First Frontier

<v Speaker>This production is made possible by grants from the Alabama Humanities Foundation. <v Speaker>A state program of the National Endowment for the Humanities. <v Speaker>The Lynn Henley Trust. <v Speaker>And the Alabama Public Television Network. <v Speaker>[singing] <v Speaker>In the moments before the dawn, a green chief

<v Speaker>would prepare himself for communion with the spirits of men and <v Speaker>the spirits of nature. <v Speaker>He would call forth from his people, their goods, their labor <v Speaker>and their heart and to the spirit of these gifts. <v Speaker>He would add all the mystical power at his command and send the power skyward <v Speaker>to show the sun its path, the cross the heavens and keep all of nature. <v Speaker>In harmony. <v Speaker>Narration followed generation all united in the faith that

<v Speaker>made the corn harvest rich, the hunt successful, and the rivers <v Speaker>teeming with fish flowed through the person of the chief, to his nobles, <v Speaker>to his people and to his world. <v Speaker>But a new force was to enter this world.

<v Speaker>A force of such power and savagery that it demanded battle. <v Speaker>And once the armies were set in motion, the conflict would rage season after <v Speaker>countless seasons. <v Speaker>After all, an entire continent hung in the balance. <v Speaker>Like those of his generation, he was the legacy of eight centuries of war, brilliant <v Speaker>with Sword and Lance, a superb horseman. <v Speaker>He proved himself in combat at 16. <v Speaker>At 34, he conquered and plundered a kingdom and was among the richest in the Christian <v Speaker>world at 40 years of age.

<v Speaker>He had done, but no one in that world could lay claim to. <v Speaker>He stepped foot into the interior of North America. <v Speaker>De Soto had taken part in the conquest of Peru and benefited handsomely from <v Speaker>the plunder of the Incan kingdom. <v Speaker>He petitioned the Spanish crown for a governorship in the new world. <v Speaker>He was granted love Florida and directed to pacify and convert the natives <v Speaker>and populate the new colony. <v Speaker>Right there is the Democratic claims that they donated. <v Speaker>With the golden leaves of Mexico and Peru behind in the mystery and prompt

<v Speaker>of a vast continent ahead. <v Speaker>De Soto had assembled the best and best equipped, best provisioned expeditionary <v Speaker>force that the world had ever seen. <v Speaker>The army burned over 700, for there had been no shortage on tears. <v Speaker>Rich and poor boiled in winter. <v Speaker>They had come from all walks of life, all served with a seasoned, <v Speaker>successful conquistador and all united in the hopes <v Speaker>of finding and taking a fortune in golden plunder from the new <v Speaker>world. <v Speaker>Word of the Spanish of their demands and of their brutalities ran far ahead of the <v Speaker>expedition itself. <v Speaker>Some of the Indians who lay in the Army's path attempted to pacify the Spaniards <v Speaker>with gifts of slaves, furs, food and women.

<v Speaker>Some simply abandoned their villages. <v Speaker>But a few mounted an open, organized, armed defiance. <v Speaker>It was humility about you. It's about how you. <v Speaker>The sign of the great chief had to be past his order, received and set into motion. <v Speaker>They had no knowledge of memories for and lands' armor <v Speaker>gun and no experience with mass infantry and charging cavalry. <v Speaker>They did have weapons and wouldn't stone a skill in individual combat

<v Speaker>and an understanding that the battle would be fought to the death <v Speaker>from landfall in the Gulf of Mexico, De Soto turned north and followed the rumor <v Speaker>of gold deep into the interior of the continent. <v Speaker>In May of 15 40, the expedition stumbled into the province of coffee to TriQuint, <v Speaker>where burial temples yielded several hundred pounds of freshwater pearls <v Speaker>further north. <v Speaker>The expedition found the province of CUSA, but no gold, <v Speaker>receiving word of a great chief. <v Speaker>De Soto turned south and left Kyuss at the end of September. <v Speaker>His army marched towards the village of Atha Hachey. <v Speaker>There, the Spanish would meet the man who would turn the course of the entire expedition <v Speaker>and in some small way perhaps turn the course of history. <v Speaker>Adolfo Hachey de Soto would find the Indian chief Tuscaloosa. <v Speaker>The formalities of greeting exchanged De Soto requested 400 bearers

<v Speaker>and one hundred women. <v Speaker>The men were supplied and the women promised on arrival at the village of maybe <v Speaker>Luff de <v Speaker>Soto had spent the last few nights an open encampment, ill tempered and impatient. <v Speaker>He was determined to take up lodging in the village. <v Speaker>He ignored the suspicions of his advance guard and headed for the village gates. <v Speaker>Kostic.

<v Speaker>Go seek a. <v Speaker>Kozik. <v Speaker>Cavalry charges forced to retreat within.

<v Speaker>But after several hours of siege, the Spanish cut through the Palisades. <v Speaker>Nine hours of fighting left more than 1000 Indian dead. <v Speaker>Most perished in the flames of the burning town. <v Speaker>The fate of Tuscaloosa is not known. <v Speaker>So bad.

<v Speaker>Some 20 Spaniards died of the living. <v Speaker>Nearly all were wounded. Many six were seven times when the attack <v Speaker>began. The Indian terrorists who had accompanied the expedition retreated within <v Speaker>the village walls. They took what they carried food, <v Speaker>supplies, clothing. <v Speaker>The fire consumed all the destitute survivors, treated what wounds <v Speaker>they could, finding them with scraps of clothing from the dead. <v Speaker>There were more bandages by morning. <v Speaker>It was a month before the army had buried all of its dead and recovered enough strength

<v Speaker>to move. De Soto had received word that ships and provisions waved in <v Speaker>the Gulf of Mexico. 40 leaks to the south. <v Speaker>But he had no wealth to send home. <v Speaker>No gold to reward. Hardship, toil and death. <v Speaker>Fearful of a mutiny. <v Speaker>He never told his men of the ships and of the provisions. <v Speaker>He turned the army north and pushed farther into the uncharted, limitless <v Speaker>interior. <v Speaker>A year and a half later, DeSoto, his body was committed to the waters of the Mississippi <v Speaker>River. He was felled not by combat, <v Speaker>but by Pfieffer. <v Speaker>What remained of his expedition strangled its way to the Gulf and found refuge in Mexico <v Speaker>in September of fifteen forty three. <v Speaker>More explorers than settlers.

<v Speaker>The Spanish presented no lasting threat. <v Speaker>But they left behind a foe that did <v Speaker>a relentless foe that could not be appeased by gold <v Speaker>or silver slaves or corn. <v Speaker>Well, we figured it that. <v Speaker>We know that they will that. <v Speaker>Like a fire out of control.

<v Speaker>Disease swept through the continent. <v Speaker>Measles. Mumps. <v Speaker>Plague. <v Speaker>Typhoid. Influenza. <v Speaker>Yellow fever. <v Speaker>Small pox. <v Speaker>There was no immunity. <v Speaker>None. <v Speaker>In the space of a generation. <v Speaker>Perhaps three fourths of the population perished. <v Speaker>Millions died. <v Speaker>No culture or religious system could survive this Holocaust. <v Speaker>An entire way of life. <v Speaker>Descendants of the survivors reorganized his Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee

<v Speaker>and Creek. They were town dwellers who farmed nearby fields, hunted <v Speaker>surrounding woods and traveled for the small luxuries supplied by trade <v Speaker>and the great sport of a game with a neighbor. <v Speaker>The Great Chiefs, complex society and the hereditary class structure of earlier <v Speaker>days was gone. Chiefs and councils of beloved men advised, not <v Speaker>commanded tribal custom regulated conduct for individual freedom <v Speaker>was held in such high regard that if the tribe acted as a group, it was only through the <v Speaker>consensus of its members. <v Speaker>Into this society, can goods from another world with a simple

<v Speaker>exchange. The Indians left the Stone Age behind. <v Speaker>Metal tools replaced those of flint bone and shell guns, replaced <v Speaker>bows and arrows. <v Speaker>But in that simple exchange, they would barter away part of their freedom <v Speaker>for an irrevocable dependance on European goods. <v Speaker>British colonists founded Charleston in the Carolina colony, 16 17. <v Speaker>They intended to produce race, indigo and cotton, but from the <v Speaker>outset, the settlers were approached by Indians who wanted to trade. <v Speaker>Guns, metal tools, cloth and other manufactured goods. <v Speaker>They came with two things the white man wanted deer skins and slaves.

<v Speaker>There was advantage to be gained on both sides of the transaction. <v Speaker>And soon, British traders range through Indian territory south to Spanish, <v Speaker>Florida and west as far as the Mississippi River. <v Speaker>In a few years, Charleston became the center of British commerce in the southeast and <v Speaker>trade became the principal method of British colonial expansion. <v Speaker>All the land drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries was claimed for <v Speaker>France in sixteen eighty two, but there was no permanent settlement until

<v Speaker>the end of the century. <v Speaker>In 17th to this year, WVU was appointed governor of Louisiana <v Speaker>Colony and he founded mbira as the capital. <v Speaker>The Indians traded furs and food to the colonists. <v Speaker>But France, for a variety of reasons, was unable to manufacture and transport it to <v Speaker>Louisiana. Trade goods of sufficient quality and quantity to compete with the British. <v Speaker>And so to preserve good relations and extend their influence among Indian tribes, <v Speaker>the French relied more on diplomacy than on commerce. <v Speaker>The Indians may have preferred to trade with the British, but they enjoyed the company <v Speaker>of the French and invited them to build forts and set up warehouses deep within <v Speaker>Indian territory. <v Speaker>Fought to lose? Well, Inside Creek territory was garrisoned by French

<v Speaker>soldiers and marked the easternmost boundary of the Louisiana colony. <v Speaker>It lay three weeks upriver from mobile. <v Speaker>From Charleston, the overland journey into Creek Country took over a month. <v Speaker>To satisfy their own demand for European goods and European demand <v Speaker>for deer skins, the Indians had altered the economic basis of their society. <v Speaker>They were no longer farmers. <v Speaker>They were commercial hunters. <v Speaker>Charleston alone shipped more than 50000 thousand skins a year.

<v Speaker>The. <v Speaker>John Spencer is trading post play in Upper Creek territory on the Tallapoosa River, just <v Speaker>seven short miles from Fort Lewis. <v Speaker>Spencer, like many other British traders, had been invited to set up his store. <v Speaker>In this case, the invitation was issued by an Upper Creek war chief who was aware of his <v Speaker>people's increasing reliance on trade and intended to apply them with those who could <v Speaker>supply the best goods at the lowest cost. <v Speaker>He was called the wolf. <v Speaker>He was Spencer's landlord, his host among the creeks <v Speaker>and his protector. <v Speaker>From the pivot of trade swung the balance of power in the southeast and the low quality

<v Speaker>and uncertain quantity of French goods cost Louisiana potential Indian allies to <v Speaker>Carolina and newly formed Georgia colony. <v Speaker>However, what might not be particularly valuable is trade goods. <v Speaker>Diplomatically adroit French found invaluable as presence. <v Speaker>The services which were provided free of charge and the gift which accompany them were <v Speaker>extraordinarily influential. <v Speaker>In the spring of 1740, an Indian Congress was killed at Fort Aloose, <v Speaker>the French commander called a meeting of several Creek headmen to discuss, among other <v Speaker>matters, the destruction of all British trading houses in Upper Creek territory. <v Speaker>The first target of this proposed action was Spenser's. <v Speaker>Those mean these old missile visit me for losing you. <v Speaker>[speaking French] The commander had harangued the crowd headmen for most of the

<v Speaker>afternoon. He emphasized the unwavering friendship and goodwill of the French. <v Speaker>He promised the usual gifts and budy and kept the liquor flowing, <v Speaker>bottled up after bottles. <v Speaker>The Creeks listened patiently to his talk. <v Speaker>What would send them into action, however undiscovered, was the assertion that the <v Speaker>British had not come to barter for their deerskin but to take their land, <v Speaker>to drive the Indians from it and to plung dagger's into their hearts. <v Speaker>[speaking French] <v Speaker>The Wolf knew of the French plan to destroy Spenser's, and he was determined <v Speaker>to defend his traitor.

<v Speaker>It was so typical. The conflict between British and French played out between their <v Speaker>Indian allies. <v Speaker>Ow, ow, ow, ow, ow. <v Speaker>Mr.. <v Speaker>I left.

<v Speaker>They're going to pass Jibran, Jay. <v Speaker>The struggle between the British and the French for colonial supremacy would not be <v Speaker>resolved in America, but in Europe. <v Speaker>In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War and awarded <v Speaker>the victor Great Britain, virtually all of the French and Spanish holdings from North <v Speaker>America, east of the Mississippi River. <v Speaker>Immediately, Great Britain sought to establish herself in her newly acquired territory <v Speaker>and to impose taxes on the colonies that would return of revenue to the British

<v Speaker>government. The first of these objectives would nearly bring the Indians to war. <v Speaker>The last caused the American Revolution. <v Speaker>What Great Britain had taken a century and a half to achieve. <v Speaker>She would lose in 20 years. <v Speaker>The Indians objected to the assumption that their land could be occupied without their <v Speaker>consent and resisted aggressive encroachments with sporadic acts of violence <v Speaker>and threats of war. <v Speaker>The British attempted to control this resistance through the Indians dependance on trade. <v Speaker>Very, very good. Now I'm going to. <v Speaker>Thank you very much. <v Speaker>Yes. <v Speaker>Yes. <v Speaker>Treaties were struck, which, for the most part, exchanged land for gifts, lower trade

<v Speaker>prices and the promise of no further encroachment. <v Speaker>Less than two years after the expulsion of the French, the Indians had ceded several <v Speaker>million acres to the British. <v Speaker>We meet here today. <v Speaker>A sign of peace. <v Speaker>Let me remind you how this works. <v Speaker>This needle here will come out to here and that will determine how much I pay you <v Speaker>for the scans. <v Speaker>We meet here today by the order of the great King George. <v Speaker>Each one of these weights, you watch that needles there. <v Speaker>Now watch. Up here, there's one seat.

<v Speaker>That's it right there now. <v Speaker>No, no, it's right back. <v Speaker>Wait. Now, if you won't believe me, you won't be able to deal <v Speaker>with anyone. <v Speaker>By 1765, the Indians had become totally dependent on European goods. <v Speaker>The British used this dependance and their monopoly on South-Eastern trade to sort of <v Speaker>continual pressure for land. <v Speaker>There were treaties and agreements and land sessions. <v Speaker>But despite the repeated assurances of British officials, encroachments continued. <v Speaker>King George himself had issued a proclamation that there would be no British settlement <v Speaker>west of the Appalachian Mountains. <v Speaker>But he also granted the governor of Georgia a commission which designated the Mississippi <v Speaker>River as the western boundary of the colony for

<v Speaker>the colonists and the government which taxed them. <v Speaker>Cattle, crops and trade were simply too profitable to be ignored. <v Speaker>Encroachments continued. <v Speaker>No. Yes. <v Speaker>You know why? <v Speaker>Before a man is born, the land is here. <v Speaker>And after a man is dead.

<v Speaker>The land is here. <v Speaker>How can a man own it and have it and keep it? <v Speaker>The Indians grew resentful of the steady pressure for land, and the colonists <v Speaker>grew impatient with the obstacles in the path of their expansion along <v Speaker>the border, emotions ran high and violence was easy. <v Speaker>Whites trespassed and were killed. <v Speaker>Indians stole and were killed. <v Speaker>Settlers burned Indian fields and took Indian horses. <v Speaker>And the Indians raided traders for their goods and took the horses back. <v Speaker>If the Indians were to protect the integrity of their land and the colonial government, <v Speaker>the lives of its colonists, the boundaries specified in the treaties had to be marked. <v Speaker>These points are. <v Speaker>So, yes, I

<v Speaker>was trying to say, I think. <v Speaker>Hold your horses. <v Speaker>No, begging him, forced to marry and have more fun. <v Speaker>All right. <v Speaker>We're not going to take the last one. <v Speaker>Hot dog on multimillionaire. <v Speaker>Hi.

<v Speaker>The Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolution in 1783 by <v Speaker>the turn of the century, nearly four generations of columnists had settled and worked, <v Speaker>fought and died in America. <v Speaker>They were Americans. They were natives. <v Speaker>And by virtue of their sweat and blood, they claimed the land as their natural right. <v Speaker>In 1883, the Louisiana Purchase extended the western territory of the United States <v Speaker>at the foot of the Rocky Mountains over land. <v Speaker>White men had never owned and never occupied Indians and hunted and farmed <v Speaker>and lived on the land for centuries. <v Speaker>The United States bought it from France.

<v Speaker>Almost immediately, the government sought to supply roads across Indian territory west <v Speaker>from Georgia and south to the Gulf Coast, justifiably suspicious of ulterior <v Speaker>motives on the part of the United States. <v Speaker>The Creek nation granted the right of way, but restricted its use to the postal <v Speaker>service. When the United States demanded that the road system be expanded <v Speaker>and the restrictions on its use lifted, the creeks refused. <v Speaker>In 1810, in violation of treaty agreements, the United States government had possible <v Speaker>roadways explored and surveyed. <v Speaker>In January of 1811, President Madison assured the Protesting Creek Nation <v Speaker>that the United States had absolutely no designs on their land. <v Speaker>In June, the secretary of war ordered the roads built with or without <v Speaker>Indian consent. <v Speaker>If you can learn to spin and wave other forces threatened the Indian way of life,

<v Speaker>you can make your way in the world without the invention of the cotton. <v Speaker>Gin made the large scale cultivation of the crop profitable and the plantation <v Speaker>system expanded westward where the Indians were caught in the path of what would become <v Speaker>the greatest economic power in the South. <v Speaker>Add to your life, King Cotton, and make life a lot easier. <v Speaker>Make it easier for <v Speaker>hunting premiers. <v Speaker>The ladies have been taught to stand the gentleman to grow cotton in the garden. <v Speaker>The of his heart. Good morning, Mr. Hawkins. <v Speaker>Benjamin Hawkins official duties as Indian agent to the Southern tribes <v Speaker>were would make and enforce treaties, keep peace some ago, and occasionally persuade <v Speaker>the tribes to give up land. <v Speaker>But he also undertook a plan to reshape Indian culture. <v Speaker>If the Indians could be civilized, as Hawkins understood the word, they might <v Speaker>find a place in an expanding white society suddenly

<v Speaker>moving into our culture. <v Speaker>Pretty soon he would be as productive as a white. <v Speaker>I think that Indian is going too slow. <v Speaker>I never saw an Indian work all day. <v Speaker>A land hungry American government saw its own advantage in Hawkin's plans. <v Speaker>If the Indians adopted agriculture, they would not require large tracts of hunting land. <v Speaker>And if Hawkins could influence the Creek Tribal Council, the United States could deal <v Speaker>with a friendly government whose word on treaties and more importantly, land sessions

<v Speaker>would bind the entire creek nation. <v Speaker>Many Indians benefited from Hawkin's reforms and were receptive to the changes <v Speaker>he brought. But others resisted his impositions and were angered by <v Speaker>the persistent American appetite for land. <v Speaker>An opposition arose which would set the Creek nation on the road to civil war. <v Speaker>It was an opposition to everything that was white and at its heart burn decades <v Speaker>of resentment. <v Speaker>It was a revival of almost religious fervor of native <v Speaker>Indian culture. These were red sticks and they were led by their profits. <v Speaker>Destroy all that is white. They said, kill the old chiefs. <v Speaker>The friends of peace. Kill the cattle. <v Speaker>Kill the hogs.

<v Speaker>Burn the wheels and the looms. <v Speaker>And the hoes. <v Speaker>And the plows and everything used by the Americans. <v Speaker>I have been beneath the earth and spoken with the spirits of the water. <v Speaker>Look for me. Call for me. <v Speaker>Lift up your war club. I will show you how to use to drive the white man into the sea. <v Speaker>Got. <v Speaker>All used to be

<v Speaker>a PR mark. <v Speaker>I need help in a Chuck E. <v Speaker>Debauching cutting. <v Speaker>In June of 1812, the United States declared war with Great Britain. <v Speaker>Much to the astonishment of the Indian agent. <v Speaker>And contrary to the reports, the War Department and the governors of the Southern <v Speaker>Territories were convinced that the Indians were a threat to the United States. <v Speaker>Invasion was discussed, <v Speaker>that the Creek Tribal Council had unanimously declared peace with the United States was

<v Speaker>simply viewed as proof of the Indians clever duplicity. <v Speaker>In February of 1813, a band of red stick creeks led by Little Warrior <v Speaker>killed several whites who had settled on disputed territory. <v Speaker>Hawkins demanded the killers be punished. <v Speaker>The tribal council complied and ordered the executions. <v Speaker>Instead, we must cut.

<v Speaker>The echo of gunfire had barely died away before Redds decrease took revenge <v Speaker>on the tribal council who had ordered little warrior's death in <v Speaker>the midst of this violence. White settlers grew fearful. <v Speaker>In July, a red stick party carrying guns and ammunition was attacked by American militia. <v Speaker>Surprised and angered by this unprovoked intervention. <v Speaker>The Red Stick's retaliated. The Fort Mims massacre became known, gave <v Speaker>the United States the incident it needed to enter the Greek civil war and invade the <v Speaker>Greek nation. <v Speaker>And you're a man kind of. Cold, wet, raided by <v Speaker>federal poppy. I already. <v Speaker>Several campaign against the creek ready to fire eventually brought Gen.

<v Speaker>Andrew Jackson to the village of TAHO pickup at a great horseshoe bend <v Speaker>in the Tallapoosa River. <v Speaker>I pray to God your men are as ready as you say they are. <v Speaker>Yes, sir. Yes, sir. <v Speaker>Now, if you will observe the map, I will supervise the placing of a six pounder <v Speaker>and a three pound eminence at this location and on the Breastworks <v Speaker>General Coffee Station, your man along the river one quarter mile <v Speaker>back at this perimeter. <v Speaker>Russell Spies and the Indians will be stationed along the riverbank to prevent any <v Speaker>crossing. Thirty nine will leave the initial attack from here. <v Speaker>That's the breastworks flanked by authorities militia. <v Speaker>The field hospital is here, gentlemen. <v Speaker>The rear guard at these locations. <v Speaker>One final reminder, gentlemen, any officer or <v Speaker>soldier who flies before the enemy without being compelled <v Speaker>by a superior force shelled, suffered death.

<v Speaker>Gentlemen, to victory to the great. <v Speaker>By 10:00 a.m., Jackson and nearly 2000 men had marched into the Horseshoe Bend Peninsula <v Speaker>at 10 30, an artillery barrage was opened in an attempt to breach the log barricades. <v Speaker>Several hours earlier, General Coffey with 700 cavalry and 600 <v Speaker>friendly Cherokee's had crossed the Tallapoosa and encircled the topi could village <v Speaker>from the rear. <v Speaker>Jackson's attack was stoled.

<v Speaker>Around noon, several Cherokee's impatient with the course of battle, undertook <v Speaker>an action of their own. <v Speaker>With the stolen canoes, the Cherokees varied a small force across the river. <v Speaker>Unbeknownst to Jackson, they attacked Tokiko from the. <v Speaker>The Cherokees in a small company of whites swept through the undefended Richling Village

<v Speaker>and put it to the torch as the smoke climbed skyward, they advanced on the wall from <v Speaker>the rear. <v Speaker>Jackson took advantage of the Cherokee's initiative and cleaned his place in history. <v Speaker>I been very, very close to being allowed with the

<v Speaker>bar, not the idea to pay for it and to avoid <v Speaker>the cost of further war. <v Speaker>We need to go back to what, you know, mobility best view that <v Speaker>the United States must indemnify itself <v Speaker>with land. <v Speaker>United States government are happy of any shot. <v Speaker>You may remove our brothers. <v Speaker>The terms of peace I hold in my hand. <v Speaker>I said there is unity over my ability to buscaino volitionally upon Aoshima. <v Speaker>Tomorrow they will be read to you a team that is McClatchey. <v Speaker>Articles of agreement and capitulation made this ninth day of August 1814 <v Speaker>between Major General Andrew Jackson on behalf of the president of the United States of <v Speaker>America and the chief's deputies and lawyers of the Creek Nation. <v Speaker>Whereas an unprovoked, inhuman and sanguinary war waged by the hostile Greeks

<v Speaker>against the United States in. <v Speaker>Devolved to the United States and they identified with the right of property seated here <v Speaker>by article to the United States, will guarantee to the Creek Nation <v Speaker>the integrity of all the territory East Ridley and North Ridley said, line <v Speaker>to be run and described as mentioned in the first article. <v Speaker>Article three. United States demand that the great nation abandon all communications. <v Speaker>These articles of the ventilation. <v Speaker>If ever they shall be found within the territory guaranteed to the Creek Nation by the <v Speaker>second article. <v Speaker>Article seven, the Creek Nation being reduced to extreme one and not at present having <v Speaker>the means of subsistence. The United States, from motives of humanity, will continue <v Speaker>to furnish gratuitously the necessaries of life. <v Speaker>What's going on here? <v Speaker>President, they've fallen down. <v Speaker>We can't make it. Shoot him.

<v Speaker>Constitute the basis of a permanent peace between the two nations. <v Speaker>They do hereby solemnly bind themselves and all the parties concerned and interested <v Speaker>to a faithful performance of every stipulation contained their general. <v Speaker>They are to sign these now. <v Speaker>With the stroke of a pen. <v Speaker>Half a nation was gone. <v Speaker>20 million acres. <v Speaker>The road to Indian removal had been cut and laid. <v Speaker>And over the next 20 years, creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees, <v Speaker>Chickasaw, as would all turn their backs <v Speaker>on home. <v Speaker>And.

<v Speaker>Oh, oh, oh. <v Speaker>Major funding for First Frontier was provided by the Alabama Humanities Foundation.

<v Speaker>A state program of the National Endowment for the Humanities. <v Speaker>Beldin, Hennelly Trust and the Alabama Public Television Network. <v Speaker>You're guide to 1st Frontier, please send two dollars to First Frontier Allburn <v Speaker>Television. Auburn University, Alabama. <v Speaker>Three, six, eight, four nine. <v Speaker>That's First Frontier Allburn Television. <v Speaker>Auburn University, Alabama. Three six eight four nine.