Animals and Such; No. 2; Microscopic Pond Life

<v No speaker>[High-pitched noise] [cheerful music] <v Narrator>Just as the human race is made up of many people very much alike, yet a little different from each other, so each of us has many different moods and feelings. What kind of feelings do these scenes give you? [storm noises] [dramatic music] [peaceful music] Sometimes people cause us to have feelings. Can you name the feelings shown in this scene?

<v Narrator>Yes, there was love,

<v Narrator>a lot of it, from mother and son, but, as it often happens, little sister became jealous when she saw a mother hugging big brother. But that feeling went away soon when mother showed that she had enough love for both of them. [playful music] A gift can bring happiness to two people at one time: happiness and joy to receive something you like very much or by giving someone something you know that they like. Some other feelings go along with giving and receiving. Grace is thankful for the gift and feels she's lucky to have such a thoughtful friend like Sue, who remembered her birthday. And Sue's feeling of happiness is made even greater because her friend is so willing to share the gift. We have a feeling of some kind at almost every moment of our lives. Some are pleasant and some are not so pleasant. [cheerful music] [anxious music] [cheerful music] But feelings are strange things, they just don't happen all by themselves, right out of nowhere. Something causes them. There is someone we shall call Mr. Feeler. Let's make him feel good. He can feel pleased by something he hears. [brief sound of music] He can feel excited by something he hears. [sounds of a crowd reacting to a sports game] Or he can feel sad and disappointed by what he hears. <v Mr. Feeler's Mom>Henry! Time to to take your bath!

<v Narrator>He can feel happy with something he sees. Or frightened by something he sees. [dog barking] Mmmm, that smell makes him feel good. But that smell oh. So we find out that Mr. Fielder is affected a lot by his senses. And here's another one which he likes very much. That tasted good. The touch of the sun on his skin makes him feel good today. But yesterday it made him feel uncomfortable, too hot. And tomorrow, the weather forecast is for rain, which will make him feel sad. So we see that Mr. Feeler is made to feel in many different ways from the outside, by smelling things, by seeing, by hearing, by tasting things and by things touching. But there is one more important place where feelings begin in our mind. When Mr. Feeler thinks of summer vacation, he feels happy. When he thinks of losing his dog, he feels sad. When he thinks of having a test at school tomorrow, he feels worried. And when he remembers that mother and dad have gone away for the weekend and left him with friends, he feels lonesome. And when he wakes up from a bad dream, he feels afraid. Sometimes things both from the outside and the inside cause Mr. Feeler to have a feeling. If he thinks the sound at the door is caused by a burglar, he'll feel afraid. If he thinks the sound at the door is caused by his friend from next door, he'll feel happy. But when he finally went to the door and opened it, he saw that it was only the postman who had put a letter in the mailbox. He has a feeling of joy that the sound wasn't caused by. And he's sorry it wasn't. But he sees that the letter is from his grandmother. So he is happy again. Our friend sure had it bad for a minute, first afraid, then happy, then disappointed, then happy, then sad, then glad. Huh, I'd say our friend was filled with many different <v Narrator>feelings all at the same time.

<v Narrator>But after all, it ended with something nice, so he's happy and most of all, he is certainly glad that his feelings can change real fast. <v Narrator>Sally is lonely. <v Narrator>Her mother has tried to cheer her up by suggesting things to do around the house, but none of those ideas appealed to her. It's her friends she wants, and it just doesn't seem right that they should all go away on vacation at the same time. It's a miserable feeling to be lonely, nobody to play with. So once more, she runs to the places where they usually meet, hoping she won't be alone. Right now, Sally is probably the most lonesome little girl in town. She has always counted on other people to keep her mind busy. If our friends were not away, she probably would have spent the day riding the bike with Betsy, arguing with Tommy, or taking time out for refreshments with Alice. Sally hasn't learned yet that there are many times when we must be alone. She hasn't discovered that she can find many interesting ways to take up her time. She hasn't used her imagination. The library has more books than we could read in a lifetime, and if we spent just an hour or two there every week, we'd find many things we didn't know before. There are lots of interesting things about tropical fish that Sally will never know until she takes time to look for them. Did you know that angelfish clean their eggs every day? She's passed this strange building so many times, all those glass windows, but she's never thought what she might find inside. So because she now thinks that other people are the only way to keep her from being lonesome, she's very unhappy and not too willing to try something else. Loneliness is a very unpleasant feeling. So we must learn of ways to avoid it by learning of ways to become interested in things as well as people. [honk sound] <v Barbara>Hi.

<v Barbara>I live around the corner, in the green house I just moved in last week. <v Maria>I just moved here <v Maria>yesterday. <v Barbara>Well, at least there's two of us. [unintelligible] <v Maria>Oh, my name's Maria. <v Barbara>My name's Barbara. <v Barbara>I was just riding my bike around to see if I could see someone to play with because I hate being alone. <v Maria>There will be lots of people to meet when school starts <v Maria>in two days when I'm feeling lonely until I met you. <v Barbara>We can be friends, can't we? <v Maria>Sure. <v Barbara>Let's take my bike and find the fun places around here. <v Maria>Oh, I can't right now, I have to stay until my father comes.

<v Barbara>Maybe you wouldn't have to if you asked your mother. <v Maria>I don't have a mother. She's dead. <v Barbara>I'm sorry. <v Maria>That's all right. I was just a baby when she died. <v Barbara>Oh! That's terrible! <v Barbara>I mean, it's my mother... Oh, I just, I... <v Maria>Don't feel bad, it's strange. Somebody always acts like that. <v Barbara>Aren't you lonesome? <v Barbara>Don't you miss your... <v Maria>Don't be silly! <v Maria>Of course it would be nice to have a mother, but how can you miss somebody you've never known? <v Barbara>You know what, let's go over to my house and get some cookies! Come on! <v Maria>I'd like to, but not till my father calls, then I'll tell him where I'll be. <v Barbara>Ah, okay. [phone ringing] <v Narrator>Marie hates being

<v Narrator>alone, <v Narrator>but we will all find many times during life when we must be alone. By using those times to find ways of not thinking about loneliness, we can make it a lot easier for ourselves when the time comes that someone we love does go away forever. <v Sammy's Dad>[cheerful music] Hi, Sammy. You're not in bed yet? <v Sammy>[sighs] I can't find the top to my pajamas. <v Sammy's Dad>Well, let's see. Where would mother put the pajama tops? They usually go with the bottoms, don't they? <v Sammy>Yes, I suppose. When is mother coming home? <v Sammy's Dad>I was just at the hospital, the doctor said next week. I can't find the right one either. This- this one doesn't match, but it'll have to do. [sad music] Mother probably knows where the right one is, that makes it kind of important around here, doesn't it? We both miss her, but you miss her more than I do because I get a chance to see her. The hospital doesn't allow young people to visit, but mother sent you something. She said to tell her boy she loves him very much.

<v Sammy>But I have this awful feeling inside, like I want to cry all the time she's gone. <v Sammy's Dad>I know, it's a terrible feeling. But, you know, when I hear you say that, I know that you love mother very much. It sounds strange to mix love with a feeling that hurts, but it's because you love that it hurts. Let me tuck you in.

<v Sammy>Daddy? <v Sammy's Dad>Yes? <v Sammy>I remember feeling like this when Smoky got run over. <v Sammy's Dad>That was a long time ago, I thought you'd forgotten about that puppy. <v Sammy>Daddy, what good are all these feelings, the ones that hurt? <v Sammy's Dad>Well, in order for us to grow up so we can understand ourselves and other people, it's important to have all kinds of feelings. In many ways, they tell us how important something or someone is to us. [cheerful music] I guess you can say that good feelings are like the sunshine on a tree that helps make it grow. Maybe sad feelings are like the rain with the trees, water, and maybe being real lonesome is like a storm beating against the tree. But the tree grows strong and the storm doesn't break it. Then one day the tree is all grown up. It's strong and handsome because it took all that different kinds of weather to make it what it is. It developed good character, <v Sammy>Character?

<v Sammy's Dad>Good character is learning to live with all the feelings we have from day to day, loving when we should love, being thoughtful when we should be being strong enough to stand the unpleasant feeling and being wise enough to remember that at some time everybody has had the very same feelings we have. <v Sammy>Then mother must be so sad because she can't see me. I know she loves me. <v Sammy's Dad>That's probably quite true. <v Sammy's Dad>Oh, Dad, I won't feel sad anymore, tell mother not to feel sad, tell her I love her. <v Sammy's Dad>Somehow, I think she knows that. [music] [program ends] <v Narrator>While walking by a lake, you may have seen flowers at the water's edge, but have you ever looked closely for living things within the water? Oh, you may have seen a turtle or a fish, but if you really looked close, you would have found a world that is different from anything around us. A world is so small that you can scoop up thousands of its members in one small cup of water. Let's magnify this water under a microscope and find out what's happening right under our noses. One of the creatures in this hidden world looks like a jack in the box. That is, it springs up and down. We call this jack in the box a vorticella, and it's as unusual as its name. The vorticella's body looks like a bell that is turned upside down. At the top of the bell, you can see small hairs that it uses to bring in food. Its bell is normally attached to a stalk that holds this creature to different objects. The stalk is able to stretch or shrink very fast, which allows the vorticella to jump back and forth. But if conditions threaten the vorticella, its barrier will simply swim away from the stalk and go elsewhere. There are other microscopic life that look a little bit like the vorticella, although they are different. One of these is the stentor. The stentor is covered with small hairs or bristles. Its body is in the shape of a horn or trumpet. This makes the upper part of the body much wider than the other end. But the upper end feeds while the lower slender part attaches the stentor to pond materials. This isn't always the way that a stentor looks, however. Sometimes it bends over or curls around. If it's disturbed, it may ball up and hardly resemble a trumpet shape at all. But if things are going smoothly for the stentor, it can be seen in its trumpet shape, feeding on small things that come its way. Its tiny bristles help it to feed by moving in waves that stir up the nearby water. This brings in food particles. The stentor will take in the food and send away other objects. This wavelike motion gives the stentor both a way to eat and a way to move. But as it feeds, it eventually comes to a point where it can grow no larger, and each stentor will begin to grow into two individuals. Here you can see where one is growing right out of the other. After it grows some more, this stentor will become two separate individuals that will grow more stentors in the same way. It's their way of increasing their kind. And this type of reproduction is also found in the paramecium, another pond creature covered with small bristles. Here you can see one paramecium that has grown into two that are almost ready to separate. But it's not a matter of twisting until they are apart, they must grow apart or divide. The paramecium may divide two, three or even five times during one day. When not dividing the paramecium spends most of its time browsing for food. It doesn't feed while swimming fast. So you can tell it's feeding when it's barely moving about near cluttered material. Any food that it captures will follow along the groove on one side of its body until it enters the inside of the paramecium. Inside each paramecium, there are a number of fascinating objects. Let's change the light so that you can see some of the objects and bubbles that are inside a paramecium. The glowing objects you see are water bubbles, food bubbles and control centers for the paramecium. So although the paramecium is made up of only one cell, don't think it's simple to figure out. The life of a paramecium is filled with things difficult to understand and, in some cases, very dangerous events, especially when it meets an enemy like the giant amoeba, a-m-o-e-b-a. This jelly-like creature flows its way around and over the paramecium. If the paramecium does not move quickly, it may become covered by the amoeba. Once it is completely covered and actually inside the amoeba, the paramecium only has a few more hours to live. Let's watch some of the struggles of a captured paramecium. [suspenseful music] Eventually, the paramecium is forced into a round bubble. Inside the bubble, it will be digested by the amoeba. But the story doesn't always end like this. Every now and then, a paramecium will let an amoeba, sneak up on it and not really make any effort to escape. That is, until the amoeba has completely covered the paramecium with its watery material at the last possible moment. This paramecium pulled off an escape that few others can match. But the amoeba does not stop. It continues to hunt for food, and its watery jelly-like body continues to flow forward with its food and water bubbles, crystals and granules tumbling inside. It now approaches another victim. This time, it's a very large stentor. Watch what happens to this victim. Once inside the bubble, the story is the same for both the paramecium and stentor. Each is on its way to becoming food for the amoeba. In a short while, the victim will quit its struggles, and the amoeba will have its meal. Only the giant amoeba can trap a stentor or a fairly large paramecium. Mini amoeba capture less impressed the victims. This typical amoeba isn't as large as the giant we just saw, but we find it more often in our ponds. Other amoebas don't look like this or its giant cousin, for example. The shelled amoebas carry around a protective covering that they either make themselves or build out of sand grains and mud particles. They stick forth their jellylike projections and drag their shell along. One of the unusual things about the shelled amoeba is that it can survive being dragged out where some of the other amoebas can at least form a cyst, c-y-s-t. A cyst comes to life when food and water return, and it helps the shelled amoebas to survive. Other amoeba relatives have spines with the jelly like material occasionally flowing out onto the spines to capture food. So the amoeba and its relatives don't always have to be a blob of jelly that flows its way over the pond bottom. They can have a number of shapes. The same goes for some of the greened microscopic pond creatures. But their green color and small size usually indicates a type of life that moves about with one or two long whiplike tails. These are hard to see. The green color means they can make their own food like larger plants can, so they don't need to eat, but they can eat if they're in darkness where they cannot make their own food. So these creatures are like animals and plants. Sometimes several of these green individuals will grow together and make a group or colony a colony that can have a number of shapes. They can be flat

<v Narrator>or

<v Narrator>round. If the colony is a rounded, hollow ball of cells, then more than likely it's a volvox. Some of the volvox cells guided toward light where it can make its own food. Other cells make more of volvox colonies when it comes to reproduction. The volvox forms new daughter colonies inside the old one, which dies. Eventually, these come to life and leave the old volvox. Let's watch a young group of daughter colonies leave their parent. How are the young different from their parent? A young volvox face a world of monsters, of things that may eat them or ignore them or crush them, the battles and struggles are constantly going on. But to our eyes, it appears that nothing is happening in the pond water. But it's there and it's real. We just have to look more closely to discover the microscopic world of animals and such. [cheerful music] [program ends] <v Narrator>Are you under 26 years of age? If so, your age group makes up more than half the people in the world. If you were a teenager, your age group makes up about one fourth of the population in the United States. So as far as numbers go, you're very important. You're also very important to our national economy. The teenage market is one that is wooed by a growing number of manufacturers, retailers and advertisers. And for good reason. Did you know that teenage girls buy over 20 percent of all women's clothes? Or that teens buy 90 percent of all non album records? You spend over one billion dollars a year for records alone. This doesn't even include the expensive audio equipment, tapes and cassettes. Marketing experts report that the average teen spends approximately 50 dollars a year on records. How does this compare with your record purchases? What would your record collection be worth if you were to add it all up? The cosmetic industry certainly has reason to be happy with the youth market. Seventeen magazine surveys show that 13 million teenage girls who account for only 12 percent of the population spend five hundred million a year on cosmetics. That comes to almost one fourth of all women's beauty expenditures. Teenagers buy close to half of all cameras sold. And when you're not making your own movies, you're probably attending them because teens also buy 50 percent of all movie admission tickets. Young people revived an ailing industry, the movies. With the invention of television, the adult pastime of going out to the movies declined. TV kept married adults at home for entertainment. Movie houses stood empty until young filmmakers with low budgets began to offer movies that express the attitudes of young people and your lifestyle. Teenagers buy 20 percent of all cars sold and nine percent of all new cars. You also exert a tremendous pressure on the way your parents spend. Automobile manufacturers are convinced that you have a great deal of influence on the cars your parents buy because many of you have a driver's license and do use the family car. According to some estimates, this teen influence spending amounts to some 30 billion dollars annually. So whether you're spending your own money in the marketplace or influencing your parents' expenditures, you can see the impact you have on the economy. You're constantly making consumer choices. Some of your choices require a large outlay of cash, and, hopefully, you investigate and shop carefully before buying. Other less expensive choices are made daily, with little thought given to the expenditure or the value of the goods obtained. The largest weekly expenditure in the average teenager's budget goes for food. This, of course, is a boom for the soft drink and snack food industry. And yet, even though a large percentage of your money is spent on food and you do have plentiful, nutritious food to choose from, recent studies on nutrition indicate that teenagers are the worst-fed members of the American family. Poor nutrition is not confined to low income families, as might be expected. It's often just a matter of choice. Many of your choices are influenced by advertising, whether it be advertisements in magazines, newspapers, radio or TV. It has been said that you were exposed to one thousand five hundred advertisements daily. Are you aware of the techniques used to influence you to buy a certain product? Sometimes the advertisements can persuade you to buy things you didn't even know you wanted. They might even cause you to want things you didn't know were available. After you have decided that you want something and you choose to buy it, there's another decision to make. Will you pay cash or will you charge it? You usually pay for your purchases through one of these sources: allowances, earnings and credit. Because of inflation, you may have experienced a shrinking of the first two sources, allowance and earnings, but teens are finding it easier to get credit. Whether banks and retailers extend credit to young adults varies from state to state and from store to store. Some credit granters require that parents already have an account at the store and agree to your account. Accounts may be limited to fifty or one hundred dollars. Weighing the credit card advantages of convenience and instant satisfaction of wants with the possible perils of high interest rates and mounting debts may help you choose between cash or charge. Mobility means that you're on the move by different means of transportation. The bicycle is a good example of how your choices affect the market. Only a few years ago, you rarely saw anyone over 11 years old riding a bicycle, there was just no consumer demand for adult bicycles, and so, few were manufactured. Then the fad began and bikes were the end method of transportation. Manufacturers and retailers could not keep up with a consumer demand for bikes, and so production was stepped up, and the supply of bicycles could meet the demand for them. So you influence the production of goods or services when you choose to buy them or refuse to buy them. The decision to buy a bicycle is your means of transportation has several consumer implications, it's economical and easy to maintain. It's good exercise, healthy, and it's also non polluting. Your choices in the marketplace affect not only the economy and your lifestyle, but the quality of life of others and our environment. Our advanced technology has given us so many new products and conveniences to choose from,

<v Narrator>but our

<v Narrator>no-return, throwaway style of living is burying us under mountains of litter and garbage. We all think of ourselves as consumers of products, but even more so, we are producers, producers of more and more waste products that we discharge into the air, water and land around us where they do not disappear, but last forever in one form or another. Every year we throw away 80 billion cans, 38 billion bottles, 40 million tons of paper and cartons, one hundred and eighty million old tires, 21 million major household appliances, seven million junked automobiles. The dumps overflow. Some cities now spend more on garbage disposal than on their police and fire departments combined. Garbage abandoned and open dumps attracts rats and reduce the surrounding neighborhoods to slums. The garbage that we still burn in old style incinerators pollutes the air with harmful smoke, gases and ash. The cost of trash disposal could double in the next generation and less, among other solutions, ways are found to reduce waste either by recycling or reducing solid packaging. Advanced technology often lowers manufacturing costs so rapidly that it may become less expensive to replace something than it is to repair or reuse it, and so cheaper throwaway products are built many times throwaways or extra packaging increases the price that you pay for a product, and yet you're willing to pay this extra price for a little extra convenience. For example, the cost of this soft drink varies with the size of the container and the method of packaging based on the prices in an average grocery store. If bought in cans, this trait cost approximately 40 cents for 32 ounces or one quart. This is 15 cents more than the same amount of the same drink in returnable 16 ounce bottles. This drink may be purchased in these twenty eight ounce no-return bottles. The cost here is approximately 38 cents a quart, which is 13 cents more than the same amount of soda in returnables 16 ounce bottles. So it would seem that most consumers would buy the more economical size returnable bottles. But this is not the case. The popularity of the no-return bottles and cans is increasing because of this trend. With soft drinks and many other throwaway items, environmentalists believe that recycling is necessary for our survival. Recycling means the recovery and reuse of solid waste to create new products. The aluminum, steel, glass and soft drink industries spend millions in advertising to promote recycling and have opened hundreds of centers where people may bring their empty containers. Even so, only about one fortieth of the cans and 170 of the bottles made last year were collected and recycled. It's evident that we need more and better recycling centers, but there's a much simpler suggestion to promote reuse by beverages in returnable containers and then take the empty containers back. After all, it is your choice. Bottling companies are subject to the demands of retailers and retailers are subject to the demands of the consumer. Every time you spend money, it's kind of like an election. Each time you as a consumer make a purchase. It's almost as if you mark a ballot indicating that you favor the production of the goods you buy. These are called economic votes. And we have already shown how important your economic votes are to the national economy. Some people seem to think that one person's purchases matter very little in the whole scheme of things. But in this speeded up, realistic preparation of a simple meal for two, you can easily see some of the effect one person's economic votes have on the economy and <v Narrator>on our environment.

<v Narrator>One of the

<v Narrator>most talked about economic subjects today in the average household is the rising cost of food, and there's no denying that food prices have gone up. But the farmers share that food dollar has gone down for years. So what are some of the reasons for this constant increase in the grocery bill? You're looking at some of them right now. One major reason for increased prices is your preference for convenience foods. Consumers are demanding ready to heat, ready to eat timesaver foods with built-in maid service. Grocery bills are higher because twenty five cents of every dollar spent in the grocery store goes for non-food and throwaway items such as paper towels. Frozen food sales have gone up 70 percent in the last five years. There are individually wrapped products that can be picked up quickly or thrown into lunch boxes, a manmade product that consist of water, sugar, natural and artificial flavors, citric acid, ascorbic acid, artificial color, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbet. It is called orange drink and sells for approximately 39 cents a quart and equal volume of real orange juice sells for 29 cents a quart or 10 cents less. Which would you choose the man made or the real thing? What has happened to food? It's becoming more artificial because manufacturers feel that in order to stay in business, they must sell more novel and complex foods with a longer shelf life and greater profits. As food becomes more inventive, more processing is required, more additives must be used, and these mixtures that must stand up to months of storage become more complex. Will artificial and highly processed mixtures eventually exclude food in the marketplace? That depends on how you choose to cast your economic votes. <v Narrator>It has been

<v Narrator>estimated that the average homemaker opens 1700 packages a year and that the average family in the United States spends at least two hundred dollars of a yearly budget just for the package, which is eventually thrown away. Consumers and environmentalists alike are questioning excessive consumption and waste. Has our throwaway society already thrown away a part of itself and destroyed some of the quality of life that it's always tried to preserve? And has it been a matter of choice? [music] [end of program] <v No speaker>[music]

<v Narrator>Hello, today, we're going to practice the letters A, D, G, C, and O. See if you can find one of these letters hidden in the picture. Of course, this is a picture of an owl. Watch as it disappears. Look at the eyes, this will give you a clue, and of course, this is the letter O. See if you can find in the next picture another one of these letters. This one may be a little bit more difficult. So look very carefully as the picture of the swan will be appearing. Look at the body of the swan, this will be your clue. And of course, this is the letter C. To begin our practice of these letters, we're going to start with the oval that starts at the top line, comes around to the left, touches the base line, then closes, continues around, retracing to the count of eight, <v Narrator>three, four, five, six,

<v Narrator>seven, eight. Remember that this oval starts at the top line and comes down toward the base line to the left. Check your writing position, make sure your feet are flat on the floor, that you're sitting tall and that you're facing your desk squarely. Pick up your pencil, make sure you're holding it about an inch from the point and make sure your paper is in the correct position and hold the top of it with your other hand. All right. Now, let's try writing this over on your paper. Ready? Right. <v Narrator>One, two, <v Narrator>three, four, five, six, seven, eight. Since these letters are not a full space tall, we need to practice this over again, starting at the guard line, going to the left, touching the base line, closing and retracing to the count of eight, three, <v Narrator>four, five, six,

<v Narrator>seven, eight. Now, try that over on your paper and remember to start at the guideline. Ready, write. One, two, three, <v Narrator>four, five, <v Narrator>six, seven, eight. In the last lesson, we practiced the double curve that connected some of the letters in this group, like the letter A in the letter O, see if you can find these double curves in the picture, the fish. Remember that you're looking for the double curve that begins with the undercurve and then ends with the overcurve. And of course, it was the top of the bodies of the fish. In the last lesson, we practiced this double curve starting at the baseline with the undercurve and coming around with the curve, coming up to touch the guideline. In today's lesson, we're going to do a just a little bit differently. We're going to start at the guideline with the undercurve, come down slightly and come right back up to the guideline for the overcurve. Watch this again: under, over. And remember, I'm doing this in the left hand position. Under, over. And once more: under, over. Now, I would like for you to try this on your paper and remember to lift your pencil after each one. Ready, under, over. Lift your pencil, under, over, lift your pencil for the third one, under, over, and for the last one, under, over. Now watch as this double curve is used to connect the letters O and A. Around, close, under, over. Around, close, slant and finish. Now try that letter combination on your paper. Ready for the letter. Oh right. Around, close, under, over. Now the letter A. Around, close, slant, and finish. This time, watch as the letter combination O, C appears in the magic window. And again, pay special attention to the double curve that connects these two letters. Around, close, under, over, around and finish. Now, try this letter combination on your paper, you can make a little slant for the letter C right after you make the double curve and then go on and finish it. All right. Ready, write. Around, close, under, over. Now, the letters C, slant, around and finish. Now watch as the word cat appears, using the double curve, but this time it's going to begin at the baseline and curve to the guideline, as we learned in the last lesson. First, letter C, then A, and then the letter T. Remember that we crossed the T. Hold your pencil in the air and write the word cat as it appears again in the magic window. Slant, around, under, over, around, close, slant, under, slant, finish and cross the T. Now check your writing position, check your paper and make sure that you're holding it correctly on your desk. Now, let's write the word cat. Ready? First, the letter C, write. Slant, around, under, over. Now around, close, slant. Now the T: undercurve, slant, finish and cross the T. This time the word ours is going to appear. And I want you to notice the connecting stroke between the O and the U. Since the O ends with an undercurve and the U begins with an undercurve, that will be the connecting stroke. But notice where it is on the paper. First, a letter O, and then U, then the R, and then the letter S. Hold your pencil in the air and write the word ours as it appears again in the magic window. Around, close, undercurve, slant, undercurve, slant, undercurve, check, slant, undercurve, handle and finish. Now try the word ours on your paper, ready for the letter O, write. Around, close, undercurve. Now the U and undercurve, slant, and now the R, undercurve, check, slant, and now the S, undercurve, handle and finish. This time the letter G is going to appear in the work and to connect the G with the O making the word go. We're going to have this overcurve and you remember the letter G and the letter J both end with this stroke. Now watch as the word go appears using the overcoat to connect the letters G in O. First, the letter G. And the overcurve connecting it to the letter O. Hold your pencil in the air and be ready to write the word go as it appears again. Around, close, slant, overcurve, around, close, and finish. Remember that the letter G is coming up from the guideline, from the baseline crossing over the slant, coming up to the guideline, then the O curves around touching the baseline and then back up to the guideline for the finish stroke. Now, try the word go on your paper. Ready? First, the letter G. Write. Around, close, slant, overcurve near the O, around, close, and undercurve. This time we're going to use the letter D in place of the G making the word do. The connecting stroke between the D and the O will be under-over. And remember, this time is going to start at the baseline and then over at the guideline. Watch as the word do appears in the magic window. First the letter D and the letter O. Hold your pencil in the air and write the word, do as it appears again. Around, close, continue, slant, under, over, around, close and finish. Remember that the letter D comes back down to the baseline with a slant. So this makes it necessary for us to use this under-over curve coming up to the guideline and back down to the baseline, circling around and then finishing the letter. Now try that on your paper. Ready? First the letter D, write. Around, close, continue up, slant, under, over. The letter O, around, close and finish. Let's take one more look at the letters D and G. Remember that the letter G comes below the baseline and curves around to the left with this overcurve before it continues to cross the slant line at the base line and up for the ending stroke. The letter D, the top of it comes halfway between the guideline in the top line and then the letter slides back down to the baseline and up for the finish. This is the last lesson in which we'll be working with this series of letters. And remember, we started with the letter A. Remember, it came up to the base line for the finish. Then we learned the letter D, which was almost like the A, only it continued up halfway between the guideline in this flat line before we came back for the finish. Then we continued making the letter Q which we did not mention today, but which is one of these letters. Then the letter G, which came around to the left instead of to the right as the letter Q. Then we had the letter O and the letter C, practiced these letters and the connecting strokes that we have learned for the next lesson. I hope that after the television lesson, you will find a time during the day to practice what we have done and also practice every day when we don't have the television lesson, all of the things that we have done. Goodbye. [music]