As It Happens; Indian Stereotyping

<v Paula Whistle>Good evening. Welcome to As It Happens. <v Paula Whistle>I'm Paula Whistle. Tonight, we'll be talking with the producers of a TV series <v Paula Whistle>that explores the portrayal of Indians throughout movie and television history. <v Paula Whistle>And later on, we'll be discussing how Indians locally view and are perceived by their <v Paula Whistle>surrounding non-Indian communities. <v Paula Whistle>The word stereotyped is defined by Webster's as anything undistinguished by <v Paula Whistle>individual marks, and the meaning of that word is at the core of a PBS <v Paula Whistle>series entitled Images of Indians. <v Paula Whistle>The program contends that Hollywood's stereotyped view of Indians has been so <v Paula Whistle>consistent that the negative image is often seen on The Late Show or Saturday <v Paula Whistle>Matinee are taken for granted. <v Paula Whistle>[music]. <v Speaker>Apache, Blackfoot, Sioux. Killers all of 'em, They aint even human.

<v Speaker>The plain fact is that the Redskins will steal, hunt and murder, <v Speaker>and the whites will work. <v Speaker>War is their religion. <v Speaker>Murdering savages. <v Speaker>The wind is in the right direction. I can smell an Injun a mile off. <v Speaker>Comanches mate their women early. <v Speaker>Do you ever see what Injuns do when they get a white woman? <v Speaker>[actors speaking a stereotype of Native language] I shore would like to have me that <v Speaker>little paint. <v Speaker>And I shore would like to kill me an injun. <v Dennis Banks>Treatment of Indian people in my Hollywood is absolutely vicious. <v Dennis Banks>And second only to the diseases that were inflicted upon us by <v Dennis Banks>by the settlers and by the United States government. <v Dennis Banks>I would say that Hollywood ranks as one of the most vicious <v Dennis Banks>institutions which has has hurt Indian people. <v Will Sampson>John Ford was known as the grand master of the Western. <v Will Sampson>Yet his approach to native people, for the most part, was racist. <v Will Sampson>How do you feel about the things he chose to film? <v King Vidor>Well, they probably in the character of John Ford

<v King Vidor>without the things that he liked, the characteristic <v King Vidor>image that he decided on himself as a filmmaker <v King Vidor>they probably fitted into that picture. <v King Vidor>And he certainly made a name for himself. <v King Vidor>[music[ <v Will Sampson>Having Indians kidnap innocent whites to subject them to while atrocities <v Will Sampson>has long been a popular theme for movie makers. <v Will Sampson>Director John Ford used it in Two Road Together and The Searchers. <v Will Sampson>[music] <v Speaker>We're looking for a girl- white girl captive. <v Speaker>She should be about 14 now. <v Speaker>14! <v Speaker>We've got two about that age. <v Speaker>Where? <v Speaker>Sergeant. <v Speaker>All of white women are in the chapel, Doctor. <v Speaker>What's this girl to you? <v Speaker>She's my- <v Speaker>She's my niece. <v Speaker>One moment.

<v Will Sampson>Ironically, it was this very theme that helped start the negative Indian <v Will Sampson>image when it was used in the dime novel Seth Jones back in 1860. <v Will Sampson>[woman screaming] <v Speaker>Stand up please. <v Speaker>Debbie. <v Will Sampson>John Ford, like many filmmakers, used the idea that any prolonged personal contact <v Will Sampson>with Indians other than in battle will drive a civilized person insane. <v Will Sampson>Now, that's enough to scare the daylights out of anyone. <v Speaker>It's hard to believe they're white. <v Speaker>They aint white anymore.

<v Will Sampson>More what they don't show, of course, are the numerous incidents throughout <v Will Sampson>history where all attempts to liberate whites living with Indians, were met with a flat <v Will Sampson>refusal, the so-called captives to leave their adopted friends and families. <v Paula Whistle>Narrator of the series Will Sampson visited Fort Hall recently. <v Paula Whistle>And while there, talked with us about his interest as an actor in Hollywood's image of <v Paula Whistle>Indians. Will, you said that Images of Indians talked about the way Indians were <v Paula Whistle>in the movies then and now. How were they then and now? <v Will Sampson>Well, at the onset in the first silent days of film Indians have always been stereotyped <v Will Sampson>from the word go by the dime novels and the books and stories <v Will Sampson>from about Indians that they were savages and ruthless and stalwart <v Will Sampson>and unfeeling and had no humor, you know. <v Will Sampson>[Paula: Mhm] And so this proves that and shows [sniff] how Hollywood <v Will Sampson>perpetuated this, you know, by the use of non-Indian actors made <v Will Sampson>to look like them. It's slowly being changed tody. <v Paula Whistle>Are they still- are Indians still stereotyped in movies for the most part?

<v Will Sampson>Yes, for the most part, they are. <v Paula Whistle>Could you give me any recent examples? <v Will Sampson>Well, for the last part, any time you see <v Will Sampson>'em, they always have to be cast as Indianness, such that they be in beads and feathers, <v Will Sampson>you know. And some of the big productions like Cheyenne August and <v Will Sampson>different things. They've tried to portray them, they said accurately, but they cannot <v Will Sampson>add the historical fact about it because people now this, and they probably <v Will Sampson>wouldn't watch it. So thereby they had to commercialize it by adding some myths and <v Will Sampson>adding stuff left and right. <v Paula Whistle>What is the modern day stereotype of Indians do you think? <v Paula Whistle>[cough] The old stereotype was in feathers <v Paula Whistle>and- [Will: Mhm]. <v Will Sampson>Well, the modern day they still want you to walk slowly and talk slowly and have <v Will Sampson>a blank look on your face, you know. <v Will Sampson>And then many times during our takes the director knows this <v Will Sampson>and I will do a take with feeling and an expression.

<v Will Sampson>But it's OK, let's do one now and don't quite put so much into it, you know. <v Paula Whistle>And that's the take he uses. [laughter] <v Will Sampson>No, I won't do it. <v Will Sampson>No, I'm not going to do that. <v Will Sampson>So that's the way it's going to change. And that's the way they tried to do it. <v Will Sampson>They don't do it with me. <v Charlie Hill>I read somewhere that fourth attack maybe six times over a hundred years. <v Charlie Hill>You see the movie you think we do that every damn day. You know get up don't round the <v Charlie Hill>fire, attack the fort. And it's amazing how that is. <v Charlie Hill>They treat genocide real lightly. <v Charlie Hill>I saw a movie with a- I wasn't with him. <v Charlie Hill>I saw a movie with Bob Hope and it was called Paleface or the Son of Paleface or <v Charlie Hill>something. And the movie, he's shooting Indians and they're following neat stacks with a <v Charlie Hill>body and each bullet. He's telling jokes to his girlfriend. <v Charlie Hill>You're treating genocide real lightly. <v Speaker>We were wrong about the gander. He's doing some mighty shooting. [gunshots and music] <v Speaker>I need a bullet. [gunshots, bullets]. <v Speaker>Let's keep it neat.

<v Dennis Banks>I mean, we've tried- we've tried many different times to <v Dennis Banks>go to the president of the Screen Actors <v Dennis Banks>Guild. We've tried to meet with- We have met with <v Dennis Banks>the president of Columbia Pictures and with many of the network <v Dennis Banks>officials who program the movies onto <v Dennis Banks>TV. And we've- we've we offered a number of <v Dennis Banks>suggestions to them pm how they could correct this stereotyping of Indian people. <v Will Sampson>Until the changes do come, Native Americans will have to contend with the myth, <v Will Sampson>myth about our legends. <v Speaker>We're faster than the run of the Arrow. <v Will Sampson>Myth about our culture. <v Speaker>[laughter] What's so funny. <v Speaker>Only squaws walk [laughter] <v Will Sampson>Myth about our religions. <v Speaker>An Indian chief does not make war tonight. <v Speaker>The sun god would be angry.

<v Speaker>Since my father was a white man, perhaps the sun god will only be half angry. <v Paula Whistle>Once the series on Hollywood's portrayal of Indians was off the ground, some Hollywood <v Paula Whistle>film companies decided they didn't like the image they were being given in the programs <v Paula Whistle>and denied permission for use of their movies. <v Paula Whistle>Producer of Images of Indians, Phil Lucas, says as a result some of the final programs <v Paula Whistle>had to be cut. <v Phil Lucas>Well, the main problems were that we couldn't clear the rights for some of the clips that <v Phil Lucas>we were using in the series. And, uh, even though we had had verbal agreements <v Phil Lucas>from two major film companies and distribution houses that <v Phil Lucas>shall remain nameless for the moment [laughter]. <v Phil Lucas>We had verbal agreements that indeed we could use the footage from one of them. <v Phil Lucas>And we cut the footage in and <v Phil Lucas>then the president of the company said no. <v Phil Lucas>And everybody re- reversed their position.

<v Paula Whistle>What was his official reason? <v Paula Whistle>What do you think was the real official reason? <v Phil Lucas>His official reason was no. [laughter] <v Paula Whistle>What was the reason in your mind? <v Phil Lucas>Well, I think- I think that everybody is very, very conscious of their image. <v Phil Lucas>I think everybody is incredibly- they somehow think that if <v Phil Lucas>they hide all this stuff that they're going to have a better image. <v Phil Lucas>When in reality it works just the other way around. <v Will Sampson>The Unforgiven, directed by John Houston, is probably the most anti-Native American <v Will Sampson>film ever made. [music] <v Speaker>Dont touch me! And <v Speaker>get out of this house! Dirty injun with your injun ways. <v Speaker>I think you've done enough. Wound yourself around my son Johnny, <v Speaker>to give yourself a halfbreed to run around my son Charlie's cabin. <v Speaker>Squaw, squaw, Kiowa squaw.

<v Lee Piper>It's always griped to me to see the movies <v Lee Piper>who have constantly portrayed the American Indian woman as some <v Lee Piper>kind of beast of burden. <v Lee Piper>Movies seem to paint our people, our women, <v Lee Piper>as being a slave to the man, not having any <v Lee Piper>kind of power or authority. <v Lee Piper>In fact, almost not having any kind of sense. <v Lee Piper>[music] [laughter] <v Paula Whistle>Although most of what we've shown you from images of Indians deals with movies,

<v Paula Whistle>television also plays a part. <v Paula Whistle>And producer Phil Lucas doesn't think their image has improved all that much. <v Paula Whistle>As an example, he related an episode of the TV fantasy series The Incredible Hulk, <v Paula Whistle>in which a man tries to visualize a disease in order to cure it. <v Phil Lucas>During the process of this time, he discovers that a blood disease is <v Phil Lucas>the blood cell with little red dots around it. <v Phil Lucas>So then she goes into this trance and she visualizes and you see the blood coursing, the <v Phil Lucas>heart pumping and the lungs lunging, or whatever they're doing [laughter]. <v Phil Lucas>And you go- and they're sort of- and then it dissolves. <v Phil Lucas>There's this wagon train that's it's in a circle and it's surrounded by Indians shooting <v Phil Lucas>at. Okay. That's the disease. The Indians are the disease. <v Phil Lucas>Ok, got it. The blood cell is the pioneers in the wagon train. <v Phil Lucas>Then he fixes her chemotherapy drink, which she drinks, and then she goes <v Phil Lucas>through this whole process again and you see the wagon train. <v Phil Lucas>And then here comes the Calvary to the rescue. <v Phil Lucas>OK, so you've got the Indians of the disease and the Calvary is the medicine that's going <v Phil Lucas>to cure it.

<v Paula Whistle>And you say that's not an isolated instance. <v Phil Lucas>Kemper insurance commercials. <v Phil Lucas>Ever watch them? The Calvary riding through this was the insurance of yesterday, and it's <v Phil Lucas>the symbol of our insurance for today. <v Paula Whistle>Lucas says he doesn't want his children to develop a negative self-image and feel the <v Paula Whistle>pain he did as a child. <v Paula Whistle>And for that reason, as a performer as well as producer, he'd like to rewrite the <v Paula Whistle>negative historical image of Indians. <v Phil Lucas>[Singing This Land Is Your Land] Here's <v Phil Lucas>how we sing the song. <v Phil Lucas>This land was our land. It wasn't your land. <v Phil Lucas>Until we sold told you Manhattan Island. <v Phil Lucas>From the Redwood Islands to the Gulf Stream waters, I'm saying you took this <v Phil Lucas>land away from us. <v Phil Lucas>I think that somewhere there's a tremendous guilt.

<v Phil Lucas>First of all, you know how the beginnings of this country happened and <v Phil Lucas>how we think it happened. <v Phil Lucas>There's a tremendous guilt associated with- with it. <v Phil Lucas>And nobody wants it wants to deal with it in a straightforward manner, because <v Phil Lucas>the fear that maybe if the Indians ever had power, they'd do the same thing to us. <v Phil Lucas>And yet there's nothing in history that would substantiate that. <v Phil Lucas>Nothing. In fact, anytime the Indian people have ever been in a position of power, <v Phil Lucas>they've in fact done the opposite. <v Phil Lucas>They've been very loving. Indian people have traditionally always been very open and <v Phil Lucas>loving people. If that were true, you wouldn't be sitting here interviewing me right now. <v Phil Lucas>[laughter] Your ancestors wouldn't have survived <v Phil Lucas>on this continent. <v Paula Whistle>I guess the argument people around town give- give for not understanding the- <v Paula Whistle>the reservation is for one thing- the reservation is very closed and isolated and keeps <v Paula Whistle>itself isolated from the rest of the community. <v Phil Lucas>Well, that's an interesting phenomenon. You know, in the face of government policies <v Phil Lucas>that have ranged from annihilation to forced

<v Phil Lucas>assimilation in the face of the most powerful forces <v Phil Lucas>in the world. Indian people have survived. <v Phil Lucas>They've not been annihilated by all rights. It should be not not be any Indian people <v Phil Lucas>left in the world. And yet we've survived and we've continued- and we will continue <v Phil Lucas>to survive and- and- and the reasons <v Phil Lucas>are that we have learned how to protect ourselves <v Phil Lucas>and our interests as best we could. <v Phil Lucas>And so sometimes that's viewed as as being isolationists <v Phil Lucas>or whatever. I don't think that's true. <v Phil Lucas>Not in the true sense. I think that- that <v Phil Lucas>we always have considered ourselves human beings and. <v Phil Lucas>And that- that means a lot. <v Phil Lucas>It takes in more than anything else- I think the problem is economic. <v Phil Lucas>I think that it has always been economic. <v Phil Lucas>Our values are just- are just very different.

<v Phil Lucas>The Indian values have always been more in the spiritual realm than in the economic <v Phil Lucas>realm. And it's difficult to deal with that if you're only looking at the economic <v Phil Lucas>aspects. If you- if you say I'm successful, well, I'm I don't know that I am <v Phil Lucas>I'm successful only in the sense that- that I am a human being. <v Phil Lucas>That I- that I am able to to deal with truth as the best <v Phil Lucas>way I can, deal with my environment the best way I can, deal with my family <v Phil Lucas>and my loved ones, that I'm a spiritual being. <v Phil Lucas>If I'm that, then I'm successful. <v Phil Lucas>The other stuff really isn't important. <v Phil Lucas>It's not a measure of success to me. <v Paula Whistle>You mentioned that Indians have been reduced to roles. <v Paula Whistle>What has that resulted in? <v Phil Lucas>It's just like Indians have been dehumanized and and <v Phil Lucas>we're like animals or mascots. <v Phil Lucas>You got the Braves, the Bucks, the Cleveland Indians, the Washington <v Phil Lucas>Redskins. You don't ever have the Cleveland Caucasians or the Washington white boys,

<v Phil Lucas>though nobody would stand for that. But Indians have been dehumanized. <v Phil Lucas>And a lot of it has to do with the fact that you can't- you can't- it's a heavy thing <v Phil Lucas>to kill a human being. And anytime there's ever been an enemy, the enemy <v Phil Lucas>has always been dehumanized. You- you call them various names and you attach <v Phil Lucas>various things to them to dehumanize them so you can kill them then then <v Phil Lucas>it's OK to kill them. And it seems that that has been the pattern with Indian people <v Phil Lucas>throughout history and throughout the films that they have been dehumanized to the point <v Phil Lucas>where if you see an Indian killed it isn't- it's a role that's being killed without any <v Phil Lucas>regard to the human being or any regard for people in the feelings. <v Phil Lucas>Or you never see a three dimensional aspect of Indian people. <v Phil Lucas>You only see the one dimensional thing you know. <v Phil Lucas>I made the comment about that I had a busy week last <v Phil Lucas>week discovering, you know, [laughter] One of the things we talked about is Manifest <v Phil Lucas>Destiny and how we were discovered and our land was discovered. <v Phil Lucas>And so I've been really busy discovering. <v Phil Lucas>I've discovered the banks and I've discovered where all the money is you know [laughter].

<v Phil Lucas>And I discovered a new car. <v Phil Lucas>I discovered lots of things, but I don't have the firepower to hold it you know <v Phil Lucas>[laughter]. So it's really rather meaningless. <v Phil Lucas>But the idea is that it's OK to do that to somebody who isn't human, you see. <v Phil Lucas>Somehow it's OK if- if all of a sudden you have to relate to Indian people <v Phil Lucas>as human beings who have families, who have a home, who- who <v Phil Lucas>have a livelihood, who laugh and cry and have <v Phil Lucas>pain and experience, joy and all of the wonderful things <v Phil Lucas>of life. All of the emotions that are real human beings. <v Phil Lucas>It's hard to kill them. It's hard to kill somebody that, you know, that that you <v Phil Lucas>have an intimate awareness of. <v Phil Lucas>So that's why the dehumanization- dehumanization <v Phil Lucas>processes is so insidious. <v Paula Whistle>And all of this, according to Lucas, perpetrate such things as some letters he read <v Paula Whistle>recently written to a New Mexico Chamber of Commerce. <v Phil Lucas>This lady had been working for the junior chamber of Commerce- for the

<v Phil Lucas>Chamber of Commerce, and she was telling us about all these letters <v Phil Lucas>that they get every year from the eastern part of the United States. <v Phil Lucas>And I said, I want to see them. So she brought a file like this about that. <v Phil Lucas>And she said they they throw them away every year. <v Phil Lucas>And they're just hundreds of letters of people in- in the eastern United States asking <v Phil Lucas>if that- they're saying they're coming out on a vacation to New Mexico <v Phil Lucas>and are the Indians hostile? Is it safe to get out of your car? <v Phil Lucas>Do you need a passport to go onto an Indian reservation? <v Phil Lucas>How will they be treated? I mean, can- is there places to stay? <v Phil Lucas>And on and on and on. I mean, incredible question. <v Phil Lucas>And this is in 1980 that this is going on. <v Phil Lucas>It's unbelievable. And so much of the education that-that the majority, <v Phil Lucas>the people in this country have about Indians is what they get from television and <v Phil Lucas>movies. <v Paula Whistle>And Lucas says that was brought home to him recently while in the Seattle airport. <v Phil Lucas>There was this little boy standing on this side of this door- this gate. <v Phil Lucas>And he looked like he was about maybe 8, 7 or 8.

<v Phil Lucas>Very blond and blue eyed. He kept staring at me. <v Phil Lucas>I was wearing this- this jacket, waistcoat. <v Phil Lucas>He was staring him. And. <v Phil Lucas>Finally, he said. <v Speaker>'Are you in Indian?' And I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'Oh, are you a good Indian?' And <v Speaker>I didn't know quite what he was getting at. But I said- he says, 'Well, do you have an <v Speaker>arrow?' And I said, 'No.' And he said, 'Well, you kill people?' <v Speaker>and I said, 'No' and he just turned and walked away. <v Speaker>It was really very unsettling. <v Speaker>[Singing, song: I'm Easy] <v Paula Whistle>Phil Lucas' concern for more equitable treatment of Indians by history

<v Paula Whistle>and the media is echoed locally by members of the Shoshone-Bannock tribes who reside <v Paula Whistle>on the Fort Hall reservation. <v Paula Whistle>Although surrounded by the populous counties of Bingham, Bannock and Power, much <v Paula Whistle>of the non-Indian population knows little history or culture of the neighboring Indians, <v Paula Whistle>according to tribal chairman Lionel Boyer. <v Paula Whistle>He says that to many in surrounding areas the reservation and its people are invisible. <v Lionel Boyer> The outside community is very <v Lionel Boyer>unaware of what the reservation is, what it's about. <v Lionel Boyer>The fact that it is a- a sovereign nation within the state <v Lionel Boyer>of Idaho, the fact that we have our own tribal government and similar <v Lionel Boyer>to their own state governments, <v Lionel Boyer>the fact that we have elected leaders rather than the <v Lionel Boyer>chiefs as was before.

<v Lionel Boyer>Again we go back to the attitude of <v Lionel Boyer>the outside community is that the stereotype <v Lionel Boyer>of the Indian they- they think of the Indian <v Lionel Boyer>as what has been presented on the media, that we <v Lionel Boyer>have our reservation here, which is where the Calvary has <v Lionel Boyer>placed us, etc. And we have a Fort out here. <v Lionel Boyer>The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the cavalry still maintaining watch over the <v Lionel Boyer>restless ravaging Indians. <v Paula Whistle>What are some of the common stereotypes you see? <v Lionel Boyer>Attitudes of the non-Indian society, non-Indian communities, in reference to <v Lionel Boyer>an Indian- Rather than accepting him as- as a human being, they accept him <v Lionel Boyer>as- they look at him as that Indian. <v Lionel Boyer>And immediately that stereotype is there, that attitude is there. <v Lionel Boyer>And I think, uh-. <v Paula Whistle>They don't see him as an individual person.

<v Lionel Boyer>No, I've commented on this a number of times. <v Lionel Boyer>Take, for instance, the way each of us are dressed here today. <v Lionel Boyer>You take a look at the individuals out on the street. <v Lionel Boyer>Do they stop and look at each other as- as to <v Lionel Boyer>try to determine who they are, what they are? <v Lionel Boyer>No. Here's a- take, for instance, a tourist that's coming through through the state <v Lionel Boyer>of Idaho. He stands out like a sore thumb, but yet <v Lionel Boyer>he- if he's with a crew- crowd of non-Indians <v Lionel Boyer>and an Indian should walk by, who stands out the most? <v Lionel Boyer>The Indian does <v Paula Whistle>Most Shoshone-Bannocks living on the reservation remain fairly isolated until they reach <v Paula Whistle>junior high age. That's when they're bussd off the reservation to attend school in <v Paula Whistle>Blackfoot or Pocatello. And statistics show that the results are more negative than <v Paula Whistle>positive. The dropout rate is tremendous.

<v Paula Whistle>Only one seventh make it through high school. <v Paula Whistle>Many educators say it's difficult for the Indian students to adjust. <v Speaker>I don't know who has the difficulty. If the Indian student has difficulty adjusting to <v Speaker>the public school system or the public school system <v Speaker>has difficulty adjusting to the Indian student. <v Speaker>I think it's important that the maintainment of <v Speaker>an individual culture is- is important. <v Speaker>The assimilation of Indian people into the <v Speaker>dominant society has always been the goal of <v Speaker>the federal government. And, uh, I think they've found that, uh, it is hard to <v Speaker>do. And in a sense, they are achieving that goal <v Speaker>of assimilating into the dominant society, <v Speaker>primarily by acts of legislation, decisions <v Speaker>by the Supreme Court, et cetera.

<v Speaker>I shouldn't say assimilating, as I should say that they are changing our way of life <v Speaker>so that we have to be a part of that <v Speaker>dominant society. But yet we- a number of the <v Speaker>Indian people are- are very hard to change. <v Speaker>I think even the students that are able to blend into <v Speaker>the dominant society, they have uh- <v Speaker>reflection back upon them by their own tribal members. <v Speaker>The schools themselves that are predominant- the curriculum is set up predominately <v Speaker>to the middle class of the dominant society. <v Speaker>And it has been a problem of incorporating <v Speaker>anything from the reservation which is near those particular <v Speaker>schools. I think if

<v Speaker>you reviewed any of the textbooks in reference to <v Speaker>Indians, per say, the there is very little said about <v Speaker>the local tribes. <v Speaker>The important thing about the public school system is that to understand that <v Speaker>the Indian students are also human beings, <v Speaker>and they are no different than the non Indian students, however, <v Speaker>with the exception of coming from a particular <v Speaker>culture that is very dominant. <v Speaker>The reservation itself, the traditional <v Speaker>culture has always been of sharing and not of <v Speaker>keeping things that <v Speaker>as a as a symbol of status or whatever, um, <v Speaker>whereas the, uh, non Indian society has

<v Speaker>is, uh, a well, <v Speaker>an attitude of being competitive, <v Speaker>being better than the next guy. <v Paula Whistle>Next week will be a follow up of this week's program with a special hour long phone. <v Paula Whistle>In addition, beginning at 7:00 p.m., we'll be discussing Indian treaty rights, <v Paula Whistle>land use and tribal sovereignty with members of the tribe and surrounding communities. <v Paula Whistle>Until then, for as it happens, I'm Paula Whistle.