PBS NewsHour; October 8, 2018 6:00pm-7:01pm PDT

Captioning sponsored by NEWSHOUR PRODUCTIONS, LLC

>> Woodruff: GOOD EVENING. I'M JUDY WOODRUFF. ON THE "NEWSHOURTONIGHT, A NEW INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE REPORT PAINTS A DIRE PICTURE OF THE DAMAGE CLIMATE CHAE WILL CAUSE WITHOUT DRASTIC ACTIONS. THEN, THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A "WASHINGTON POST" JOURNALIST AFTER HIS VISIT TO THE SAUDI CONSULATE IN TURKEY. AND THE IMPACT OF RISING WATERS AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON A TINY ISLAND IN THE CHEPEAKE BAY.

>> IT'S IRONIC, THE CHESAPEAKE BAY OVER THE YEARS HAS PROVIDED A LIVING FOR THE FOLKS HERE, AND NOW IT'S THE CHESAPEAKE BAY THAT IS THREATENING THE ISLAND, THREATENING TO TAKE IT AWAY.

>> Woodruff: ALL THAT AND MORE ON TONIGHT'S "PBS NEWSHOUR."

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>> Woodr GRAVE NEW WARNING TODAY ABOUT A WARMING WORLD. THE UNITED NATIONS' RGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE SAYS CHANCES OF PREVENTING THE WORST EFFECTS ARE FADING. THE GROUP SAYS NET CARBON EMISSIONS MUST DROP DRASTICALLY BY 2030-- AND IT SAYS THAT WL TAKE UNPRECEDENTED ACTION. AM WILL HAVE A FULL REPORT LATER IN THE PROGRAM. ATNEW HURRICANE IS TAKING AI THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE. THE STORM DUBBED "MICHAEL" MOVED PAST WESTERN CUBA TODAY, HEADED INTO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND TOWARD LANDFALL BY MID-WEEK. FORECASTERS SAY IT COULD BECOME A MAJOR HURRICANE WITH WINDS TOPPING 110 MILES AN HOUR. CLIMATE CHANGE FIGURED IN TODAY'S ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS. CLIMATE CHANGE FIGURED IN TODAY'S ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS. YALE PROFESSOR WILLIAM NORDHAUS WON FOWORK ON CLIMATE AND ECONOMIC MODELING,NCLUDING A PROPOSED CARBON TAX. PAUL ROMER OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY WAS HONORED FOR HIS RESEARCH INTO TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. PRESIDENT TRUMP PREDICTS THE BATTLE OVER SUPREME COURT LLNOMINEE BRETT KAVANAUGH SPUR DEMOCRATS TO VOTE PUBLICAN, IN THE MID-TER ELECTIONS. KAVANAUGH WON SENATE CONFIRMATISATURDAY. TODAY, IN ORLANDO, FLORIDA, THE PRESIDENT SAID SEXUAL ASSAULT ALLEGATIONS AGAIT HIS NOMINEE WERE A "HOAX."

>> IT WAS A DISGRACEFUL SITUATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY HEPEOPLE THAT ARE EVIL. AN TOUGHED IT OUT. WE ALL TOUGHED IT OUT TOGETHER. AND I HA TO THANK THE REPUBLICAN SENATORS THAT FOUGHT SO HARD FOR THIS, BECAUSE IT WASN'T EASY.

>> Woodruff: LATER MR. TRUMP RETURNED TO THE WHITE HOUSE FOR A CEREMONIAL SWEARININ OF KAVANAUGH. THE OFFICIAL SWEARING-IN WAS SATURDAY NIGHT. THE PRESIDENT SAYS HE DOES NOT PLAN TO FIRE ROD ROSENSTEIN, THE DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL. ROSENSTEIN HAS DENIED HE TALKED OF RECORDING MR. TRUMP OR REMOVING HIM FROM OFFICE. TODAY, HE FLEW ON AIR FORCE ONE TO THE PRESIDENT'S EVENT IN ORLANDO, FLORIDA. MR. TRUMP SAID THEY HAVE "A VERY GOOD RELATIONSHIP." INDONESIA THE OFFICIAL DEATH TOLL HAS REACHED NEARLY 2,000 IN LAST MONTH'S EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI-- WITH UP TO 5,000 STILL MISSING. EXCAVATORS IN THE RAVAGED CITY OF PALU CONTINUE DIGGING IN BURIED NEIGHBORHOODS. OFICIALS SAY THE DEADLINE STOP SEARCHING IS THURSDAY, BUT THAT COULD BE EXTENDED. BRAZIL IS HEADED FOR A PRESIDENTIAL RUNOFF AFTER A FAR- RIGHT CANDIDATE NEARLY WON TRIGHT, IN SUNDAY'S FIRST ROUND. JAIR BOLSONARO IS A FORMER ARMY CAPTAIN AND NOW LAER. HE FINISHED FAR AHEAD OF LEFTIST CANDIDATE FERNANDO HADDAD, A FORMER MAYOR OF SAO PAULO. BRAZIL HAS BEEN ROILED BY CORRUPTION, CRIME AND A CRUMBLING ECONOMY. ON WALL STREET THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE GAINED 39 POINTS TO CLOSE AT6,486, THE NASDAQ FELL 52 POINTS AND THE S&P 500 SLIPPED ONE POIN AND, FORMER PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH'S DAUGHTEBARBARA WAS MARRIED ON SUNDAY AT THE FAMILY COMPOUND IN KENNEBUNKPORT, MAINE. HER FATHER WALKED HER DOWN THE AISLE AS HER GRANDFATHER-- FORMER PRESIDENT GEORGE H.W. BUSH-- LOOKED ON. SHE AND HER NEW HUSBAND CRAIG COYNE WILL LIVE IN NEW YORK. STILL TO COME ON THE "NEWSHOUR," A NEW CLIMATE REPORT FORECASTS A DANGEROUS FUTURE UNLESS ACTION IS TAKEN; THE DISAPPEARANCE OF A "WASHINGTON POST" JOURNALIST; THE NEXT STEPS IN WORKING WITH NOREA TO SECURE A NUCLEAR DEAL AND MUCH MORE. E REPORTED, THE I.P.C.C.-- N.'S CONSORTIUM OF CLIMA SCIENTISTS-- HAS SAID THAT IF THE WORLD COMMUNITY DOESN'T REDUCE CARN EMISSIONS DRASTICALLY, MILLIONS OF PEOPLE ACROSS THE PLANET WI SUFFER DIRE CONSEQUENCES. BUT AS WILLIAM BRANGHAM REPORTS, HEEDING THAT WARNING NOW IS A DAUNTING CHALLENGE. PO Reporter: THE U.N.'S LATEST -- PUT TOGETHER BY OVER 90 AUTHORS AND EDITORS FROM 40 COUNTRIES-- IS PROBABLY THE ARKEST, MOST DIRE WARNING YET ABOUT THE SEVERITY OF CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THE COST OF INACTION. THE REPORT SAYS THAT UNLS THE WORLD IMMEDIATELY BEGINS REDUCING THE BURNING OF COAL AND OIL AND GAS THAT DRIVE UP GLOBAL TEMPERATURES, THE WORLD WILL SUFFER TREMENDOUS CONSEQUENCES. BY AS EARLY AS 2040-- JUST 22 YEARS FROM NOW, THE U.N. SAYS GLOBAL FOOD SUPPLIES WILL BE THREATENED BY INCREASING DROUGHTS AND HEATWAVES; LOW LYING NATIONS COULD BE FLOODED BY RISING SEA-LEVELS, POTENTIALLY TRIGGERING HUGE FLOWS OF REFUGEES. FIERCE STORMS AND WILDFIRES WILL GROW IN INTENSITY, COSTING BILLIONS IN DAMAGES AND LIVES ST TO KEEP EVEN MORE DRASTIC IMPACTS AT BAY, THE U.N. REPORT URGES THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD TO CUT THEIR CARBON EMISSION WARMING TO JUST 1.5 DEGREES CELSIUS-- THAT'S ABOUT 2.7 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT-- ABOVE PRE- INDUSTRIAL LEVELS. BUT THAT WOULD TAKE A NEAR- REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN HOW THE INDUSTRIALED WORLD CREATES ELECTRICITY, GROWS FOOD AND MOVES PEOPLE AND GOODS AROUND. THE U.N. ACKNOWLEDGES THAT" THERE IS NO DOCUNTED HISTORIC PRECEDENT" FOR THE CHANGES NEEDED TO PREVENT EVEN WORSE DISASTERS FROM COMING. TODAY'S REPORT IS TO DATE ONE OF THE STRONGEST CALLS TO ACTION, AND WITH ME E TWO PEOPLE WHO HAVE SPENT THEIR LIVES STUDYING CLIMATE CHANGE AND OUR RESPONSES TO IT. RAFE POMERANCE IS A SENIOR POLICY FELLOW AT THE WOODS HOLE RESEARCH CENTER, AND CHAIRMAN OF "ARCTIC 21," A NETWORK OF SCIENTISTS WORKING TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THE EFFECTS OF WARMING ON THE ARCTIC. AND GAVIN SCHMIDT IS A 'SIMATOLOGIST AND CHIEF OF NAODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES. HE'S CO-FOUNDER OF THE CLIMATE SCIENCE BLOG "REAL CLIMATE." GENTLEMEN, WELCOME TO YOU BOTH.

>> THANK YOU. GAVIN SCHMIDT,FI TO YOT, THIS REPORT FROM THES U.N. I AN INCREDIBLY STARK WARNING. HOW DO YOU READ IT?

>> BASICALLY, THIS REPORT IS TELLING US THINGS THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE KNOWN FOR A LONG TIME, THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS ALREADY OCCURRING, AND IT REALLY DOESNT TAKE VERY MUCH MORE FOR IT TO BECOME A VERY,ERY SERIOUS ISSUE, NOT JUST FOR COASTAL VIRONMENTS BUT FOR AGRICULTURE, FOR THE ARCTIC, FOR MANY, MANY DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF NDE PLANET, THIS REPORT IS SAYING, WELL, YOU KNOW, IF WE WANT TO LIMIT THIS, IF WE WANT IT TO NOT GET OUT OF CONTROL, WE NEED TO ACT VERY, VERY QUICKLY IN ORDER TO DO THAT, AND THE TIME FOR DOING SO IS RUNNING OUT.

>> Yang: RAFE POMERANCE, YOU HAVE SPENT DECADES ACTING AS A BIT OF A REVERE GETTING THE COUNTRTO RECOGNIZE THESE THREATS. MANY OF OUR VIEWERS MAY KNOW YOU FROM THE WONDERFUL DEEP DIVE THE "NEW YORK TIMES" DID ABOUTRU DAWNING, OUR UNDERSTANDING OF CLIMATE POLICY. K OKING AT THIS REPORT, DO YOU THAT THIS WILL FINALLY BE THE THING THAT MOVES THE NEEDLET

>> I THIS REPORT IS REALLY IMPORTANT, THE AMOUNT OF ATN NTION IT'S GOTAS BEEN HUGE, IT DESERVES IT. I SEE EACH REPORT THAT COMES OUT AS INCREMENTAL, ADDING TO PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING, BUILDING POLITICAL WILL. I DON'THINK THERE'S A SINGLE REPORT THAT MAKES ALL THE DIFFERENCE. SO, YES, IT'S IMPORTANT. IT ADDS THE MOMENTUM, BUT, IN AND OF ITSELF, IT'S PART OF A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS.

>> Yang: GAVIN SCHMIDT, LET'S JUSTAY THATORLD LEADERS DECIDE THEY WANT TO KEEP WARMING SOMEWHERE NEAR.5 THISEGREES CELSIUS MARK. HOW SEVERE DO THE EMISSIONS CUTS VE TO BE? WHAT DO WE HAVE TO DO?

>> SO THE CHALLENGE AHEAD US, REGARDLESS OF WHERE -- WHAT TEMPERATURE WE'RE GOING TO END UP AT, ARE THAT WE NEED TO RECE CARBON EMISSIONS BY JUST ABOUT 70% TO KEEP CARBON DIOXIDE --

>> Yang: 70%? EVEN MORE TO KEEP THE TEMPERATURE CONSTANT. BASICALLY THE TEMPERATURE TARGETS, 1.52, 2.53, WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN DEPENDS ON HOW LONG IT TAKES USGET TO THAT POINT. SO THESE ARE VERY, VERY LARGE SHIFTS IN HOW WE PRODUCE ENERGY, HOW WE TRANSPORT OURSELVES, HOW WE GROW OUR FOOD, AND IT CAN'T BE DONE OVERNIGHT. THERE'S A LO INERTIA IN THE SYSTEM, NOT JUST IN THE PHYSICAL EM BUT ALSO IN THE ECONOMY, IN INNOVATION, IN SYSTEMS AT NEED TEVOLVE FAST IN ORDER TO GET US DOWTO THOSE LEVELS.

>> Yang: RAFE, LET'S SAY WORLD LEADERS DO COME TO YOU, YOU HAVE BEEN KNOCKING ON THEIR DOOR FOR DECADES, ANDAY WE'VE SEEN THE LIGHT, WE WANT TO ENACT CHANGES. WHAT ARE THE TOP THINGS YOU WANT THEM TO ADDRESS?

>> FIRST, LET ME SAY THE PREREQSITE IS POLITICAL WILL. FOR A WORLD LEADER TO ASK THE QUESTION, THEY HAVE TO HAVE THE DESIRE TO DOHAT. UNFORTUNATELY, THIS MOMENT IN THE UNITED STATES IS ONE OF OUR WORST. THAT THIS SA PROBLEM IS A HOAX, HE'S TAKING US OUT OF THE NEGOTIATIONS, ET CETA. GIVEN YOU ASSUMPTION THAT WORLD LEADERS WANT TO STEP UP, THERE ARE FO AREAS THEY HAVO WORK IN. NUMBER ONE IS R&D, RESEAH AND DEVELOPMENT. INNOVATION. WE NEED CHEAP SUBSTITUTES, WE CAN DO THAT. WE'RE SPENDING SOME MONEY, BU THIS MUST BE A MUCH HIGHER PRIORITY ON THE SCREEN. WE HAVE A AGENCY THAT'S SUPPOSED TO COME UP WITH RADICAL CHAES, FUNDED 300 MILLION A YEAR, THE PENTAGON IS AT 5 BILLION. SO THISAS TO BE A MUCH BIGGER PRIORITY. WEWE ND TO CONTR THE OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES LIKE METHANE, NITROUS OXIDE, AND, WHERE WE CAN, WHICH IS MOSTLY CARBON AND THE ENERGY SYSTEM, WE OUGHT TO BE PRICING IT. THE TAX IS THE MOST EFFICIENT MECHANISM WE HAVE. IT NEEDS NOT ONLY TO EXIST IN THE UNITED STATES, IT HAS TO EXIST GLOBALLY. WE CAN DO THAT, IF WE LEAD. WITHOUT THE UNITED STATES, NOTHING HAPPENS. THE U.S. CONGRESST IS THE M IMPORTANT BODY, I STILL MAINTAIN, IN THE WORLD ON THIS, AND THE ASON IS THEY WON'T ACT, AND IF THEY WON'ACT, OUR NEGOTIATORS CAN'T MOVE. NOW, NUMBER THREE IS DECARBONIZATION. WE KNOW HOW TO DO THAT THROUGH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS LIKE GROWING FORESTS, IMPROVING SOIL MANAGEMENT AND SO ON. THAT TAKES SOME O CARBON. THEN THERE ARE A WHOLE SERIES OF TECHNOLOGIESROPOSED TO REMOVE CARBON. THEY'RE IN THE EARLY STAGES. YOU HAVE TO LOW INTEREST COSTS, LOWER THIME ENVIRONMENTACT, BUT THAT'S ANOTHER PART OF THE R&D. AND Y, WHICH THIS H REPORT EXCLUDES, IS SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT. I CALL IT THE PENTATUBO STRATEGY, WHERE Y PUT PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE TO REFLECT SUNLIGHT.

>> Yang: DRAMATIC. DRAY PRACTICEMATIC GEOENGINEER. THERE'S A TOOL THERE, WE HAVE NO RESEARCH IN THE PRRAMMING NOW. WE CAN'T TELL PEOPLE WHAT THE RISKS ARE OR THE BENEFITS, WEW JUST K WORKS IN THE NATURAL WORLD. LK Yang: GAVIN, RAFE IS G ABOUT A LOT OF SOLUTIONS BUT RIGHTLY SIGNALING THERE HAS BEEN THE POLITICAL WILL THUS FAR DO THA. DO YOU HAVE ANY REASON TO HOPE THAT WE WILL CHANGE COURSE?

>> THERE'S A LOT OF POLITICAL WILL ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD AND AT THE LOCAL AND STATE LEVELS, EVEN HERE IN THE U.S. I FIND MYSELF TALKING TO PEOPLE O ARE INVOLVED IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL AND NL BUT PERHAPS NOT FEDERAL LEVEL EFFORTS THAT ARE REALLY BEARING FRUIT AND, SO, I THINKHAT THIS NOTION THAT EVERYTHING RESTS ON CONGRESS TO FIX,NK THEY HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY, BUT THERE'S A LOT OF MOVEMENT GOING ONEL WHERE IN THE WORLD, IN EUROPE, IN CHINA, JAPAN. THERE'S A LOT OF NEW THINGS MOVING ALONG THERE. SO I'M NOT TOTALLY IN DESPAIR. BUT THE KEY THING TO REMEMBER FROM THIS REPORT IS THAT IT'S CLEAR THAT THE BEST TIME TO HAVE REDUCED EMISSIONS WAS 25 YEARS AGO, BUT THE SECOND BEST TIME TO REDUCE EMISSIONS IS RIGHT NOW.

>> DO YOU HAVE THAT OPTIMISM E YOU IN DESPAIR YET?

>> WELL, THAT'S NOT WHERE I GO, DESPAIR. IT MAY BE WARRANTED, BUT I DON'T GO THERE.

>> Yang: I JUST ASK THIS AS SOMEONE WHO'S BN PUSHING THIS ROCK UP A HILL FOR SO LONG.

>> RIGHT. WHAT WE'RE SEEING NOW THAT WE DIDN'T SEE 40 YEARS AGO IS CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN THE EW MIRROR. IN OTHER WORDS, EVERYTHING WAS SORT OF PROJECTED BACK THERE. IT WAS COMING, BUT WE DIDN'T REALLY SEE IT. IT WAS IISIBLE. W WE SEE WHAT'S HAPPENED. TWO EXAMPLES, MOST OF THE CORAL REEFS THE WORLD ARE DEAD BECAUSE THE OCEAN HAS WARMED SUFFICIENTLY TO BLEACH THEM. SECONDLY, THE ARCTIC IS UNRAVELING. THAT WILL BEGIN TO EMERGE AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF EMISSIONS IF WE DON'T HALT THE WARMING. THEN IT EGETS MORE OUT OF CONTROL. SO FUTURE GENERATIONS FACE HUGE CHALLENGES. WE ARE IN THIS, WE HAVE TO MANAGE IT OVER THE LONG RUN. THE SOTER WE GET A IT, THE BETTER.

>> Yang: RAFE POMERANCE, GAVIN SCHMIDT, THANK YOU BOTH VERY MUCH. , Woodruff: TODAY IN TURK PRESIDENT RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN INCREASED THE PRESSURE ON SAUDI ARABIAAFTER A PROMINENT SAUDI JOURNALIST DISAPPEARED IN ISTANBUL. HE WAS LAST N TUESDAY ENTERING SAUDI ARABIA'S CONSULATE IN INSTASEEKING PAPERWORK TO MARRY HIS FIANCE. NICK SCHIFRIN REPORTS ON WHA MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED TO THIS IMPORTANT WRITER INSIDE THE CONSATE.

>> Reporter: JAMAL KHASHOGGI HAS BEEN A SINGULAR, SOLITARY VOICE, THE LONE SAUDI JOURNALIST WILLING TO CRITICIZE SAUDI LEADERS. THAT CRITICISM HAS APPARENTLY FT HIM SILENCED.

>> THANK YOU ALL FOR COMING.

>> Reporter: KHASHOGGI'S A "WASHINGTON POST" COMNIST AND PROMINENT FORMER EDITOR. HE USED TO BE A SAUDI GOVERNMENT ADVISOR AND SUPPORTED SAUDI MODERNIZATION EFFORTS LED BY CROWN PRINCE MOHAMMAD BIN SALMAN.

>> HE IS DOING WHAT WE DEMANDED OF HIM TO DO. SO WHY AM I BEING CRITICAL? SIMPLY BECAUSE HE IS DOING THE RIGHT THINGS THE WRONG WAY. VERY WRONG WAY.

>> Reporter: KHASHOGGI CRITICIZED WHAT HE DESCRIBED AS MOHAMMAD BIN SALMAN'S SILENCING DISSENT. LEADING WOMEN'S ACTIVISTS HAVE BEEN JAILED. SHIA ACTIVISSE HAVE BEEN ENCED TO DEATH.

>> THE ENVIRONMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA DOES NOT ALLOW FOR CONSTRUCTITICISM, OR CONSTRUCTIVE DEBATE, A DISCOURSE, ABOUT LIVELY MATTERS, MATTERS THAT ARE GOING TO AFFECT US THE FUTURE.

>> Reporter: IN ISTANBUL, KHASHOGGI'S SUPPORTERS PROTESTED OUTSIDE THE SAUDI CONS WHERE TURKISH OFFICIALS SAY HE WAS MURDERED, HIS BODY DISMEMBERED, AND FLOWN OUT OF THE COUNTRY. SAUDI'S ISTANBUL CONSUL GENERAL MOHAMMAD AL-OATAIBI GAVE A TOUR OF THE CONSULATE TO TRY AND PROVE KASHOGGI HAD COME AND GONE SAFELY.

>> ( ated ): JAMAL IS NOT AT THE CONSULATE, NOR IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA, AND THE CONSUL WORKING TO SEARCH FOR HIM, AND WE ARE WORRIED ABOUT HIS CASE.

>> Reporter: BUT TODAY TURKISH PRESIDENT RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN, SAID THAT DEAL WASN'T ENOUGH.

>> ( translated ): THE CONSULATE OFFICIALS BY SAYING "HE LEFT HERE." THE RELEVANT AUTHORITIES ARE OBLIGATED TO PROVIDE PROOF OF THIS CLAIM.

>> I AM CONCERNED ABOUT IT. I DON'T LIKE HEARING ABOUT I HOPEFULLY, THAT WILL SORTF ITS OUT. RIGHT NOW, NOBODY KWS ANYTHING ABOUT IT, BUT THERE ARE SOME PRETTY BAD STORIES GOING AROUND. I DO NOT LIKE IT

>> CASH KHASHOGGI NEVER CONSIDERED HIMSELF THE OPPOSITION-- ONLY SOMEONE WITH FAITH IN HIS COUNTRY, AND IN FREEDOM. IN "THE WASHINGTON POST" THIS WEEKEND A BLANK SPACE WHERE KHASHOGGI'S COLUMN WOULD HAVE BEEN. THE HEADLINE: A MISSING VOICE. FRED HIATT IS THAT NEWSPAPER'S EDITORIAL PATOR.

>> WHAT ABOUT HIS VOICE HAS BEEN TO VITAL AND WHAT ABOUT HIS VOICE DREWO HIM?

>> THE UNIQUE VOICE I THINK BECAUSE HE REALLY KNOWS SAUDI ARABIA. HE'S BEEN A JOURNALIST THERE FOR A LONG TIME. HE WAS SOMEBODY WHO KNOWS THE PEOPLE W RUN THE COUNTRY, AS WELL AS THE ORDARYOLKS, AND HE'S A REAL PATOT WHO WROTE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF IN SAUDIHE REGIME ARABIA TO DO THE RIGHT THING, AND I THINK WHAT HADE UNUSUAL WAS, YOU KNOW, HE WAS WILLING TO KE THESE RISKS FO HIMSELF, INCLUDING LEAVING THE COUNTRY, GOING INTO EXILE AND BEING A TRUTH TELLER BECAUSE HEA HOPES THAT SAUDI ARABIA MIGHT REALLY MOVE IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. I SHOULD SAY HE HAS HOPES SAUDI ARABIA MIGHT MOVE IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. AND HE WAS TRYING TO KIND OF BE A POSITIVE VOICE, PUSHING THEM IN THAT DIRECTIO YN. REFER TO THE RISKS HE TOOK. DID HE EXPRESS CONCERN FOR HIS SAFETY?

>> I DON'T THINK ANYBODY EXPECTED SOMETHING LIKE THE WORST OF WHAT BEING SPECULATED NOW, BUT I THINK, YOU KNOW, WHEN HE LEFT THE COUNTRYHA MOREA YEAR AGO, HE SAID THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE IN SAUDI ARABIA WHO CAN'T SPEAK THE TRUTH, THEY'RE IN JAIL OR BEING MUZZLED. I HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY, IF I GIVE EVERYTHING UP IN COUNTRY, TO GO OUT AN CONTINUE TO SPEAK THE TRUTH. I THINK H KNEW, YOU KNOW, THAT PUT POTENTIALLY RELATIVES AT RISK, IT PUT -- YOU KNOW, NO EXILE FEELS COMPLETELY SANGUINE, BUT, AT THE SAME TIME, I DON'T THINK ANYBODY WOULD HAVE COMPETED SOMETHING LIKE WHAT WE'RE MOST AFRAID OF NOW.

>> I SPOKE WITH THE STATE DEPARTMENT EARLIER AND ALL THEY WOULD SAY IS W ARELOSELY FOLLOWING THE SITUATION. IS THE U.S. DOING ENO TGH? >>NK, YOU KNOW, JAMAL WAS A RESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, HE WAS A COLUMNIST FOR THE "THEA INGTON POST." THAT PUTS THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IN A POSITION TO DEMAND ANSWERS. IF IT IS TRUE, AND WE CONTINUE TO HOPE TBEYOND HOPEHAT IT'S NOT TRUE, FIT IS TRUE THAT A FOREIGN GOVERNMENT LURED ONE OF ITS OWN CITIZENS INTO ONE OF ITS DIPLOMATIC PROPERTIES ON FOREIGN SOIL AND THEN HAD HIM MURDERED, IT'S UNPRECEDENTED ERN TIMES, WE'VE NEVER SEEN ANYTHING LIKE THAT, AND THE'S WAY, SEEMS TO ME, THAT CONGRESS OR AN AMERICAN ADMINION COULD JUST GO BACK TO NORMAL RELATIONS WITH A COUNTRY THAT WOULD DO THAT. SO THE ADMINISTRATION AND CONGRESS, IN OUR VIEW, SHOULD BE ASKING FOR ANSWERS AND ASKING FOR INFORMATION AND DOING IT A LOT MORE LOUDLY AND THAN WHAT WE'VE HEARD SO FAR.

>> FRED HIATT OF "THE WASHINGTON .POST," THANK YOU VERY MU

>> THANK YOU. JOINING ME IS ROBIN WRIGHT, SHEIS "THE NEW YORKER MAGAZINE" AND IS A DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR AT THE WOODROW WILNATIONAL TIONAL CENTER FORHOLARS. YOU HEARD FRED HIATT DESCRIBESH HOW THERLD NOT BE A NORMAL U.S.-SAUDI RELATIONSHIP IF THIS IS TRUE E'VE HEARD OUTRAGE FROM MULTIPLE SENATORS OF MULTIPLE SIDES OF THE IDEOLOGICAL SPECTRUM SAYING THERE SHOULD BE A BREAKN U.S.-SAUDI RELATIONS IF THIS IS TRUE. IS THAT POSSIBLE? IS THE KIND OF BREAK BETWEEN THE U.S. AND SAUDI ARABIA POSSIBLE?

>> I DOUBT IT. THE FACT IS SAUDI ARABIA CENTRAL TO THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION'S POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. SAUDI ARABIA COZ HIS FIRST DESTINATION AS PRESIDENT. THERE WAS ENORMOUS POMP AND CEREMONY WHEN HE ARRIVED. SAUDI ARABIA IS CENTRAL TO HIS ATTEMPT AT A PEACE PLAN BETWEEN ESTINIANS, THE P CENTRAL TO HIS COUNTERTERRORISM PROGRAM, HIS OWN SON-IN-LAW WHOS IS CHIEF ADVISOR ON THE MIDDLE EAST IS A VERY CLOSE PERSONALRIEND OF MOHAMMED BIN SALMAN, THE CROWNED PRINCE ALLEGEDLY LINKED TO THE FATE OF THIS WONDERFUL SAUDI CRITIC AND MY LONG-TIME FRIENDAMAL. SO THE PROSPECTS OF THIS CHANGING ANYTHING, I THINK, ARE UNLIKELY. THE BIGGER QUESTION INOME WAYS FOR SAUDI ARABIA IS WHAT IMPACT DOES THIS HAVE ON FOREIGN BUSINESS LOOKING TO OR HAD BEEN THINKING ABOUT INVTING IN THE KINGDOM? THAT BIG TIME MONEY IS ESSENTL TO THE PRINCE'S PLANS TO DEVELOP THE KINGDOM, DIVERSIFY THE ECONOMY BEYOND THE OIL, AND THERE MAY BE SOME WHO WILL WONDER ABOUT THE LEGITIMACY, THE COMMITMENT OF THE CROWNED PRINCE TO GENUINE REFORM GIVEN HIS TRACK RECORD SINCE TAKING OVER LAST YEAR.

>> GIVEN HIS NEED FOR SOMMER OF THE REFORMS D WESTERN INVESTMENT, WHAT DOES THIS SAY ABOUT SAUDI PRIORITIES UNDER SALOMON.

>> I THINK SALMAN IS RUTHLESS WHEN IT COMES TO SILENCING CRITSICS. HE TALKS ABOUT REFORMS AND RIGHTS FOR WOMEN AFTER TURNING AROUND AND ANG THEM AFTER GIVING THEM THE RIGHTS AND ONE WAS SENTENCED TO DEATH. THERE ARE THOSE WHO WERE THE MODERATE CLERKS CONDEMNI AND SPEAKING OUT AGAINST SUNNI OR ISLAMIC TREMISM, SOME OF THEM HAVE BEEN PICKED UP AND SENTENCED TO DEATH. AS JAMAL HAS SAID, THERE IS UNDER THE CURRENT LEADERSHIP VERY LITTLE IF ANY ROOM FOR CRITICISM OR QUESTIONING.

>> AND QUICKLY, ROBIN WRIT, PRESIDENT TRUMP HAS CRITICIZED JOURNALISTS, HE HAS AISED AUTHORITARIANS. DOES THAT KIND OF TALK HAVE ANY IMPACT ON THIS EVENT THAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT TOY?

>> I THINK THE IDEA -- HUMAN RIGHTS HAS GENERALLY NOT BEEN VEORTANT IN THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION AND HASN'T MADE IT AN IMPORTANT PART OF ITS FOREIGN POLICY. THE FACT THIS IS A JOURNALI CRITICIZING A COUNTRY AND LEADERSHIP VERY CLOSE TO THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION, I DOUBT IF IT WILL PRODUCE ANY KIND OF IMMEDIATE OR SIGNIFICANT IMPACT.

>> ROBIN WRIGHT, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> THANK YOU.

>> Woodruff: STAY WITH US. COMING UP ON THE "WSHOUR" IT'S POLITICS MONDAY ON THE RACE FOR CONTROL OF CONGRESS; MICHAEL LEWIS DISCUSSES THE CRITICAL MISSION OF GOVERNMENT AND RESIDENTS OF A SMALL ISLAND CONTEND WITH RISING WATERS DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE. BUT FIRST, THE SECRETARY OF STATE VISITED NORTH KO YESTERDAY TO CONTINUE NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE REGIME THERE OVER ITS NUCLEAR PROGRAM. IT'S A PROCESS THAT HAS SEEN ITS UPS AND ITS AND AS JOHN YANG REPORTS, THIS VISIT PRODUCED SOME GUARDED OPTIMISM.

>> Reporter: IT WAS ALL SMILES AROUND THE TABLE FOR A SUNDAY LUNCH IN PYONGYANG-- WHERE NORTH KOREA'S NUCLEAR ARSENAL WAS THE MAIN MENU ITEM. LATER, SECRETARY OF STATE MIKE POMPEO REPORTED "SSSNIFICANT PROG" IN HIS TALKS WITH NORTH KOREAN SUPREME LEADER KIM JONG-UN.

>> WE HAD A GOOD, PRODUCTIVE CONVERSATION. AS PRESINT TRUMP SAID, THERE ARE MANY STEPS ALONG THE WAY AND WE TOOK ONE OF THEM TODAY. Reporter: THE NORTH'S STATE- RUN TELEVISION ECHOED THAT POSITIVE TONE. THE TWO SIDES AGREED TO ESTABLISH WORKING-LEVEL TALKS ON A SECOND SUMMIT BETWEEN PRESIDENT TRUMP AND KIM. POMPEO ALSO TOLD RORTERS THAT THE NORTH AGREED TO ALLOW INSPECTORS AT A NUCLEAR TEST SITE THE NORTH SAYS IT DEMOLISHED LAST SPRING. THE ADMINISTRATION EXPRESSED DOUBTS THAT THE SITE HAD ACTUALLY BEEN DESTROYED. SIEGFRIED HECKER IS FORMER DIRECTOR OF THE LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY. HE'S VISITED NORTH KOREA SEVERAL TIMES.

>> THERE HAVE BEEN SO MUCH SKEPTICISM ABOUT WHETHER WHAT THE NORTH KOREANS DID ACTUALLY WOULD MAKE A DIFFERENCE OR NOT, WHERE THEY WOULD MAKE IT EASIER FOR THEM TO TEST. SO IT'S A BIG DEAL TO ACTUALLY LET SOMEONE COME IN AND TO EVALUATE WHETHER THAT REALLY SETS BACK THE TEST SITES SIGNIFICANTLY. IT'S AN IMPORTANT CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURE AS FAR AS I'M CONCERNED.

>> Reporter: PRESIDENT TRUMP'S CONFIDEN HIGH.LREADY RUNNING HE RECENTLY EXPRESSED A FONDNESS FONORTH KOREAN LEADER HE ONCE DERIDED AS "LITTLE ROCKET MAN".

>> WE FELL IN LOVE. OKAY? NO, REALLY. HE WROTE ME BEAUTIFUL LETTERS.

>> Reporter: THE PRESIDENT'S TOP ADVISERS HAVE REMAINED MORE SKEPTICAL OF SHIFTIN01FROM TALK INOF "FIRE AND FURY" TO "FALLING IN LOVE." INST SANCTIONS WILL STAY IN PLACE UNTIL THE NORTH'S NUKES ARE GONE. CHINA'S SUPPORT IS ALSO CRITICAL TO ANY NORTH KOREAN NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT. BUT MAINTAINING BEIJING'S SUPPORT IS COMPLICATEDY A GROWING TRADE WAR AND OTHER DEEP TENSIONS. THAT WAS CLEAR TODAY AS POMPEO MET HINESE FOREIGN MINISTER WANG YI.

>> ( translated ): WE URGE THE UNITED STATES TO STOP THIS KIND OF MISTAKEN ACTIONS. WE BELIEVE CHINA AND THE U.S. SHOULD STICK TO THE CORRECT PATH OF COOPERATION AND WIN-WIN,

>> I REGRET THAT THE STRATEGIC DIALOGUE BETWEEN OUR TWO COUNTRIES WAS SOMETHINTHAT YOU ALL CHOSE NOT TO UNDERTAKE.

>> Reporter: CHINA'S ROLE ASIDE, THERE'S NO FRAMEWORK YET FOR DISMANTLING NORTH KOREA'S NUCLEAR ARSENAL. BUT SIEGFRIED HECKER NOTES THAT PYONGYANG HAS PUT ASIDE FURTHER NUCLEAR TESTING. NO TESTING MEANS THEY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO IMPROVE THE SOPHISTICATION OF THEIR NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND PARTWOULARLY WHAT I D BE WORRIED ABOUT IS MAKING NTE WEAPONS SMALLER OR TO COINUE TO DEVELOP, YOU KNOW, THE HYDROGEN OR A THERMONUCLEAR BOMB CITIES.

>> Reporter: THE NEXT STEPS ARE UNCLEAR, INCLUDING THE POSSIBLE TIMING OF THAT SECOND SUMMIT BETWEEN THE LEADERS. FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR, I'M JOHN YANG.

>> Woodruff: NOW, BACK TO POLITICS HERE HOME AND FALLOUT FROM THE WEEKS-LONG FEUD OVEROW-JUSTICE BRETT KAVANAUGH'S CONFIRMATION PROCESS WITH TAMARA KEITH OF NPR AND SHAWNA THOMAS OF "VICE NEW" HELLO TO BOTH OF YOU IT'S "POLITICS MONDAY." SEEMS LIKE THE BRETT KAVANAUGH THING WENT ON FOR MONTHS. IN TRUTH IT WAS ONLY, WHAT, A MONTH OR TWO. BUT WHAT IS THE- C WE TELL RIGHT NOW WHAT THE POLITICAL AY BE?T FROM IT M

>> I THINK IT'S HARD TO KNOW RIGHT THIS SECOND. WHAT WE DO KNOW IS THAT, IN THE MIDST OF IT, "PBS NEWSHOUR" AND MARIST HAD A POLL AND, OVER THE COURSE OF A WEEK, THERE WAS A DRAMATIC SHIFT AMONG REPUBLICINS ERMS OF THE ENERGY THAT THEY HAD HEADING INTO THE MIDTERM ELECTIONS. NOW, DOES THAT ENERGY AND ENTHUSIASM HOLD FOR THE NEXT COUPLE OF WEEKS? UNCLEAR. YO, THE EMOTION OF HAPPINESS IS GENERALLY NOT ASST KY OR STRONG AS THE EMOTION OF RAGE AND OUTRAGE. BUT ONE INTERESTING THING THAT I THOUGHABOUT WHEN I TRAVELED WITH THE PRESIDENT THIS WEEKEND TO HIS RALLY THE KANSAS, AND HE VERY QUICKLY TERMED THIS NOT TO BE A CELEBRATION OF CONFIRMING BRETT KAVANAUGH BUT GOING ON THE ATTACK AGAINST DEMOCRATS FOR WHAT THEY DID IN THIS PROCESS. HE VERY QUICKLY TURNED IT INTO HIS BASE AGAINST THE ANGRY MOB, HE CALLED, THE DEMOCRATS.

>> Woodruff: SHAWNA, WHICH SUGGESTS HE THINKS THAT'S THE EFFECTIVE WAY TO USE THIS.

>> WELL, TO OW THAT HE GOT A WIN OUT OF THIS AND IF YOU GIVE HIM MORE REPUBLICANS HE WIL CONTINUE TO GET WINS. BUT I THINK THE ANGRY MOB CONSTRUCTION, MITCH McCONNELL USED SIMILAR WORDS AFTER THE VOTE, IS A TROUBLESOME ONE FOR THEROOMS. BECAUSE THE WOMEN ON THE HILL, WE SAW THE PROTESTS, I WAS ABOUT SOMETHING BIRL, ABOUT VIOLATION, ABOUT THE ABILITY TO HAVE SOME KIND OF POW IN THIS SITUATION, AND I THINK IF YOU DISMISS THAT OR BELITTLE IT OR THINK IT'S GOING AWAY, THAT IS SOMETHING ESPECIALLY WOMEN RUNNING FOR THE HOUSE WILL TRY TO USE.

>> Woodruff: SO Y SEE A DIRECT OPPOSITIONAL CONFIGURATION, IF YOU WILL, OF THN MOB DESCRIPTAT THE PRESIDENT CAME UP WITH.

>> YEAH, PRESIDENT TRUMP ON AIR FORCE ONE WAS ASKED WHAT MESSAGE DO YOU HAVE FOR THE WOMEN THAT ARE DEVASTATED BY THE OUTCOME AFTER BRETT KAVANAUGH WAS ACCUSED OF SEXUAL ASSAULT? AND PRESIDEUMP SAID I DON'T THINK THERE ARE WOMEN WHO WERE DEVASTATED, I DON'T THINK THAT EXISTS. PRESIDENT TRUMP MIGHT BE TALKING TO DIFFENT WOMEN THAN WE ARE, AND HE IS JUSTI DISMING IT OUT OF HAND. THATROBABLY WORKS JUST FIN WITH HIS BASE BUT, YOU KNOW, AS I TALKED ABOUT BEFORE IN THAT POLL, REPUBLICAN ENTHUSIASM JUMPED TO GET CLOSE TO WHERE DEMOCRATIC ENTHUSIASM AND THE ENTHUSIASM OF FEMALE HAVE BEEN RILED UP AND ANGRY AND FRUSTRATEDVER SINCE 2016 AND NOT JUST FRUSTRATED BUT VOLUNTEERING AND DONATING AND RUNNING FOR OFFICE.

>> EXACTLY, AND THAT RUNNING FOR OFFIE POINT, AND ING IS THERE ARE LOTS MORE WOMEN RUNNING FOR OFFICE THIS TIME. IT'S GOING TO BE AN HISTORIC ELECTION, BUT A LOT OF THOSE WOMEN ARE ON THE DEMOCRATIC SIDE. PEOPLE LOOKED AT THE NUMBERS. THERE ARE JUST NOT AS MANY REPUBLICAN WOMEN RUNNING FOR THE FIRST TIME. IF THEY'RE,DEMOCRATIC WOM THEY HAVE THE ENERGY, AND YOU'RE GOING TO GIVE THEM A CHANCE TO HAVE A VOTE THAT'S AGAINST KAVANAUGH, THAT'S AGAINST TRUMP, FEELING IS AGAINST THI THAT YOU ARE NOT TAKING THEM SERIOUSLY, DEMOCRATIC WOMEN WH ARE RUNNINARE GOING TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT.

>> Woodruff: TAM, YOUNE MENTA POLL. THERE IS A POLL THAT SHOWED -- AND WE TALKED ABOUT THIS LAST WEEK TO SOME EXTT -- THAT SHOWS, YES, DEMOCRATS ARE STILL AHEAD FOR MANY OF THESE HOUSE RACES IN PLAY THIS YEAR, BUT THAT THE DYNAMICS THERE ARE CHANGING A LITTLE BIT.

>> YEAH, AND YOU'RE TALKING "THE WASHINGTON POST" PO THAT IS OUT TODAY, AND IN SOME WAYS, IT'S A BATTLEGROUND POLL, OOKS AT THE MAP OF THE DISTRICTS THAT ARE EXECUTIVE, AND IT -- COMPETITIVE, AND IT SAYS THERE ARE A LOT F VERY CLOSE RACES IN THIS RELATIVELY LARGE HOUSE MAP OF DISTRICTS THAT ARE COMPETITIVE. MOST OF THOSE TIGHT RACES, CLOSE CES ARE IN DISTRICTS THAT PRESIDENT TRUMP WON. ESIDENT TRUMP WON THOSE DISTRICTS, IN MANY CASES, BY A LARGE MARGIN, AHA THE FACT THEY'RE CLOSE IS GIVING DEMOCRATS REASON TO FEEL COMFORTABLE.

>> Woodruff: AND WE'VE SEEN THAT COMING, SHAWNA, COMING, VEN'T WE? THESE HOUSE RACES THAT ARE IN PLAY TEND TO BE IN PLACES WHEREE DEMOCRATL MORE COMFORTABLE.

>> EXACTLY. I MEAN, A LOT OF THE ONES ARE TARGETING THE HOUSE RACES WHERE CURRENTLY A REPUBLICAN IS IN THE SEAT BUT HILLARY CLINTON WON THAT DISTRICT IN THE 2016 ELECTION SO THAT WILL GIVE THEM REASON TO BELIEVE THERE ARE DEMOCRATS UP F GRABS WHO COULD COME AND VOTE IF THEY COULD CONVINCE THEM AND GET THEM OUT.

>> Woodruff: THE SENATE, HEON THE HAND, AND WE'VE TALKED ABOUT THIS, TOO, TAMARA, IS SUCL THAT OF THESE STATES THAT ARE IN PLAY, REPUBLICANS, THER E RED STATES, STATES WHERE DONALD TRUMP DID VERY WELL, DEMOCRATS ARE WORRIED.

>> YEAH, WHEREAS ON THE HOUSE SIDE IT'S A MAP THAT IS PRETTY GOOD FOR DEMOCRATS, ON THE SENATE SIDE IT IS AN ISTORICALLY TERRIBLE MAP FOR DEMOCRATS HEADINO THIS, THE FACT THAT THEY EVEN THINK THAT THERE'S A MARGINAL CHANCE THAT OULD COME OUT AHEAD IS A SIGN THAT THIS IS A UNIQUE YEAR. BUT, YOU KNOW, YOU WENT TO NORTH DAKOTA AND DID SOME REPORTING THERE, THAT'SWH A STAE E, YOU KNOW, IF DEMOCRATS HAVE ANY HOPE OF TAKING BACK THE SENATE, THEYREALLY NEED THE HANG ON TO NORTH DAKOTA, AND HEIDI HEITKAMP IN PLIC POLLING IS SIGNIFICANTLY BEHIND AT THE MOMENT.

>> Woodruff: YOU WERE IN WEST VIRGINIA, SHAWNA.

>> YEAH. H oodruff: JOE MANCHIN HAD A TOCE. IT'S A REPUBLICAN STATE. WHAT SIT LOOKING LIKE?

>> ONE OF THE THINGS WE SAW WERE THAT SOME OF THESE PPLE WHO WE CONSIDERED SORT OF SWING E NSERVATIVE DEMOCRATS, THEY SEEMED TO LIKE CT THAT JOE MANCHIN WAS THE LONE DEMOCRAT WHO VOTED FOR BRETT KAVANAUGH. THEY THOUGHT IT WAS HIM REPRESENTINGHAT THEY WANT, A THESE ARE PEOPLE WHO VOTED FOR TRUMP BUT ALSO SUPPOT MANCHIN, AND IT SEEMED -- AND THIS WAS AN UNSIGN TERRIFIC FOCUS GROUP THAT WAS 12 PEOPLE, BUT SEEMED THAT IF MANCHASINRYING TO CONNECT AB PEOPLE WHO WOULD VOTE FOR HIM, HE PR DID IT PRETTY WELL, AND THE DEMOCRATS IN THE GROUP AREN'T GOING TO VOTE FOR THE RE>>BLICAN. oodruff: AND IT IS A STATE-BYTATE THING. AS YOU MENTIONED, HEIDI HEITKAMP VOTED AGAINST JUKE JUDGE KAVANAUGH AND THAT FACTORS IN. "POLITICS MONDAY." THANK YOU BOTH. THE REPORT ON MY TRIP TO NORTH DAKOTA THIS WEEKEND, WE'LL HAVE THAT -- A LOOK AT THAT TOMORROW NIGHT, THE HEIDI HEITKAMP KEVIN CRAMER RACE.

>> Woodruff: AS WE HAVE BEEN REPORTING, ARESSING ENORMOUS GLOBAL CHALLENGES LIKE CLIMATE CHANGE REQUIRE MORE THAN JUST INDIVIDUAL ACTION-- THEY REQUIRE THE LEADERSHIP OF ACTIVE, ENGAGED GOVERNMENTS. IN HIS NEW BOOK, "THE FIFTH RISK," BESTSELLING AUTHOR MICHAEL LEWIS REPORTS ON THE TRUMP ADMISTRATION, AND ITS APPROACH TO STAFFING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. WILLIAM IS BACK WITH TEST INSTALLMENT OF OUR NEWSHOUR BOOKSHELF. HE BEGAN BY ASKINGTHIM TO EXPLAIBOOK'S TITLE.

>> IT'S THE RISK YOU'RE NOT IT'S THE THING YOU'RE NOT THINKING ABOUT WHEN YOU'RE WORRIED ABOUT WHATEVER YOU'RE WORRIED ABOUT. AND THE BEGINNING OF THIS STORY IS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, A PORTFOLIO OF RISKS THAT HAVE BEEN MANAGED, MOST OF WHICH WE SOME NOT THINKING ABOUT, RISK THAT ALE NUCAR BOMB DIDN'T GO OFF, OR THAT WE DON'T HAVE AN ACCURATE PICTURE OF SOCIETY, AND U MOVE ACROSS THE GOVERNMENT, IC'S BREATH TAKING HOW MANY MISSION CR THINGS THERE ARE AND HOW IT'S BEING DONE IN SPITE OF THTS VAGUE HOSTILATITY OCIETY HAS TO ITS OWN GOVERNMENT. OUR REPORTING REALLY COVERS THE PERIOD AFTER TRUMP IS CLEARLY GOING TO BE THE PRESIDENT AND THE TRAITION THAT GOES ON WHEN ONE ADMINISTRATION SWITCHES TO THE NEXT. HOW WOULD YOU CHARACT BROADLY SPEAKING, HOW THAT TRANSITION HAPPENED AND WHAT OCCURRED?

>> SO THERE'S WHAT'S SUPPOSED TO HAPPEN AND THERE'S WHAT HAUPENED. WHAT'SSED TO HAPPEN IS THAT THE OUTGOING ADMINIRAON SPENDS NINE MONTHS AND A THOUSAND PEOPLE'S TIME BUILDING BRICKS ACROSS THE ADMINISTRATION. THE OBA ADMINISTRATION DID THIS AND THE IDEA WAS, THE DAY AFTER THE ELECTION, WHOEVER WON WOULD SEND HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE IN THE GOVERNMENT TO GET THE BRIEFINGS, AND THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION DID NOT SHOW UP. THEY HAVE A LOT TO LEARN WHAT THESE AGENCIES ARE DOING.

>> THE BOOK HAS SO MANY FASCINATING VIGNETTES OF PEOPLE WHO WORK WITHIN THESE DIFFERENT FEDERAL AGENCIES, AND I WONDER IF THERE'S ONE STORY THAT STANDS OUT TO YOUMBTHAT'SMATIC OF THIS LARGER ISSUE THAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT?

>> WELL, THE LARGER ISSUE OF THE PROBLEM OF THE IGNA THE MISSION AND, AS A RESULT, PUTTING THE WRONG PERSON IN. I MEAN, THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF EXAMPLES. BU I THINK ONE THAT'S EASILY DESCRIBED IS INSIDE THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, THERE IS A CHIEF TIST, AND THIS DIRSON IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RIBUTING THREE DOLLARS BILLION IN RESEARCH GRANTS EVERY YEAR. URW, THIS IS GOING TO AGRICURESEARCH. MOST OF IT, ONE WAY OR THE OTHER, NOW ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE, HOW WE'RE ING IL CONTINUE TO GROW FOOD AND GRAZE SHEEP AND COWS IN A DIFFERENT CLIMATE, AND IT'S A SERIOUS ISSUE. IT'S THE PLANNING FOR THE FOOD SUPPLY OF 50 YEARS FROM N W. THE PERSO WAS DOING THAT WAS A VERY DISTINGUISHED RESEARCH SCIENTIST, AGRICULTURIST NAMED CARY ROTEKY. WORLD CLASS AUTHITY ON CLIMATE SCIENCE. .HO REPLACED HAD NO SCIENCE BACKGROUND AT A REPLACE PEOPLE WHO KNOW SOMETHING WITH LOYALISTS WHO HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THE MISSION IS THE IS A THEME THAT RUNS RIGHT THROUGH THE ADMINISTRATION.

>> DOES THE MISSION SUFFER -- I MEAN, OBVIOUSLY, YOU COULD LOOK AT THAT KIND OF A TRANSITION AND SAY THAT SEEMS A DRASTIC SHIFT IN PROCTORS BUT THESE BUREAUCRACIES LARGELY HAVE A CAREER STAFF THAT ARE THERE LARGELY PERMANENTLY. DOESN'T THAT STAFF KEEP THEMI ION GOING FOR THE MOST PART?

>> SO OF THE TOP 6,R000 CAREE CIVIL SERVANTS IN THE FEDERAL WORKFORCE, 20 PERCENT OF THEM QUIT OR WERE FIRED THE FIRST YEAR OF THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION. SO, ALREAD CAN SEE A GUTTING OF THE CIVIL SERVICE. RND THE IDEA THAT THESE PEOPLE ARE LAZY O STUPID OR DEAD WEIGHT ON SOCIETY, I THINK IT'S THE MOST SINISER IDEA ALIVE IN THIS COUNTRY RIGHT NOW, I REALLY DO. THEY ARE VERY MISSION-DRIVEN PEOPLE, THEY'RE VY KNOWLEDGEABLE PEOPLE.

>> THEY'RE NOT IN IT FOR THE NEY FOR THEMSELVES.

>> THAT'S RIGHT YOU DON'T TAKE THE JOB TO BE RICH AND FAMOUS. YOU TAKE THE JOB BECAUSE YOU REAL CARE ABOUT THE THING. THEY'RE THE GOVERNMENT, AND WITHOUT THOSE PEOPLE THIS PLACE COLLAPSES.

>> BEING THIS SOCIETY? THIS SOCIETY. IT'S NOT LIKE THE GOVERNMENT IS A TOOL THAT WE MIGHT USE TO ADDRESS THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS THAT WE HAVE, IT'S THE ONLY TOOO FO TO HAVE THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS. YOU DEAL WITH CLIMATE CHANGE, THAT'S GOING TO BE FROM THE GOVERNMENT. YOU DEAL WITH ANYTHING HAVING TO DO WITH SCIENCE AND TENOLOGY, L THE VERY BASIC RESEARCH IS DONE WITH GOVERNMENT -- THROUGH THE GOVERNMENT BECAUSE IF IT'S NOT GOING TO PAY OUT IN THE NEXT TEN OR 15 YEARS, INDUSTRY DOESN'T WA TO HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH IT. THE FUTURE IS DRIVEN BY WHAT THE S AND IT HAS BEE IN THIS COUNTRY FOREVER. I MEAN, YOU DON'T GET THE INTERNEAT NET OR THE iPhone WITHOUT THE GOVERNMENT, YOU DON'T GET G.P.S. WITHOUTH GOVERNMENT. WE ARE DRASTICALLY CHEATING FUTURE WHEN WE TREAT THE GOVERNMENT THE WAY WTREAT IT. IT'S NOT JUST TRUMP. WE HAVE BEEN DOING THIS FOR SEVERAL DECADES, THIS PLAYING WITH THE IDEA THAT T GOVERNMENT IS THE PROBLEM AND NOT THE SOLUTION, HE IS JUST THE ULTIMATE EXPRESSION OF THE PROBLEM. I THINK OF IT AS THIS EXQUISITELY IMPORTANT MACHINE THAT WE HAVE ALLOWED THROUGH OUR OWN NEGLECT TO ACCUMULATE RUST THROUGH THE DECADES AND NOW HE'S COME IN WITH A SLEDGE HARM AND WE'RE GOING TO PAY WITH A PRICE IF WE DON'T PAY ATTENTION.

>> IN THE LAST THIRHE BOOK, YOU TALK ABOUT THE CENTRALITY OF GOVERNMENT DATAIM AND HORTANT THAT IS, AND THERE'S A FEW PASSAGES IN WHERE YOU LIST A LOT OF WAYS HAS BEEN SCRUBBING DATA, REMOVING FARM ANIMALS BEING AFEUDSED. IINANCIAL AFUSE, FEMA DATA AFTER THE HUANE. WHAT IS WITH THAT.

>> ALL THE CLIMATE CHANGE DATA. THE'S A THREAT TO THE WEATHER DATA BEING ACCESSIBLE. IT IS NOT IDEOLOGICAL. IT'S BEEN DRIVEN BY NARROW FINANCIAL INTERESTS.

>> FINANCIAL INTERESTS. SOMEONE HAS A BUSINESS THAT'S GOING TO BE MORE PROFITABLE IFON THIS INFORMAS NOT AVAILABLE, AND, SO, IT'S RANCHERS WHO WANT THEBLE TO ABUSE ANIMALS OR IT'S A WEATHER EOMPANY THAT DOESN'T WANT TH WEATHER CAYTA PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE BECAUSE THEY WANT TO BE ABLE TO SELL IT TO PEOPL. FI AFTER TALKING WITH ALL THESE DIFFERENT ALS WORKING WITHIN THESE CRUCIAL AGENCIES, WHAT SCARES YOU THE MOST? WHAT KEEPS YOU UP?

>> THE BROAD THING, AND IT'S THE FANTASTIC MY OPENNIA OF THIS MOMENT. WE'RE GOING TO LOOK BK UNLESS WE DRASTICALLY SHIFT COURSE AND SAY THERE WERE MANY MOMENTS WHERE WE CHEATED THE FUTURE BY THE WAY WE BEHAVED IN THE PRESENT, AND I THINK THAT'S BEEN TRUE FOR A WHILE, BUT I THINK IT'S REALLY TRUE RIGHT NOW.

>> THE BOOK IS "THE FIFTH RISK." MICHAEL LEWIS, THANK YOU SO VICH.

>> THANKS FOR ME. oo >>uff: AND FINALLY TONIGHT, A LOOK AT A PLACE RIGHT NTRE IN THE UNITED STATES WHERE SCTS SAY THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ARE PLAIN TO SEE. E HN YANG TRAVELED TO TANGIER ISLAND IN ESAPEAKE BAY-- A TINY SPECK OF LAND THAT IS SHRINKING AS THE SEA LEVEL RISES.

>> Reporter: THE SUN IS BARELY UP, BUT THE WATERMEN OF TANGIER, PERGINIA, HAVE ALREADY BEEN OUT ON THE CHEE BAY FOR HOURS. ONE AFTER AN HER, BOATS SHUTTLE BACK AND FORTH INTO THE ISLAND'S TINY HARBOR CARRYING THEIR DELICIOUS CARGO: CHEE BLUE S, WHICH THRIVE IN THESE WATERS. THEY'VE PROVIDED A LIVELIHOOD FOR NERATIONS OF RESIDENTS O THIS BIT OF MUD AND MARSH 12 MILES FROM SRE.

>> I'M A COMMERCIAL CRABBER, MY SON'S A COMMERCIAL CRABBER, MY FATHER WAS A CRABBER GRANDFATHER, GREAT GRANDFATHER...

>> Reporter: JAMES ESKRIDGE IS THE MAYOR OF TANGIER, KNOWN TO EVERYONE BY HIS CHILDHOOD NICKNAME-- OOKER. LIKE THE OTHER 460 OR SO RESIDENTS OF THE ISLAND, HIS LIFE IS DEFINED BY THE WATER.

>> WE HARVEST CRABS, FISH, OYSTERS, CLAMS AND IT'S ALL ABOUT THE SEAFOOD. IT'S WHAT-- IT'S HOW WE PUT FOOD ON THE TABLE. IT'S HOW WE PUT OUR KIDS THROUGH COLLEGE.

>> Reporter: NOW, THE WATER IS MENACING TANGIER'S VERY EXISTENCE.

>> IT'S IRONIC, THE CHESAPEAKE BAY OVER THE YEARS HAS PROVIDED A LIVING FOR THE FOLKS HERE, AND NOW IT'S THE CHESAPEAKE BAY THAT RE THREATENING THE ISLAND, ENING TO TAKE IT AWAY.

>> Reporter: WHILE TANGIER ISLAND HAS BEEN RINKING FOR CENTURIES, BATTERED BY THE BAY'S RELENTLESS WAVES, SCIENTISTS SAY THE PROBLEM IS ACCELERATING. FOLKS HERE SAY THIS KIND OF TIDAL FLOODING IS NOT UNUSUAL THTER A BIG NOR'EASTER LIKE THE ON JUST BLEW THROUGH BCAUSE IT PUSHES UP ALL THE WATER FROM THE EAS SOME FEAR THIS COULD BE THE FUTURE OF TANGIER. THE ARMY CORPS OENGINEERS ESTIMATES TANGIER HAS LOST NEARLY TWO-THIRDS OF ITS LAND MASS SINCE 1850-THAT'S ABOUT 1,400 ACRES. IF NOTHING IS DONE, SCIENTISTS SAY, IT MAY HAVE TO BE ABANDONED IN THE NOT TOO DISTANT FUTURE.

>> I MEAN IT'S... IT'S DRAMATIC IN PLACES.

>> Reporter: EARSWIFT FIRST CAME TO TANGIER IN 2000. HE RETURNED IN 2015 AND SPENT 14 MONTHS RESEARCHING HIS NEW BOO"" CHESAPEAKE REQUIEM," A DETAILED PORTRAIT OF THIS DISTINCTIVE COMMUNITY. HE SAID THE CHANGES IN THE INTERVENING YEARS WERE STRIKING.

>> THERE WAS A L LESS ISLAND. THE WESTERN END OF THE BOAT 5 FEET WIDER THAN IT WAS WHEN I WAS HERE 16 OR 18 YEARS AGO NOW. THE UNINHABITED MARSH ISLAND THAT FORMS THE NORTHERN THIRD OF TANGIER WAS A PRETTY SOLID EXPANSE OF MARSH BACK IN THE LATE 90s. OFD TODAY IT'S A LOOSE MACRAMÉ YOU KNOW, STRANDS OF MARSH JUST POCKED ALL THROUGHOUT WITH WATER.

>> Reporter: THE DIRE FATE OF THE ISLAND RUNS THROUGH SWIFT'S NARRATIVE. AT ITS CORE, THOUGH, IT'S A LOOK O ITS PEOPLE.

>> A COMMUNITY OTHE EDGE OF THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE THAT REALLY HELPS DEFINE THDTH OF THAT EXPERIENCE. A PLACE THAT-- UNIQUE IS WORD THAT'S OVER USED TODAY, BUT A PLACE THAT IS TRULY UNIQUE.

>> Reporter: IT'S A PLACE SO ISOLATED THAT VIRTUALLY ALL RESIDENTS ARE SCENDED FROM THE FIRST SETTLERS, WHO ARRIVED IN 1778. THE CROWDED CEMETERIES ARE FILLED WITH PARKS, PRUITTS AND CROCKETTS. THEIR VICTORIAN VERSION OF THE METHODIST RELIGION STILL PERMEATES THE MMUNITY. ALCOHOL IS NOT SOLD HERE AND SIGNS OF FAITH ARE EVERYWHERE-- EVEN THE MUNICIPAL WATER TOWER. AND THEN THERE'S THE TANGI DIALECT. IT ECHOES THE SPEECH OF THEIR ANCESTORS, WHO CAME FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN COASTF ENGLAND. THE ISOLATION HAS ALSO FOSTERED AN UNUSUALLY STRONG BOND AMONG ITS RESIDENTS.

>> I DID NOT UNDERSTAND HOW DIFFERENT THE SENSE OF COMMUNITY, THE MEANING OF COMMUNITY IS HERE FROM ITS DEFINITION AND IN MOST MAINLINE TOWNS. AND TO REACH THE REST OF AMERICA REQUIRES EFFORT, AND TIME, AND AT CERTAIN TIMESF THE YEAR A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF DANGER.

>> Reporter: TALK OF THE ISLAND'S FUTURE IS HARD TO AVOID.

>> IT'S A EOCCUPATION THAT LVER LEAVES THEM. THEIR ENTIES ARE TIED UP.

>> Reporter: ISLANDERS WANT A SEA WALL TO SURROUND TANGIER. BUT WITH A $30 MILLICE TAG, THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS SIYS IT WOULD BE CHEAPER TO LY MOVE EVERYONE TO THE MAINLAFO.

>> A LOT OS, MYSELF INCLUDED, WE REALLY DON'T GO THERE, LIKE,HINKING ABOUT HAVING TO ABANDON THE ISLAND, MOVE SOMEWHERE ELSE.

>> Reporter: MUCH OF THE DEBATE SURROUNDING TANGIER'S FUTURE SES ON WHAT'S CAUSING TH ISLAND TO SHRINK. SCIENTISTS SAY RISING SEAWATER, CAUSED BY MAN-MADE CLIMATE CHANGE, MAKES THE EFFECT OF THE WAVES EVEN WORSE. ISLANDERS LIKE "OOKER" ESKRIDGE SEE ONLY THE EROSION.

>> WE CAN SEE THE EFFECTS OF UREROSION DAILY WEEKLY FOR BUT THE SEA LEVEL RISE THESE. THINGS JUST LOOK THE SAME TO ME TO IT DID WHEN I WAS A BOY. I'VE BEEN WORKINY FOR 50 YEARS AND PRETTY MUCH DAY IN DAY OUT AND I JUST DON'T SEE ANY DIFFERENCE IN THE SEA VEL.

>> Reporter: THE DEBATE HAS DRAWN NATIONAL ATTENTION, RGELY BECAUSE 87% OF THE ISLAND'S VOTERS WENT FOR PRESIDENT TRUMP, A CLIMATE CHANGE SKE THAT PROMPTED CNN TO VISIT LAST SUMMER.

>> I LOVE DONALD TRUMP AS MUCH AS ANY FAMILY MEMBER I GOT.

>> Reporter: AFTER THE BROADCAST, THE PRESIDENT CALLED ESKRIDGE AND TOLD HIM THE ISLAND WOULD BE AROUND FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS MORE.

>> THERE IS-- THERE THERE'S A GREAT DISTRUST OF EXPERTISE, SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE.

>> Reporter: AUTHOR EARL SWIFT. OU I THINK AT THE HEART OF IT IS THATAVE TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF DATA BEING COLLECTED. THE OUTSIDE EXPERTS TEND TO RELY ON EMPIRICAL DATA. ATD TANGIERMEN RELY ON MUCH MORE ANECDOTAL STYLE OF COLLECTION WHICH IS THAT THEY GO OUT ON THEIR BOATS EVERY DAY AND THEY LOOK AT THE WATER. S

>> Reporter: TINKING LAND ISN'T THE ONLY THREAT TO TANGIER'S FUTURE. THERS ALSO THE SHRINKING POPULATION AS YOUNG PEOPLE LEAVE. ENROMENT AT THE ISLAND'S COMBINED SCHOOL-- K THROUGH 12-- IS 54. THE LOWEST IT'S EVER BEEN. THREE GRADES HAVE A SINGLE STUDENT.

>> I MEAN, YOU COULD ASK ANY OF OUR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AND PROBABLY MOST OF THEM WOULD SA I WOULDN'T MIND LIVING HERE IF THERE WAS JUST A JOB OPPORTUNITY.

>> Reporter: TANGIERE NINA EAUITT HAS WORKED AT THE SCHOOL FOR 36, THE LAST 14 AS PRINCIPAL.

>> WE HAVE FOUR SENIOR GIRLS NOW. THREE OF THEM, WANT TO BE NURSES. AND THEY KNOW THERE'S ONLY SO MANY NURSES THAT TANGIER ISLAND CAN SUPPORT AND SO THEY KNOW THAT THERE IS NOT A CHOICE ABOUT COMING BECAUSE THERE'S NOTHING TO DO.

>> Reporter: FOR MANY OF TANGIER'S YOUNG MEN IT'S A CHOICE BETWEEN FOLLOWING THEIR ELDERS ONTO THE WATER OR MOVING AWAY.

>> I LOVE WORKING ON THE WATER MET IT'S NOT GUARANTEED MONEY. , TODAY I COULD MAKE A COUPLE OF THOUSAND DOLLARS. TOMORROW, I COULD GO BACKWARDS AND LOSE A COUPLE HUNDRED DOLLARS.

>> Reporter: WE MET 19-YEAR-OLD CAMERON EVANS ON HIS FIRST VISIT BACK TO TANGIER AFTER HE LEFT UNR VIRGINIA'S WESLEYAN ERSITY IN NORFOLK, VIRGINIA.

>> IT'S A BIG CHANGE. I MEAN, I HAD ONLY SIX PEOPLE IN 4 CLASS. NOW I'VE G SOME PEOPLE IN MY CLASS.

>> Reporr: EVANS CONSIDERS HIMSELF A TANGIERMAN THROUGH AND DUROUGH-- HE CRABS IN THE SUMMERS AND HUNTS S IN THE S-- BUT HIS PROFESSIONAL --TERESTS-- PHOTOGRAPHY AND MAYBE JOURNALISMOULD BE HARD TO PURSUE HERE.

>> GUESS IT'S A STRUGGLE T BALANCE BETWEEN CARRYING ON A TRADITIOAND LIVING ON THE ISLAND OR DOING A DIFFERENT CAREER OFF THE ISLAND. LIKE I SAID BEFORE, NOBODY'S REALLY TRIED BEING A PHER ON HERE AND WORKING FOR A COMPANY OUTSIDE THE ISLAND. HOPEFULLY MAYBE I CAN BE T FIRST ONE AND THEN CARRY ON THAT TRADITION BY LIVING HERE AND POSSIBLY RAISING A FAMILY HERE.

>> THAT'S NOT REALISTIC OR FAIR. WITH DIRE PREDICTIONS ABOUT ITIMATE CHANGE.

>> Reporter:DIRE PREDICTIONS ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE, SOME WARN THE DESPERATE FATE THITINY ISLAND FACES COULD EVENTUALLY FACE COASTAL CITIES LIKE MIAMI AND NEW YORK.

>> WHETHER WE DECIDE TO INTERVENE WITH WHETHER WE DECIDE TO LET IT SINK. THAT DECISION IS GOING TO INFORM WHAT WE DO THE NEXT TIME AND THE TIME IT THAT THE TIME AFTER THAT. IN SOME WAYS IT'S A TERRIBLE CANDIDATE FOR THAT JOB. IT'S SMALL, IT'S GETTIE SMALLER ALL ME IN TERMS OF T PULATION. DON'T GET TO CHOOSE WHAT THE FIRST IS. YOU KNOW IT'S KIND OF THRUST UPON US AND TANGIER'S IT.

>> Reporter: AS THIS SINGULAR COMMUNITY HOPES TO BE SAVED, RATHER THAN SURRA.DERED TO THE IRR THE PBS NEWSHOUR, I'M JOHN YANG IN TANGIENIA.

>> Woodruff: ON THE NEWSHOUR ONLINE RIGHT NOW YOU CAN LISTEN TO THE OPENING OF "AMERICAN WOLF," NATE BLAKESLEE'S NARRATIVE NONFICTI BOOK ABOUT THE WORLD'S MOST FAMOUS WOLF, WHICH IS OUR OCTOBER PICK FOR THE NEWSUR "NEW YORK TIMES" BOOK CLUB, NOW READ THIS. FIND THAT AND MORE IS ON O WEB SITE, pbs.org/newshour. D THAT'S THE NEWSHOUR F TONIGHT. ON TUESDAY, WE KICK OFF A FIVE- PART WEEKLY SERIES RETHINKING COLLEGE. I'M JUDY WOODRUFF. FOR ALL OF US AT THE P NEWSHOUR, THANK YOU AND SEE YOU SOON.

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>> YOU'RE WATCHING PBS. [ Theme music playays ] ♪ h -♪ I think I'mome ♪ I think I'm home ♪ How nice to look at you again ♪ ♪ Along the road ♪ Along the road ♪ ♪ Anytime you want me ♪ You can find me living right between your eyes, yeah ♪ ♪ Oh, I think I'm home ♪ Oh, I think I'm home ♪ -Today on "Cook's Country," Christie makes Julia a show-stopping Oregon blackberry pie, Jack challenges Bridget to a tasting of extra-sharp cheddar cheese, and Bridget and Julia make an easy one-pan supper -- asted salmon with brocc. That's all right here on "Cook's Country."