feet square.

<v Mrs. B.F. Rider>It housed 50 to 60 families. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>That would be three or four hundred people. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And it was considered the strongest one west of the mountains. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>The, uh, one blockhouse, the one on the southeast <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>corner was kept for new families, and anybody that had no <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>place to stay could lodge there until they had a chance to find a place <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>or to build a cabin of some sort. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>The one on the south east corner was occupied <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>by Governor Arthur St. Clair and his family, and the <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>one on the southwest corner, no, northwest corner, <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>belong to the Ohio Company and was kept for any new- <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>or any sort of a public bill meeting. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>They drilled there. They had the church services there. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>And American Union Lodge No. 1 of the Masons was organized in that building. <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>Any social events were held there and it was more or less of a community center.

<v Mrs. B.F. Rider>On that building they hung the bell was sent by Marie-Antoinette <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>because Marietta was named in her honor and she percent this bell <v Mrs. B.F. Rider>to be hung in the tower of the first public building. <v Folk Singer>"Ohio River, she's so deep and wide, I can't see my poor gal on the other side." <v Don Davis>The westward movement of pioneers was met by strong resistance from the Indians in the <v Don Davis>Northwest Territory, particularly Ohio.

<v Don Davis>In the early 1800s, Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, first won notice <v Don Davis>on the turbulent frontier as an orator of great persuasive ability, representing <v Don Davis>the redmen in consoles with the whites. <v Don Davis>His travels took him from New York to the northern Wisconsin region and as far <v Don Davis>west as present day Arkansas. Denouncing as invalid all treaties <v Don Davis>by which Indians gave up their lands,Tecumseh condemned the chiefs who signed them, <v Don Davis>and in most tribes was able to obtain recruits and aid for a stand against the white <v Don Davis>settlers. This activity alarmed the settlers, for they believed and historians <v Don Davis>have recorded that the Indians had considerable support from the British in Canada. <v Don Davis>In November 1811, an American force led by Gen. <v Don Davis>William Henry Harrison was attacked by a band of Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe. <v Don Davis>The discovery of British guns on the battlefield, increased anxieties and pressures <v Don Davis>in Congress to drive the British out of Canada. <v Don Davis>But equally important, perhaps, was the desire for more land belonging to the

<v Don Davis>Indians. When war finally broke out in 1812 <v Don Davis>Tecumseh had assembled one of the most formidable forces ever commanded by an Indian <v Don Davis>and was actually given the rank of brigadier general in the British Army. <v Don Davis>The story of Tecumseh is commemorated in an outdoor drama presented each <v Don Davis>summer in the town of Chillacothe in south central Ohio. <v Don Davis>Anthony Pasentino, who plays Tecumseh, is a student of the Indian leader's life <v Don Davis>and describes his role in the War of 1812. <v Anthony Pasentino>When the War of 1812 broke out Tecumseh saw that as an <v Anthony Pasentino>opportunity that would never come, that would never come <v Anthony Pasentino>again in his lifetime, because the British - while <v Anthony Pasentino>they may have been lacking in some other things at times, tended <v Anthony Pasentino>to honor the treaties more than the Americans did, <v Anthony Pasentino>and the Indians had always had a higher regard for the British than for the Americans. <v Anthony Pasentino>And, um, after

<v Anthony Pasentino>the Tippecanoe business, which didn't really <v Anthony Pasentino>destroy all that much, Tecumseh's dream, yes, the town- the <v Anthony Pasentino>prophet's town was destroyed, but it <v Anthony Pasentino>didn't actually destroy what Tecumseh was trying to do. <v Anthony Pasentino>So soon after that, the War of 1812 broke out. <v Anthony Pasentino>Tecumseh went to the British. <v Anthony Pasentino>There was a British general there who was- we worked with for a <v Anthony Pasentino>year, year and a half was very good. <v Anthony Pasentino>Listened to him. And it was a whole string of victories there. <v Anthony Pasentino>Um, running the Great Lakes region <v Anthony Pasentino>until that officer was killed. <v Anthony Pasentino>The officer who replaced that general was a no good <v Anthony Pasentino>and an incompetent. In one case, there was a fort that surrendered <v Anthony Pasentino>where this general gave his word that the prisoners

<v Anthony Pasentino>would not be tortured, would not be robbed, would not be killed or anything like that. <v Anthony Pasentino>And Tecumseh was away at the time. <v Anthony Pasentino>And when he came back, he found that some of the Indians <v Anthony Pasentino>had killed like about twenty of these captives. <v Anthony Pasentino>And Tecumseh blew his stack. <v Anthony Pasentino>And he had no use for this British general after that. <v Anthony Pasentino>But he was really he was really stuck with him. <v Anthony Pasentino>And it was with this general that he wound up fighting as his last battle. <v Anthony Pasentino>This general would keep retreating and retreating and retreating. <v Anthony Pasentino>And Tecumseh kept demanding that he stand and fight. <v Anthony Pasentino>Finally, it it really- Tecumseh came to the end of his tether and he said, well, you <v Anthony Pasentino>know, if you don't you don't stand and fight with me, <v Anthony Pasentino>we'll abandon you. <v Anthony Pasentino>So they stood and they fought and, um, the <v Anthony Pasentino>British- the British, uh, fell apart completely

<v Anthony Pasentino>or were broken immediately, whereas the Indians on their end of the line <v Anthony Pasentino>broke this cavalry charge that was coming against them and put up quite a resistance. <v Anthony Pasentino>But Tecumseh at one point was killed and his body was never found. <v Anthony Pasentino>And the Indians just sort of melted away. <v Speaker>[Sad music plays] <v Don Davis>As the Indians were pushed further and further westward and peace was restored, settlers <v Don Davis>poured into Ohio. For many, it was only an interlude on the way to Indiana, <v Don Davis>Illinois and beyond. But many chose to stay. <v Don Davis>The Buckeye State's rich farmlands encouraged agriculture, but more significant for later <v Don Davis>development was its strategic geographical position. <v Don Davis>Commerce from the south and West was made easier by the Ohio River, while the Appalachian

<v Don Davis>Mountains, acting as a barrier to manufactured goods produced in the east, encouraged the <v Don Davis>development of industry in the state. <v Don Davis>Added to these factors was an abundance of raw materials such as coal, iron and lumber. <v Don Davis>Cincinnati became the first great metropolis of the West, with a population of almost <v Don Davis>120,000 by 1850, and its location on the Ohio River, <v Don Davis>in effect, gave it access to New Orleans and markets abroad. <v Speaker>["The Lily of the West" by Joan Baez plays] <v Stanley Lindbergh>For over 75 years, uh, approximately, well,

<v Stanley Lindbergh>the estimates vary, but approximately 50 to 75 percent of the American <v Stanley Lindbergh>people learned to read from the McGuffy Readers, and in many cases, <v Stanley Lindbergh>the only books in the home where the Bible and the McGuffey Readers. <v Stanley Lindbergh>So they did have a tremendous impact in shaping three, four generations. <v Stanley Lindbergh>In my opinion, they formed the consciousness of what we now call mid America. <v Don Davis>Born in Pennsylvania, William Holmes McGuffy died in Virginia. <v Don Davis>But while he lived in Ohio, he wrote a series of text books that eventually sold <v Don Davis>over 120 million copies. <v Speaker>Dr. Stanley Lindbergh of Ohio University in Athens:. <v Stanley Lindbergh>The New England textbooks were, I think, of a higher literary quality. <v Stanley Lindbergh>They were also moralistic and all the textbooks in the 19th century <v Stanley Lindbergh>were. In the McGuffy Readers there are certain basic <v Stanley Lindbergh>moral qualities that are constantly being stressed, such qualities as <v Stanley Lindbergh>honesty, self-reliance,

<v Stanley Lindbergh>self-discipline, religious faith. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And a lot of these these qualities were stressed in addition to <v Stanley Lindbergh>such things as uh industry, that is, self-industry, <v Stanley Lindbergh>the drive that an individual should have. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And work- work was was <v Stanley Lindbergh>sacred. That and property. <v Stanley Lindbergh>Property's all important. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And McGuffy Readers, you're taught from the very first lesson not to meddle <v Stanley Lindbergh>with other people's property. <v Stanley Lindbergh>This is the very important thing. You don't meddle with other people's property. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And I think they stress things like that more than the New England readers did. <v Stanley Lindbergh>They avoided certain things that the New England readers dealt with. <v Stanley Lindbergh>Issues such as slavery are virtually ignored in the McGuffy Readers. <v Stanley Lindbergh>This would've hurt them in the southern market. <v Stanley Lindbergh>When they are dealt with, they're dealt with allegorically.

<v Stanley Lindbergh>How does a little bird feel to be caged? <v Stanley Lindbergh>They claim to be nonsectarian. <v Stanley Lindbergh>By nonsectarian, they mean they do not particularly favor one <v Stanley Lindbergh>Protestant denomination over the other. <v Stanley Lindbergh>They clearly are Protestant textbooks, and there are some <v Stanley Lindbergh>fairly subtle biases against Catholics <v Stanley Lindbergh>and Jews, most of which, however, are cleaned out. <v Stanley Lindbergh>They do become all American textbooks. <v Stanley Lindbergh>They are better than a lot of 19th century textbooks in that respect. <v Stanley Lindbergh>But, well, for instance, as a practice exercise iin articulation <v Stanley Lindbergh>would be a long list of sentences before the textbook ever gets started, before <v Stanley Lindbergh>you get to the lessons. And mixed in with those sentences there, there's <v Stanley Lindbergh>a sentence like he detests all papists. <v Stanley Lindbergh>Well, this may teach you how to enunciate clearly, but it also is influencing <v Stanley Lindbergh>you in other ways as a student.

<v Stanley Lindbergh>McGuffy's idea was that the textbooks needed to be more practical. <v Stanley Lindbergh>They needed to be things that students could relate to. <v Stanley Lindbergh>He had a good Scotch Presbyterian attitude <v Stanley Lindbergh>toward education. <v Stanley Lindbergh>He did not believe in coddling a child. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And as a matter of fact in the author's preface to the first edition - <v Stanley Lindbergh>I have it here. <v Stanley Lindbergh>This is- this is a direct quote. Speaking of McGuffy himself, he has long <v Stanley Lindbergh>been of opinion that a mischievous error pervades the public mind on the subject <v Stanley Lindbergh>of juvenile understanding. <v Stanley Lindbergh>Nothing is so difficult to be understood as nonsense. <v Stanley Lindbergh>Nothing so clear and easy to be comprehended as the simplicity <v Stanley Lindbergh>of wisdom. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And the selections are fairly tough in those early readers. <v Stanley Lindbergh>As a matter of fact, the publishers subsequently upgraded a number <v Stanley Lindbergh>of the lessons, moving them first from the second to the third reader, <v Stanley Lindbergh>then the third to the fourth. A number of the selections that ultimately end up in the

<v Stanley Lindbergh>fifth reader started out as as second or third reader selections. <v Stanley Lindbergh>And they were tough. They were tough. <v Speaker>[Upbeat melody plays] <v Don Davis>That familiar melody will forever be identified with the South. <v Don Davis>Ironically, however, it was written by an Ohioan, Daniel Decatur <v Don Davis>Emmett for his traveling minstrel group, lying as it did on the border between the <v Don Davis>influences of north and south, Ohio, supported pro-slavery sentiments <v Don Davis>and at the same time was sympathetic to the abolitionists. <v Richard Hopkins>If you start at Lake Erie, you find the social attitudes being much more favorable <v Richard Hopkins>to the abolitionist and favorable to the black. <v Richard Hopkins>Nobody really- well, I won't say, that's too strong. <v Richard Hopkins>Very few people wanted equality. Considered the black and white to be equal in those <v Richard Hopkins>days. But the abolitionists in the northern part of the state, especially the Western

<v Richard Hopkins>Reserve, tended to be far more toward the equality end of the spectrum <v Richard Hopkins>than anyone else. <v Richard Hopkins>And the farther you go toward the Ohio River, the more toward the other end. <v Richard Hopkins>The complete separation end of the spectrum you come from Cincinnati <v Richard Hopkins>dominated the southern part of the state because of its trading. <v Richard Hopkins>It was the metropolis of southern Ohio. <v Richard Hopkins>And Cincinnati's trade connections were largely with the south. <v Richard Hopkins>The south was very important in Cincinnati's trade and commerce. <v Richard Hopkins>And consequently, the southern part of the state was fairly sympathetic <v Richard Hopkins>toward the southern cause. Cincinnati being something of a leader there. <v Richard Hopkins>Moreover, the Virginians who settled in the Virginia military tract <v Richard Hopkins>carried a lot of those attitudes. It's often been said that the Virginians who <v Richard Hopkins>settled in Ohio were abolitionist Virginians, and in a sense, that's true. <v Richard Hopkins>They didn't want to own slaves themselves. But on the other hand, they were not willing <v Richard Hopkins>at all to interfere with the rights of others to own slaves.

<v Richard Hopkins>They vote on the Ohio. <v Richard Hopkins>The provision in the Ohio Constitution that outlawed slavery was carried by <v Richard Hopkins>only one vote against slavery. <v Richard Hopkins>And there was a fugitive slave law in the state of Ohio. <v Richard Hopkins>It was written into the Northwest Ordinance that there would be no slavery in the <v Richard Hopkins>Northwest Territory. So really, the constitutional convention that met in <v Richard Hopkins>1882 to consider Ohio's constitution didn't have an awful lot of choice. <v Richard Hopkins>It could have argued the situation in Congress, but the chances were since <v Richard Hopkins>the congressional law, the federal law said no, slavery in Ohio <v Richard Hopkins>was part of the Northwest Ordinance Territories, that it <v Richard Hopkins>probably would not have gotten through had Ohio wanted slavery. <v Richard Hopkins>But there seems to be evidence that Southerners didn't want the Northwest Territories to <v Richard Hopkins>have slavery, because then there would be more economic competition <v Richard Hopkins>from this area with the South. <v Don Davis>By 1835, Ohio had the second largest number of <v Don Davis>abolitionists of any state in the union.

<v Don Davis>But perhaps more significant for the course of future events was the period of 18 years <v Don Davis>spent in Cincinnati by Harriet Beecher Stowe, observing slavery <v Don Davis>across the Ohio River and being exposed to the Underground Railroad left indelible <v Don Davis>impressions on her, which formed the basis for Uncle Tom's Cabin. <v Don Davis>The book sold more than 300,000 copies the first year, and its impact <v Don Davis>may be gleaned from Abraham Lincoln's greeting upon meeting Mrs. Stowe years later: "So <v Don Davis>you're the little woman who started the big war." When war came, <v Don Davis>a third of a million Ohioans joined the Union Army and many were led by other Ohioans. <v Don Davis>Grant, Sherman and a younger general who was to achieve greater fame later, Custer. <v Don Davis>Ulysses Grant is not usually rated as a superior strategist. <v Don Davis>In fact, he once summarized his military philosophy this way: The art <v Don Davis>of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. <v Don Davis>Get at him as soon as you can and as often as you can and keep moving on. <v Don Davis>Much criticism was leveled at Grant because of the heavy losses suffered by his armies,

<v Don Davis>but it was he, after many others had failed, who forced Lee to surrender <v Don Davis>at Appomattox in April 1865. <v Don Davis>The period after the Civil War was, for Ohio, a watershed, both in its <v Don Davis>development as a major industrial region and and its influence in national politics. <v Don Davis>Historian Richard Hopkins: <v Richard Hopkins>The industrial revolution really begins around the period of the Civil War <v Richard Hopkins>and takes off after the war is over. <v Richard Hopkins>It's underway before, but it really begins to gather strengthand the factory system, <v Richard Hopkins>begins to appear with large numbers of employees in single locations. <v Richard Hopkins>The beginnings of a rude assembly line, that sort of thing. <v Richard Hopkins>And then John D. Rockefeller uses his Cleveland base <v Richard Hopkins>to build up Standard Oil, which really is the first non railroad large <v Richard Hopkins>corporation in America. <v Richard Hopkins>And he builds that into the first real trust in America in the 1880s. <v Richard Hopkins>Um, the rubber industry gets

<v Richard Hopkins>a start in Ohio, fairly near Cleveland and Akron in the Akron area, athe <v Richard Hopkins>end of the 80s. And then Henry Ford's invention in the early 20th century <v Richard Hopkins>really pushes the rubber industry ahead. <v Richard Hopkins>Prior to that time, rubber was not a very important item. <v Richard Hopkins>Once the automobile and the truck come along, then the rubber industry becomes a very <v Richard Hopkins>central part of the industrialization in Ohio. <v Richard Hopkins>Industrialization tends to be located - if we're talking about industrialization <v Richard Hopkins>as manufacturing of finished products - tends to be located in the northeastern, north <v Richard Hopkins>central area from Cleveland, we'll say from west of Cleveland, now Toledo, all the way <v Richard Hopkins>across through the Youngstown Mahoning Valley area and in <v Richard Hopkins>Cincinnati. Cincinnati started it, but then Cleveland <v Richard Hopkins>really took over. By 1900 Cleveland had surpassed Cincinnati in population. <v Richard Hopkins>In part, it was due to the fortunate location of Cleveland being a lake port,

<v Richard Hopkins>so that the Mesabi range iron ore could be brought in to Cleveland on <v Richard Hopkins>Great Lakes boats, and the coal of the Mahoning Valley area and from <v Richard Hopkins>western Pennsylvania and West Virginia could be brought into the Cleveland Mahoning <v Richard Hopkins>Valley area. And the fortunate location produced the steel industry in <v Richard Hopkins>that vicinity. <v Richard Hopkins>And that's really kind of the basis for the industrialization process. <v Richard Hopkins>Now, the people who moved in to this <v Richard Hopkins>industrialized area really moved in in largest numbers <v Richard Hopkins>after about 1880, 1885, and they were <v Richard Hopkins>what is known as the new immigration. <v Richard Hopkins>There were some the Irish and Germans in the area, but the larger percentage <v Richard Hopkins>came from Southern and Eastern Europe. <v Richard Hopkins>And they worked in the steel mills. <v Richard Hopkins>They worked in the other factories that were growing up around the steel industry and the <v Richard Hopkins>rubber industry.

<v Richard Hopkins>And that has had some rather <v Richard Hopkins>striking effects. For example, if you look at the the vote on the constitutional <v Richard Hopkins>amendment to permit the state lottery, what, three years ago now <v Richard Hopkins>you'll discover that the Cleveland- the county that Cleveland is in, Cuyahoga County <v Richard Hopkins>voted 80 percent in favor of having a state lottery. <v Richard Hopkins>Columbus, by contrast, which has a relatively small immigrant background <v Richard Hopkins>in population, is much heavier in terms of white collar Native American <v Richard Hopkins>WASP sort of attitudes. <v Richard Hopkins>Franklin County, Columbus, voted only about 56 percent <v Richard Hopkins>in favor. It was the lowest of all of the major metropolitan areas in terms of its <v Richard Hopkins>favorable vote for the state lottery. <v Richard Hopkins>Cleveland was the heaviest. Cincinnati, again, with a large immigrant population <v Richard Hopkins>background was the second heaviest, with something where in the neighborhood of I've <v Richard Hopkins>forgotten 74, 70, 73 percent in favor of the lottery. <v Richard Hopkins>Summit County, the Akron-Canton area, was very close

<v Richard Hopkins>behind Cleveland and Cincinnati. <v Richard Hopkins>And it's a favorable vote for the state lottery. <v Richard Hopkins>So I think that very well illustrates a lotteries gambling. <v Richard Hopkins>And in the good New England background, middle Atlantic <v Richard Hopkins>background, Native American value system, gambling is bad, and <v Richard Hopkins>it's even worse to have the state involved in gambling. <v Richard Hopkins>Now, for people who come from a different cultural setting, the values <v Richard Hopkins>did not forbid gambling at all anymore than they forbade drinking wine or drinking beer. <v Richard Hopkins>Drinking wine and drinking beer were part of the customary habits. <v Richard Hopkins>So that is a matter of fact, is very good. <v Richard Hopkins>Case in point of just how industrialization and the draw that industrialization <v Richard Hopkins>exerted on immigrants helped to alter the state's <v Richard Hopkins>viewpoints and politics. <v Speaker>And in fact, it demonstrates extremely long term social values. <v Richard Hopkins>Oh yes, very much so.

<v Speaker>Continuing over- <v Richard Hopkins>Well we're what, almost a century away now and those those values <v Richard Hopkins>structures are still being reflected. <v Don Davis>Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield. <v Don Davis>Benjamin Harrison. William McKinley. <v Don Davis>These are not the names we first think of when the American presidency is mentioned. <v Don Davis>None of them approaches in the eyes of historians, the stature of Jefferson, Lincoln, <v Don Davis>Wilson and Roosevelt. But these Ohioans, along with Grant, controlled <v Don Davis>the nation's highest office for the better part of the post-Civil War period down to the <v Don Davis>turn of the century. <v Don Davis>Grant, the 18th president, came from a military background, as did six of <v Don Davis>Ohio's presidents. He easily won the 1868 election, <v Don Davis>but antagonized party regulars by appointing his cabinet without regard to Republican <v Don Davis>patronage. A splinter group, the Liberal Republican Party, resulted <v Don Davis>and in the 1872 election nominated Horace Greeley, an Ohioanwho <v Don Davis>became famous with his phrase, Go west, young man, go west. <v Don Davis>Greeley went east, however, to become editor of the New York Tribune.

<v Don Davis>He was also nominated by the Democrats, but to no avail, for Grant easily <v Don Davis>won reelection. <v Don Davis>Grant's second term was rocked by scandals to which he was not personally a party. <v Don Davis>But these, combined with the tradition against third terms, resulted in his retirement <v Don Davis>from public life. <v Don Davis>The nation's 19th president was another Ohioan, Rutherford B. <v Don Davis>Hayes. He pledged to serve only one term, but almost didn't get that. <v Don Davis>Initial returns gave Democrat Samuel Tilden a popular majority and the election. <v Don Davis>But a 15 member electoral commission was set up by Congress to investigate. <v Don Davis>Comprised of eight Republicans and seven Democrats the <v Don Davis>commission voted 8 to 7 in favor of Hayes, giving him the presidency <v Don Davis>by one electoral vote. <v Don Davis>Reaction to the outcome was tempered by a secret agreement with Southern conservatives <v Don Davis>in which Hayes promised to remove troops and support more appropriations to the South. <v Don Davis>Hayes did not seek reelection, but instead supported fellow Buckeye James A.

<v Don Davis>Garfield. Garfield won the 1880 election, but served less <v Don Davis>than a year before being assassinated by a disgruntled office seeker. <v Don Davis>The great grandson of a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Benjamin Harrison, <v Don Davis>was born in 1833 in North Bend, Ohio. <v Don Davis>After winning the Republican nomination for president in 1888, he campaigned <v Don Davis>against Democrat Grover Cleveland and for the second time in American history, the <v Don Davis>candidate with the majority of the popular vote lost to the candidate with the most <v Don Davis>electoral votes. <v Don Davis>Harrison presided over the admission of six new states to the union, and it was during <v Don Davis>his administration that the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed. <v Don Davis>The nation's economy suffered reverses, however, and in a return bout against Grover <v Don Davis>Cleveland, Harrison lost the 1892 election. <v Don Davis>As Ohio and the nation moved into the 20th century, the impact of technology <v Don Davis>began to be felt more and more in the daily lives of Americans.

<v Don Davis>The automobile, the telephone, the phonograph and the electric light had all <v Don Davis>made their appearance by 1900 and more profound innovations were on the <v Don Davis>way. After years of research, the Wright brothers Wilbur and Orville <v Don Davis>began work in nineteen two on a motor driven airplane. <v Don Davis>A little more than a year later, December 1903, the Wrights took their machine to Kitty <v Don Davis>Hawk, North Carolina, and with Orville at the controls, recorded history's <v Don Davis>first powered flight. Lasting only 12 seconds and covering but <v Don Davis>120 feet. The flight attracted little attention initially, in part <v Don Davis>because of the Wrights' aversion to publicity, as Wilbur once remarked, <v Don Davis>"if I talked a lot, I'd be like the parrot, a bird that talks most and flies <v Don Davis>least." Eventually, however, the significance of the accomplishment became <v Don Davis>apparent to all. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, <v Don Davis>and himself an engineer. <v Neil Armstrong>The brothers Wright lived in experimented in Dayton.

<v Neil Armstrong>They were far more, however, than <v Neil Armstrong>bicycle shop inventors. <v Neil Armstrong>They were scientists and engineers who were dedicated <v Neil Armstrong>to careful and accurate work. <v Neil Armstrong>They respected but did not unreservedly accept the conclusions <v Neil Armstrong>of other scientists who are more highly educated or more well-known. <v Neil Armstrong>Their diligence led them to unlocking the secrets of flight. <v Neil Armstrong>Our government was unconvinced of the value of the flying machine. <v Neil Armstrong>But European nations were clamoring for the rights to their invention. <v Neil Armstrong>Although they eventually sold aircraft in Europe, they <v Neil Armstrong>retained the rights to provide the technology to the United States, when <v Neil Armstrong>and if they decided that the whole idea was worthwhile. <v Neil Armstrong>Well, as we all know, the airplane rapidly developed into the premier method <v Neil Armstrong>of commercial transportation.

<v Neil Armstrong>The airplane has brought the peoples of our planet closer together and changed the <v Neil Armstrong>concept of our world. <v Don Davis>Former astronaut Neil Armstrong. <v Don Davis>The 1920 presidential election was notable in that both major parties nominated <v Don Davis>Ohioans for the top post. <v Don Davis>The Democrats selected James Cox, the state's governor who campaigned for continued <v Don Davis>domestic reform and the internationalist policies of Woodrow Wilson. <v Don Davis>"Return to Normalcy" was the slogan of Senator Warren Harding, a staunch <v Don Davis>conservative and opponent of America's entry into the League of Nations. <v Don Davis>In one of the most lopsided victories in U.S. <v Don Davis>political history, Harding tallied 61 percent of the popular vote. <v Don Davis>The nation entered the roaring 20s with the Republicans firmly in control. <v Speaker>[Upbeat swing music plays]. <v Don Davis>As <v Don Davis>did most of the presidents following the First World War, Warren Harding hoped to lead

<v Don Davis>the country into a new prosperity based on the pattern of life before the war <v Don Davis>and on traditional American values. <v Don Davis>Historians generally have looked upon Harding as one of the country's weakest presidents. <v Don Davis>But to the voters in 1920, the Republican Party and its compromise standard <v Don Davis>bearer promised an alternative for the crucial problems faced by an emerging world <v Don Davis>power. One of the principal issues was the League of Nations. <v Don Davis>Woodrow Wilson had refused to compromise on his concept of the league, and it was widely <v Don Davis>believed that any Republican could have won in 1920. <v Warren Harding>My countrymen, we believe the unspeakable followed <v Warren Harding>the immeasurable sacrifice of the awakened convictions <v Warren Harding>and the aspiring content of humankind must commit <v Warren Harding>if the nations of the earth to a new and better relationship. <v Warren Harding>It need not be discussed now what motive plunged the world into <v Warren Harding>war. It need not be inquired whether we ask the sons

<v Warren Harding>of this republic to defend our national rights, as I <v Warren Harding>believe we did. <v Warren Harding>Or depart the old world of the accumulated ills of rivalry and greed. <v Warren Harding>The sacrifices will be in vain if we cannot <v Warren Harding>proclaim a new order with added security to civilization <v Warren Harding>and peace maintained. <v Warren Harding>I can speak unreservedly of the American aspirations and <v Warren Harding>the Republican commital, for an association of nations <v Warren Harding>cooperating in sublime accord to obtain and preserve <v Warren Harding>peace throguh justice rather than force. <v Warren Harding>Determined to add security to international law. <v Warren Harding>Dole clarified that no misconstruction can be possible without <v Warren Harding>affronting world honor. It is better to be the free and disinterested agent <v Warren Harding>of international justice and advancing civilization <v Warren Harding>with a covenant of conscience, than to be shackled by a

<v Warren Harding>written contract which renders our freedom of action and gives the military <v Warren Harding>alliance the right to proclaim America's duty to the world. <v Don Davis>Harding died in office in 1923. <v Don Davis>A death many believed to have been caused partly by scandals in his administration. <v Don Davis>Harding had appointed numerous friends to public office, and some of these were his <v Don Davis>undoing. While on a cross-country trip, he became ill in Seattle, <v Don Davis>possibly from food poisoning. <v Don Davis>Earlier, a coded message had been delivered concerning a Senate investigation into <v Don Davis>oil leasing. <v Don Davis>Hardings condition worsened and he died on August 2nd in San Francisco, presumably <v Don Davis>of pneumonia, although no autopsy was performed. <v Don Davis>At his death, crowds lined the route back to Washington of the president <v Don Davis>who wanted to return to an earlier time. <v Don Davis>In the humdrum of our daily lives, we often take for granted <v Don Davis>the technical genius of those who have contributed to our way of life. <v Don Davis>If you were sitting at a railroad crossing listening to this broadcast on the way home

<v Don Davis>from the drugstore, chances are you would have encountered five examples of <v Don Davis>Charles Kettering's genius. <v Don Davis>A 1904 graduate of the Ohio State University, Kettering is credited <v Don Davis>with the development, among other things, of the first electric cash register, <v Don Davis>high octane gasoline, the electric starter for automobiles, the <v Don Davis>diesel locomotive and nontoxic refrigerants. <v Don Davis>Kettering felt that formal education alone was not a prime requirement to be an inventor, <v Don Davis>and he took a somewhat irreverent attitude toward those who thought it did. <v Charles Kettering>It's amazing how people think that if you haven't gotten a degree in something, <v Charles Kettering>you can't possibly know anything about it. <v Charles Kettering>We had developed these things called Freon, which was uh, refrigerating gas. <v Charles Kettering>And I was asked to present certificates to the boys who'd worked <v Charles Kettering>on that here in New York, and I'd had to go to <v Charles Kettering>another meeting, uh, another dinner,

<v Charles Kettering>and I had gotten to this one just when we were getting ice cream and coffee. <v Charles Kettering>And I sat down at a table and I sense right away <v Charles Kettering>nobody knew where these Freons came from. <v Charles Kettering>So when I came to present these little certificates, I told the story of I we took the <v Charles Kettering>wallpaper of an old house dining room and we papered it <v Charles Kettering>with white paper and we do the cords in there of the <v Charles Kettering>criticla pressures and temperatures of all the known gases used in refrigerators. <v Charles Kettering>And right there where we'd like to have it was a big hole. <v Charles Kettering>So we said, how we gonna move them down? <v Charles Kettering>Well, we said if we can just substitute some of the chlorine in some of those compounds <v Charles Kettering>with fluorine, we can move it down because everybody was horrified because <v Charles Kettering>they said you certainly wouldn't put fluid in the recycling machine because it would eat <v Charles Kettering>it up. <v Charles Kettering>I said, I don't know. I think we had to try it. <v Charles Kettering>And so we did. And it didn't.

<v Charles Kettering>In other words, it was one of the nicest, most accommodating <v Charles Kettering>gases in the world. <v Charles Kettering>I got back to the table, fellow said "you had no right to make a talk like that, you're <v Charles Kettering>no chemist." <v Charles Kettering>I said, what do you mean? He says, you have no degree in chemistry. <v Charles Kettering>I said, where do you get the Freons from? <v Charles Kettering>He says, that has nothing to do with it. You have no right to talk on chemsitry because <v Charles Kettering>you have no degree in chemistry. <v Charles Kettering>And so since then, I've been very careful. <v Charles Kettering>Because I didn't know the degree had anything to do with it. <v Charles Kettering>And so the thing we need to recognize today that what the fundamentals <v Charles Kettering>of education are, is to take the material that the <v Charles Kettering>Lord gave you and make the most out of it, say. <v Charles Kettering>If he was a left handed guy, let him be left handed guy. <v Charles Kettering>But make him be the best lefthanded guy that you ever saw.

<v Don Davis>Prominent politically active families may be found in many <v Don Davis>of the states of the union. The Byrds of Virginia or the Longs of Louisiana, for example, <v Don Davis>and Ohio is no different. <v Don Davis>The Taft family of Cincinnati first gained notice on the national scene right after the <v Don Davis>civil war. And Tafts have continued in one high office or another down to the present <v Don Davis>day. Alfonzo Taft was secretary of war and attorney general <v Don Davis>in the Grant administration. <v Don Davis>His son, William Howard, became the twenty seventh president <v Don Davis>in 1909. The younger Taft's greatest ambition wasn't fulfilled, however, until 1921, <v Don Davis>when he was appointed chief justice of the United States, a position he held until his <v Don Davis>death in 1930. <v Don Davis>The political fortunes of the family did not win with his passing, for his son, Robert A. <v Don Davis>Taft was elected to the U.S. <v Don Davis>Senate in 1938 and played a dominant role in the nation's affairs until his <v Don Davis>death in 1953. <v Don Davis>Often hailed as Mr. Republican, Senator Taft's greatest legislative achievement,

<v Don Davis>perhaps, was the Taft-Hartley Labor Management Relations Act of 1947. <v Don Davis>In that same year, in a debate with Auto Workers president Walter Ruther, Taft <v Don Davis>offered his view of the relationship between government and industry. <v Robert Taft>I want to help the little fella, and I say the only way you'll help a little fella is <v Robert Taft>to improve the plant, the machinery that he has to increase the production <v Robert Taft>in the United States, not by a lot of government bureau regulation. <v Robert Taft>That's never helped the little fella. Never well. <v Don Davis>Senator Robert Taft Sr., speaking in 1947. <v Don Davis>A quarter century later, in 1975, U.S. <v Don Davis>Senator Robert Taft Jr. <v Don Davis>Had this observation on the role of government: <v Robert Taft Jr.>In my opinion, our country faces a problem of overregulation, which is detrimental to <v Robert Taft Jr.>our general economic welfare and in many cases works against the best <v Robert Taft Jr.>interests of the public. <v Robert Taft Jr.>Our problem is further compounded by the fact that the state of many of our regulatory

<v Robert Taft Jr.>agencies seems near paralysis or collapse. <v Robert Taft Jr.>Experiences dictated that they have not only betrayed the consumer, but they have also <v Robert Taft Jr.>wasted the taxpayers money and constituted a bureaucratic nightmare for American <v Robert Taft Jr.>industry, business and local and state government as well. <v Robert Taft Jr.>I think we must in the ninety fourth Congress and subsequent Congresses, take on the task <v Robert Taft Jr.>of thoroughly reviewing the purposes, objectives and performances of our regulatory <v Robert Taft Jr.>agencies with a view to recommending appropriate revisions to improve their <v Robert Taft Jr.>effectiveness. In the process, we must focus, I think, upon the interests of the American <v Robert Taft Jr.>public individually and as a whole. <v Robert Taft Jr.>Any ultimate recommendation for reform must ensure fairness, balance and completeness <v Robert Taft Jr.>in the consideration of their interests. <v Robert Taft Jr.>The individual Americans. <v Speaker>Our outlook on life is not only shaped by statesmen and scientists, industrialists <v Speaker>and inventors, but also by men of letters. <v Speaker>Two Ohioans of note in this field are James Thurber and Jerome <v Speaker>Lawrence. A native of Columbus, Thurber's masterpieces include

<v Speaker>"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" and "My Life and Hard Times". <v Speaker>For years, his cartoons in The New Yorker entertained millions. <v Speaker>Unlike many literary greats, however, he did not berate the advent of such technical <v Speaker>innovations as television. <v James Thurber>Years ago, when <v James Thurber>television was very young, I went on television, CBS and <v James Thurber>then - and then 193, I was on the television show at <v James Thurber>the Alexander Palace in London. <v James Thurber>And so I was in it pretty early. <v James Thurber>And London, by the way, was way- uh, England, way ahead of us. <v James Thurber>Then technologically, we knew very little about television. <v James Thurber>They had sets and railway stations and hotel lobbies and they were putting on <v James Thurber>things that were- took us two or three years to catch up with. <v James Thurber>I was once riding, riding in a cab with T.S. <v James Thurber>Eliot and he asked me what I thought about television. <v James Thurber>I asked him what he thought and he said, "Well, I hope it doesn't become the ruination of

<v James Thurber>our country here." And it won't do that because this country <v James Thurber>doesn't ruin easily. But we all know the problems. <v James Thurber>It does present challenges of all kind. <v James Thurber>After all, how can there be twenty four hours a day of sheer entertainment every <v James Thurber>day. It's an extremely hard thing to do. <v James Thurber>Everybody's lectured on the brutality and sadism of the cop stories <v James Thurber>and the westerns. <v James Thurber>But then there's professors of psychology who will say, well, that <v James Thurber>channels off the, uh, those instincts in the young. <v James Thurber>That is, it cannot be established because you watch somebody beating somebody up, you <v James Thurber>want to go out and do it. Perhaps this is satisfied, that urge in the person just away. <v James Thurber>Yes. I believe we often make yes, we often make up our minds too <v James Thurber>fast in America, we're famous for that. <v James Thurber>I'm not worried about- some of my most intellectual and gentle friends <v James Thurber>are crazy about Westerns. <v James Thurber>Unnecessary nihilism.

<v Don Davis>James Thurber, interviewed in 1960 by Jean Girard, a public station <v Don Davis>WOSU. <v Don Davis>Among other Ohioans who have made their mark on American culture and values are <v Don Davis>playwrights Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. <v Don Davis>Lee. Their play Inherit the Wind has been translated <v Don Davis>into more than 30 languages, but their best known work seems to be Auntie Mame. <v Don Davis>And its musical adaptation, Mame. <v Don Davis>Speaking of their plays, Lawrence has said, "we often use the past to help <v Don Davis>illuminate the present. In our plays, we have attempted to grapple with universal <v Don Davis>themes, even in our comedies. <v Don Davis>We have tried to attain a blend between the dramatic and the entertaining. <v Don Davis>Our most serious works are always leavened with laughter, and our seemingly frivolous <v Don Davis>comedies have subtexts which say something important for the contemporary world." <v Don Davis>In a post-industrial technotronic age, when 1984 is <v Don Davis>just around the corner, Lawrence describes his view of the place of man in the world.

<v Jerome Lawrence>Last week on Earth Day, there was a slogan with <v Jerome Lawrence>the wisdom of the very young scrawled around some walls in New York City, and <v Jerome Lawrence>I copied it down. And this is what it said: We treat this world <v Jerome Lawrence>of ours as if we had a spare one in our back pockets. <v Jerome Lawrence>We can plot the future as surely as a playwright can steer his play. <v Jerome Lawrence>Sometimes we feel helpless. <v Jerome Lawrence>But I believe we can do something positive to make positive that'll plus <v Jerome Lawrence>answer results. That subtraction of all that is human is not the fate of humanity. <v Jerome Lawrence>We do not have to dehumanize if every day of our living lives, we <v Jerome Lawrence>live our lives and rehumanize, at every level work toward a <v Jerome Lawrence>man to man relationship, a man to woman relationship, a teacher to <v Jerome Lawrence>student relationship, and not a machine to man existence, which will <v Jerome Lawrence>end up, I am afraid, as a machine to machine relationship.

<v Jerome Lawrence>Then we shall rust into oblivion. <v Don Davis>We have tried in this hour to present a coherent picture of the Buckeye State, its people <v Don Davis>and traditions. At the beginning of the broadcast we posed the question, <v Don Davis>Is Ohio in its outlook and attitudes a microcosm of the nation? <v Don Davis>Or is it distinctively different? <v Don Davis>Well, in practical Buckeye style, we asked the polling metrics laboratory of the <v Don Davis>Ohio State University Political Science Department to run a computer analysis of <v Don Davis>national surveys comparing the attitudes of Ohioans with those of the rest <v Don Davis>of the nation. The results are in, and the microcosm theory <v Don Davis>appears to win. <v Don Davis>We say "appears" because our studies showed almost no difference between the <v Don Davis>political and social attitudes of Ohioans and Americans in general. <v Don Davis>But it could not tell us the effect of such cultural and ethnic diversity pressed <v Don Davis>upon itself. Perhaps the answer is that there is no effect. <v Don Davis>Something reassuring to know as our world grows ever smaller.

<v Speaker>The program was produced by WOSU in cooperation with public stations WMUB <v Speaker>in Oxford, WGUC Cincinatti and WCBE Columbus. <v Speaker>The producer was Alan Huntly. <v Speaker>The program was written by Terry Dagliardo, Mark Stevens, and John Archer. <v Speaker>The narrator was Don Davis. <v Speaker>All of the music was native to the state and we acknowledge the invaluable assistance in <v Speaker>preparing this broadcast of the Ohio Historical Society, The Center of Science and <v Speaker>Industry, The Broadcasting Foundation of America, The Departments of History and <v Speaker>Political Science at the Ohio State University and National Public Radio. <v Speaker>This program has been a production of the Ohio State University Telecommunication Center.