PBS NewsHour; January 11, 2011 3:00pm-4:00pm PST

>> Woodruff: AND I'M JUDY WOODRUFF. ON THE FOUR TONIGHT, WE HAVE THE LATEST ON THE SHOOTING RAMPAGE AND THE PLANS FOR PRESIDENT OBAMA TO ATTEND A MEMORIAL SERVICE IN TUCSON TOMORROW.

>> Ifill: WE COMPARE ARIZONA'S GUN LAWS WITH THOSE OF OTHER STATES AROUND THE COUNTRY.

>> Woodruff: AND WE EXAMINE THE WARNING SIGNS THAT COULD LINK MENTAL ILLNESS WITH CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.

>> Ifill: PLUS MILES O EYE QUEEN LOOKS AT THE SCIENCE OF LIMITING THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKES LIKE THE ONE THAT HIT HAITI A YEAR AGO.

>> IF YOU WANT TO LEARN ABOUT BUILDING TO WITHSTAND EARTHQUAKES, THERE'S NO BETTER PLACE TO COME THAN HERE-- LOS ANGELES. WE'LL SHOW YOU THE STATE-OF-THE-ART AND WE'LL INTRODUCE YOU TO SOME ENGINEERS WHO ARE DETERMINED TO REBUILD HAITI BETTER.

>> Ifill: AND RAY SUAREZ TALKS TO THE CHAIRMEN OF THE PRESIDENT'S OIL SPILL COMMISSION ABOUT THEIR CALL FOR INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT TO DO MORE TO PREVENT ANOTHER DISASTER.

>> Ifill: THAT'S ALL AHEAD ON TONIGHT'S NEWSHOUR. MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY:

>> FOR THREE HOURS A WEEK I'M A COACH BUT WHEN I WAS DIAGNOSED WITH PROSTATE CANCER I NEEDED A COACH. OUR DOCTOR WAS GREAT, BUT WITH SO MANY TOUGH DECISIONS, I FELT LOST. UNITED HEALTHCARE OFFERED A SPECIALLY TRAINED R.N., WHO HELPED US WEIGH AND UNDERSTAND ALL OUR OPTIONS. FOR ME, CANCER WAS AS SCARY AS A FASTBALL IS TO SOME OF THESE KIDS, BUT MY COACH HAD HIT THAT PITCH BEFORE.

>> TURNING DATA INTO USEFUL ANSWERS. WE'RE 78,000 PEOPLE LOOKING OUT FOR 70 MILLION AMERICANS. THAT'S HEALTH IN NUMBERS. UNITED HEALTHCARE. AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS AND FOUNDATIONS. AND... THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU.

>> Ifill: THERE WERE MORE INDICATIONS OF PROGRESS TODAY IN THE RECOVERY OF CONGRESSWOMAN GABRIELLE GIFFORDS. THE ARIZONA DEMOCRAT WAS HOLDING HER OWN, DESPITE BEING CRITICALLY WOUNDED IN THE TUCSON SHOOTINGS. THREE DAYS AFTER SHE WAS SHOT IN THE HEAD, THE LATEST MEDICAL REPORT ON CONGRESSWOMAN GIFFORDS OFFERED NEW REASON TO HOPE. AT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SENT ERR C.T. SCAN EARLY TODAY SHOWED NO INCREASE IN BRAIN SWELLING. AND GIFFORDS' NEUROSURGEON REPORTED OTHER PROMISING SIGNS.

>> WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO BACK OFF ON SOME OF THAT SEDATION AND, IN FACT, SHE'S ABLE TO GENERATE HER OWN BREATHS. SHE'S BREATHING ON HER OWN. IN FACT, THE ONLY REASON WE KEEP THAT BREATHING TUBE IN IS TO PROTECT HER AIRWAY SO SHE DOESN'T HAVE COMPLICATIONS LIKE PNEUMONIA.

>> Ifill: HE VOICED GUARDED OPTIMISM BUT HE SAID AGAIN IT'S A LONG ROAD BACK.

>> IT'S WEEK TO WEEK, MONTH TO MONTH. AND I KNOW EVERYONE WANTS TO HEAR NEW RESULTS EVERYDAY, BUT AS LONG AS WE DON'T BACKSLIDE AND AS LONG AS SHE HOLDS HER OWN, THAT'S GOOD. THAT KEEPS US HOPEFUL. BUT WE HAVE TO PLAY THIS REALLY ACCORDING TO HER TIMELINE, NOT OURS.

>> Ifill: MEANWHILE, THE ACCUSED GUNMAN, 22-YEAR-OLD JARED LEE LOUGHNER, WAS BEING HELD WITHOUT BAIL IN PHOENIX AFTER APPEARING APPEARING IN FET THERE ON MONDAY. HIS PARENTS REMAIN SECLUDED IN THEIR TUCSON HOME AND MADE NO STATEMENT. BUT A NEIGHBOR WAS ALLOWED INSIDE AND SPOKE TO LOUGHNER'S MOTHER AND FATHER.

>> THEY'RE HOME. SHE'S IN BED AND SHE'S JUST BROKE DOWN, JUST A NERVOUS WRECK AND HE'S IN THERE CRYING, MR. LOUGHNER. HE COULDN'T GET OUT THREE WORDS WITHOUT CRYING AND... NOT ONLY IS HE SAD FOR HIS SON, HE IS DEVASTATED TO ALL THE PEOPLE THAT WAS INVOLVED.

>> Ifill: LOUGHNER IS ALREADY FACING FEDERAL CHARGES IN THE ATTACK ON GIFFORDS AN THE KILLINGS OF AN AIDE AND A FEDERAL JUDGE. STATE CHARGES ARE STILL PENDING IN THE SHOOTINGS THAT ALSO KILLED FOUR OTHERS AND WOUNDED 13 IN ADDITION TO GIFFORDS. IN WASHINGTON TODAY, ATTORNEY GENERAL ERIC HOLDER CALLED IT AN UNSPEAKABLE TRAGEDY AND A REMINDER.

>> WITHOUT QUESTION, THREATS AGAINST PUBLIC OFFICIALS-- WHATEVER FORM THEY TAKE-- CONTINUE TO BE CAUSE FOR CONCERN AND VIGILANCE. BUT I DO NOT BELIEVE THAT THESE THREATS ARE AS STRONG AS THE FORCES WORKING FOR TOLERANCE AND FOR PEACE.

>> Ifill: THE SENATE SERGEANT AT ARMS NOTED TODAY THAT THREATS TO MEMBERS OF THE SENATE HAVE BEEN INCREASING.

>> MOSTLY RATHER BIZARRE, THE ONES THAT... FROM PEOPLE WHO HAVE DEMONSTRATED ERRATIC BEHAVIOR. THEY COVER A VARIETY OF AREAS. WE INVESTIGATE THEM CLOSELY WITH THE F.B.I. THERE'S BEEN A NUMBER OF ARRESTS ON THOSE.

>> Ifill: MEMBERS OF CONGRESS WILL ATTEND A SECURITY BRIEFING TOMORROW. BUT FOR NOW, THE TUCSON VICTIMS REMAIN THE FOCUS. MANY SIGNED A BOOK OF CONDOLENCES. THE HOUSE ALSO PLANNED TO VOTE ON A RESOLUTION INTRODUCED BY SPEAKER JOHN BOEHNER TO HONOR THOSE KILLED AND WOUNDED. BACK IN TUCSON, A REMEMBRANCE MASS WILL BE HELD THIS EVENING AND TOMORROW PRESIDENT OBAMA PLANS TO ATTEND A LARGER MEMORIAL SERVICE IN THE CITY. LATE TODAY, THE FAMILY OF JARED LOUGHNER DID RELEASE A STATEMENT WHICH SAID IN PART "WE DON'T UNDERSTAND WHY THIS HAPPENED, IT MAY NOT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE BUT WE WISH THAT WE COULD CHANGE THE HEINOUS EVENTS OF SATURDAY. WE ARE SO VERY SORRY."

>> Woodruff: WE HAVE MORE ON THE SHOOTINGS IN TUCSON COMING UP, INCLUDING HOW DIFFERENT STATES REGULATE GUN PURCHASES; THE CHALLENGES OF IDENTIFYING MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS; LIMITING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; PLUS, INVESTIGATING THE OIL SPILL. BUT FIRST, THE OTHER NEWS OF THE DAY. HERE'S KWAME HOLMAN.

>> Holman: THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE IN BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA, WERE WARNED TO EVACUATE TODAY AS A FLOOD TIDE APPROACHED. WATER WAS RISING IN THE CAPITAL OF QUEENSLAND STATE A DAY AFTER A TORRENT HIT TOOWOOMBA, KILLING AT LEAST TEN PEOPLE. WE HAVE A REPORT NARRATED BY TIM EWART OF INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NEWS. THIS IS THE POWER OF THE FLOODWATER. TARUMBA IS KNOWN AS THE GARDEN CITY BUT THERE ARE FEW GARDENS LEFT NOW. THE FLOODING HAS BEEN RELENTLESS HERE, CLAIMING LIVES, WRECKING HOMES AND CAUSING PANIC. FOR MANY THERE WAS ONLY ONE WAY TO SAFETY. PEOPLE HUDDLED ON ROOF TOPS AND PRAYED FOR HELP. PRAYED, TOO, THAT THE WATERS WOULD NOT GET ANY HIGHER. HELICOPTER RESCUE TEAMS WINCHED AWAY AS MANY AS THEY COULD BUT THEY COULD NOT SAVE EVERYONE. QUEENSLAND HAS PAID AN APPALLING PRICE FOR THE FLOODING OF RECENT WEEKS AND THERE IS STILL MORE TO COME. THE STATE CAPITAL BRISBANE IS NEXT IN LINE AS THE FLOODWATERS SPREAD IN THE HIGHEST RISK AREA OF THE CITY PEOPLE ARE ALREADY PUTTING CHAIRS ON THE TABLE AND HEADING FOR SAFETY. ROADS OUT OF BRISBANE ARE CLOGGED AS THE EXODUS GATHERS MOMENTUM AND MANY ROUTES ARE ALREADY IMPASSABLE. RESCUERS HAVE BEEN USING TRACTORS AND BOATS, BUT NOT EVERYONE CAN BE REACHED.

>> I HAVE A FRIEND WHO'S NEARLY SIX MONTHS PREGNANT. SHE'S FLOODED IN. ALL THE ROADS TO HER HOUSE ARE COMPLETELY FLOODED. HER HUSBAND WAS AT WORK TODAY AND HE'S BEEN UNABLE TO GET HOME THE DAM BUILT TO PROTECT THE CAPITAL IS FULL AND WATER IS BEING RELEASED INTO THE BRISBANE RIVER WHICH IS NOW RISING OMINOUSLY. PEOPLE ARE SEEKING WHAT PROTECTION THEY CAN, BUT SANDBAGS WILL BE OF LITTLE USE AGAINST THE FORCE OF A TORRENT CAPTURED ON VIDEO BY ONE FAMILY THEAWUMBA.

>> OH, MY GOODNESS!

>> Reporter: THIS WAS THE VIEW FROM THEIR APARTMENT AS A SUCCESSION OF CARS WERE CARRIED AWAY BY THE FLOODS. THE FORCES OF NATURE HERE HAVE SHOWN LITTLE MERCY.

>> Holman: ACROSS QUEENSLAND, AT LEAST 20 PEOPLE HAVE DIED SINCE THE FLOODING BEGAN. A MAJOR U.S. STORM WAS BLAMED FOR AT LEAST 11 DEATHS TODAY AFTER DROPPING SNOW AND ICE ALL OVER THE SOUTH. COLDER-THAN-USUAL TEMPERATURES KEPT ICE ON THE ROADS IN A REGION WITH FEW PLOWS OR SALT SPREADERS. FROM ARKANSAS TO SOUTH CAROLINA, THE ICE ALSO SNAPPED POWERLINES AND STRANDED TRAVELERS AT AIRPORTS AND BUS STATIONS. FARTHER NORTH, NEW YORK CITY WAS EXPECTING UP TO 14 INCHES OF SNOW WITH HIGH WINDS. IN AFGHANISTAN, VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN PROMISED U.S. FORCES WILL STAY IN THE COUNTRY BEYOND A 2014 DEADLINE, IF NEEDED. MR. BIDEN MADE THE PLEDGE DURING A MEETING WITH PRESIDENT HAMID KARZAI IN KABUL. HE SAID TRAINING AND AID WILL CONTINUE AFTER U.S. COMBAT FORCES BEGIN LEAVING AFGHANISTAN IN JULY.

>> THE UNITED STATES, IF THE AFGHAN PEOPLE WANT IT, ARE PREPARED AND WE ARE NOT LEAVING IN 2014. HOPEFULLY WE WILL HAVE TOTALLY TURNED OVER THE ABILITY OF THE... TO THE AFGHAN SECURITY FORCES TO MAINTAIN THE SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY. BUT WE WILL... WE ARE NOT LEAVING. IF YOU DON'T WANT US TO LEAVE.

>> Reporter: THE VICE PRESIDENT ALSO SAID THE U.S. HAS NO INTE

>> Holman: THE VICE PRESIDENT ALSO SAID THE U.S. HAS NO INTENTION OF TRYING TO "GOVERN" OR "NATION-BUILD" IN AFGHANISTAN. SECRETARY OF STATE HILLARY CLINTON MOVED TO SHORE UP TIES WITH YEMEN TODAY. SHE MADE A SURPRISE STOP IN SANAA, THE CAPITAL, AND MET WITH PRESIDENT ALI ABDULLAH SALEH. HIS GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN A KEY ALLY IN THE WAR ON TERROR. RELATIONS WITH YEMEN WERE STRAINED AFTER WIKILEAKS RELEASED U.S. DIPLOMATIC CABLES. THEY SHOWED YEMEN SECRETLY HAS ALLOWED U.S. AIR STRIKES AGAINST AL-QAEDA TARGETS. CHINA HAS TESTED ITS FIRST STEALTH FIGHTER JET. PHOTOS RELEASED ONLINE SHOWED A TWIN ENGINE J-20 FIGHTER THAT MADE ITS MAIDEN FLIGHT TODAY. THE TEST HAPPENED JUST HOURS BEFORE U.S. DEFENSE SECRETARY ROBERT GATES MET WITH CHINESE PRESIDENT HU JINTAO IN BEIJING. GATES SAID HU TOLD HIM THE TEST HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH HIS VISIT. GATES ALSO PREDICTED NORTH KOREA WILL HAVE A NUCLEAR MISSILE THAT DIRECTLY THREATENS THE U.S. WITHIN FIVE YEARS. ON WALL STREET TODAY, STOCKS MADE UP SOME LOST GROUND FROM RECENT DAYS. THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE GAINED 34 POINTS TO CLOSE ABOVE 11,671. THE NASDAQ ROSE NINE POINTS TO CLOSE ABOVE 2716. THOSE ARE SOME OF THE DAY'S MAJOR STORIES. NOW, BACK TO JUDY.

>> Woodruff: THE ARIZONA SHOOTINGS HAVE RENEWED THE DEBATE OVER GUN RIGHTS AND RESTRICTIONS, AND THE EASY ACCESS TO WEAPONS IN SOME STATES. NEWSHOUR CORRESPONDENT TOM HALL HALL ARIZONA ALLOWS ANY LAW-ABIDING FOREIGN CARRY A HANDGUN. NO PERMITS ARE NEEDED TO CARRY A WEAPON CONCEALED OR OUT IN THE OPEN. THERE ARE NO RESTRICTIONS ON SALES OF LARGE CLIPS OF AMMUNITION AND THIS WEEK THE STATE LEGISLATURE WILL DEBATE A MEASURE TO ALLOW GUNS ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES. FOR A CLOSER LOOK NOW AT HOW ARIZONA'S GUN LAWS COMPARE TO THE REST OF THE COUNTRY WE ARE JOINED BY JAMES CAVANAUGH, HE RECENTLY RETIRED AS A SPECIAL AGENT IN CHARGE FOR THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES LAST YEAR, AFTER 33 YEARS OF SERVICE. MR. CAVANAUGH, THANK YOU FOR TALKING WITH US. BEFORE I ASK YOU ABOUT HOW ARIZONA'S LAWS COMPARE, GIVE US A ROUGH PICTURE OF WHAT LAWS ARE LIKE ACROSS THE COUNTRY. WE KNOW THERE'S A SECOND AMENDMENT THAT PROTECTS PEOPLE'S RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS BUT BEYOND THAT WHAT IS THE FEDERAL LAW?

>> WELL, YOU KNOW, THE FEDERAL LAW IS FOUNDED MOSTLY IN THE GUN CONTROL ACT OF 1968, JUDY, WHICH CAME IN TO BEING RIGHT AFTER THE THREE HORRIBLE ASSASSINATIONS OF THE '60s-- PRESIDENT KENNEDY, SENATOR ROBERT KENNEDY WHO WAS RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT, AND DR. KING RIGHT HERE IN TENNESSEE. AND THOSE THREE ASSASSINATIONS DROVE THE GUN CONTROL ACT OF '68 WHICH BASICALLY SAYS THAT GUNS ARE TO BE PURCHASED BY BUYERS IN THEIR HOME STATES AND THEY WOULD PRODUCE IDENTIFICATION AND THEY WOULD NOT BE OF PROHIBITED CATEGORIES LIKE CONVICTED FELONS, PERSONS ADJUDICATED AS MENTAL DEFECTIVES OR ALIENS ILLEGALLY IN THE COUNTRY AND SOME OTHER CATEGORIES. SO THAT'S THE FEDERAL LAW. IT'S NOT VERY RESTRICTIVE. THERE'S NO FEDERAL REGISTRATION WITH THE ONLY EXCEPTION THAT SINCE 1934 MACHINE GUNS, SILENCERS, HAND GRENADES, SAWED OFF SHOTGUNS AND CERTAIN WEAPONS LIKE THAT HAVE TO BE REGISTERED WITH THE GOVERNMENT. THOSE ARE THE ONLY REAL REGISTERED GUNS. AND SO WHAT THE CONSTITUTION DEFINES AND WHAT'S BEEN LAID OUT BY THE CONGRESS IS A FEDERAL REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT THAT ALLOWS EACH STATE TO PASS THEIR OWN LAW AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REGULATES AND ENFORCES THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACTION AND THE REGULATORY SCHEME THAT KEEPS GUNS OUT OF THE HANDS OF THE PROHIBITED PERSONS AND IN THE FALL OF COMMERCE.

>> Woodruff: BUT JUST QUICKLY, THERE IS A MENTAL OF... MENTION OF MENTAL STATE AND YOU SAID CONVICTED FELONS, IS THAT RIGHT?

>> THAT'S RIGHT. AND THERE'S A NUMBER OF CATEGORIES: ILLEGAL ALIENS, PERSONS WHO ARE ADDICTED TO DRUGS. THERE'S A NUMBER OF CATEGORIES. IN THE ARIZONA CASE CERTAINLY WHAT'S COMING TO THE FOREFRONT IS THIS PROHIBITION OF PERSONS ADJUDICATED AS MENTAL DEFECTIVES. BUT THAT'S PERSONS ADJUDICATED BY A COURT OR COMMITTED BY A COURT TO A MENTAL INSTITUTION. SO THAT'S A REALLY ONE OF THE THINGS THAT LEADERS NEED TO DISCUSS IN WASHINGTON AND IN THE STATES AND STATEHOUSES. CAN HAVE THAT BE TIGHTENED UP AND IS IT APPROPRIATE IN THE FEDERAL LAW AS WE HAVE IT? BECAUSE THERE'S A LOT OF GAPS IN THERE AS WELL.

>> Woodruff: I KNOW THIS IS ONE MEASURE OF GUN ACCESS BUT WE HAE A MAP I WANTED TO SHOW OUR VIEWERS THAT SHOWS THE STATES BY DEGREE OF RESTRICTIVENESS WHEN IT COMES TONG CONCEALED WEAPONS AND I GUESS IT'S JUST TWO STATES AND THE DISTRICT OFCE ARE IN RED. THEN TEN STATES HAVE SOME RESTRICTIONS ON CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS THOSE ARE IN YELLOW. FINALLY THE -- ALL THE REMAINING STATES HAVE LENIENT OR NO LAWS IN EFFECT WITH REGARD TO CARRYING CONCEALED WEAPONS. HOW MUCH DO THOSE LAWS MIRROR GENERALLY HOW RESTRICTIVE STATES ARE? OR NOT?

>> WELL, YOU HAVE ABOUT 36 STATES NOW THAT HAVE SALE ISSUE LAWS WHERE GUN PERMITS ARE GIVEN TO GOOD SIT WEBS WITHOUT RECORDS OR MENTAL DEFECTIVE. AND SEEMS TO WORK FAIRLY WELL, IN TENNESSEE HERE WE HAVE ONE IN 250,000 PERMITTED CONCEALED CARRY AND SEEMS TO WORK WELL, THERE'S NOT ANY REAL PROBLEMS WITH IT INITIALLY THEY HAD SOME WHEN THEY WERE ISSUED. SEEMS TO WORK WELL AND SO WE GOT TO BE CAREFUL ON THE HEELS THIS HORRIFIC AND VULGAR ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AND MURDER THAT WE DON'T OVER CORRECT ON GUN OWNERS YETVE TO BRING LEGITIMATE DISCUSSION TO THE FLOOR ABOUT WHAT CAN BE DONE.

>> JUST TO GIVE OUR VIEWERS A SENSE OF ACROSS THE COUNTRY, ROUGHLY ARE THERE REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY WHERE IT'S MORE RESTRICTIVE AND OTHER AREAS WHERE IT'S NOT? HOW WOULD YOU BREAK IT DOWN?

>> GENERALLY IN THE NORTHEAST AND CALIFORNIA AND MAJOR URBAN CENTERS LIKE SAY CHICAGO, NEW YORK, BOSTON, WASHINGTON D.C., TEND TO BE MORE RESTRICTIVE GUN LAWS TRADITIONALLY. THE STATES THERE, LARGER POPULATIONS AND TRADITIONALLY HAVE HAD MORE STRICT GUN LAWS, REGISTRATION OF GUNS, MORE POLICE CHECKS, LESS GUN DEALERS IN THE CITIES, SO THAT'S BEEN VERY RESTRICTIVE. THE REST OF THE COUNTRY, CENTRAL PART OF THE COUNTRY, THE SOUTH, THE WEST, LIKE ARIZONA HAVE TRADITIONALLY BEEN VERY LAX IN THEIR GUN LAWS BECAUSE IT GOES WITH THEIR SOCIETY AND THEIR CULTURE. THAT'S THE WAY PEOPLE LIVE IN THOSE STATES FOR THE MOST PART. IT'S NOT AS -- IT'S A DIFFERENT WAY OF LIFE. ARIZONA AND NEW YORK CITY. IT'S NOT SEEN THE SAME WAY. IT'S NOT OPERATED THE SAME WAY. SO YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT BALANCE GOING FORWARD. LEADERS HAVE TO TAKE IN TO CONSIDERATION ALL OF THOSE THING IN THE COUNTRY THEN MAKE DECISIONS THAT HELP US ALL MOVE FORWARD.

>> JAMES CAVANAUGH, THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR BEING WITH US.

>> THANK YOU, JUDY.

>> AS THE IN

>> Ifill: AS THE INVESTIGATION CONTINUES INTO THE TUCSON SHOOTINGS, NEW QUESTIONS ARE BEING RAISED ABOUT WHETHER ALLEGED ATTACKER JARED LOUGHNER SLIPPED THROUGH THE CRACKS IN THE STATE'S MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM. NEWSHOUR HEALTH CORRESPONDENT BETTY ANN BOWSER REPORTS ON SOME OF THE APPARENTLY MISSED SIGNALS.

>> WELL BEFORE SATURDAY'S SHOOTING, THERE WERE SIGNS THE ALLEGED GUNMAN HAD A TROUBLED MENTAL PAST. LAST YEAR JARED LOUGHNER HAD FIVE RUN-INS WITH CAMPUS POLICE CLASSROOM AND LIBRARY DISRUPTION AT PIMA COMMUNITY COLLEGE. HE WAS SUSPENDED IN SEPTEMBER ON THE SAME DAY CAMPUS POLICE FOUND A YOUTUBE POSTING WHICH LOUGHNER ARGUES THE SCHOOL WAS ILLEGAL, COURTED TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION. LOUGHNER OFFICIALLY WITHDREW FROM THE COLLEGE DAYS LATER. THEN ON OCTOBER 7th, COLLEGE ADMINISTRATOR SENT HIM A LETTER STATING IF HE WANTED TO RETURN HE'D NEED LETTER FROM A MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INDICATING HIS PRESENCE AT THE COLLEGE DOES NOT PRESENT A DANGER TO HIMSELF OR OTHERS. CLASSMATES SAY LOUGHNER WAS A TROUBLED YAWNING MAN.

>> I DON'T THINK HE EVERYBODY LEARNED HOW TO ENGAGE WITH THE WORLD SOCIALLY AND EMOTIONALLY.

>> LOUGHNER'S BEHAVIOR IN THE MONTHS AND WEEKS LEADING MUCH TO HIS WITHDRAWAL WAS WORRISOME. IN HIS ALGEBRA CLASS HE WROTE "MAYHEM FEST" ALL OVER HIS FIRST QUIZ. ALSO BOARDED OUT RANDOM NUMBERS AND PHRASES LIKE "HOW CAN YOU DENY MATH"? THEN HIS TEACHER.

>> THIS GUY IS NOT COMPLYINGUNFE QUITE A THREAT TO OUR CLASS.

>> ONE CLASSMATE, 52-YEAR-OLD LINDA SOARN SON RAISED CONCERN ABOUT HIS BEHAVIOR IN AN E-MAIL RELEASED TO THE "NEW YORK TIMES." WE HAVE MENTALLY UNSTABLE PERSON IN THE CLASS THAT COMPARES THE LIVING CRAP OUT OF ME. HE IS ONE OF THOSE WHOSE PICTURE YOU SEE ON THE NEWS AFTER HE HAS COME IN TO CLASS WITH AN AUTOMATIC WEAPON. "IN RECENT MONTHS LOUGHNER ONLINE POSTS FOCUSED ON WRITTEN TIRADES AGAINST GOVERNMENT, CURRENCY AND EVEN GRAMMAR ON YOUTUBE. LOVE NOR ALSO HAD TWO PRIOR -- LOUGHNER HAD TWO PRIOR ROASTS ON ARREST WITH THE POSSESSION OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA AND VANDALISM.

>> THERE HAVE BEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT CONTACT WITH THE INDIVIDUAL WHERE HE MADE THREATS.

>> BUT LOUGHNER WAS NEVER CONVICTED OF A FELONY AND HE MANAGED TO PASS THE INSTANT BACKGROUND CHECK REQUIRED UNDER FEDERAL LAW IN NOVEMBER WHEN HE PURCHASED A GLOCK PISTOL AT THIS SPORTSMAN'S WAREHOUSE IN TUCSON. ONE YEAR EARLIER LOUGHNER WAS REJECTED FROM ENLIST IN THE U.S. ARMY AFTER HE ADMITTED TO USING DRUGS. WE

>> Ifill: WE EXPLORE SOME OF THE QUESTIONS ABOUT MENTAL HEALTH CARE WITH THREE WHO WORK IN THE FIELD. DR. ANTHONY LEHMAN, CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. BONNIE SULTAN, A SOCIOLOGIST WITH THE CENTER FOR CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL AT THE JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN NEW YORK. AND BRIAN STETTIN, POLICY DIRECTOR FOR THE TREATMENT ADVOCACY CENTER, A NON-PROFIT THAT LOBBIES TO REMOVE LEGAL BARRIERS FOR MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT. DOCTOR, DID THE SYSTEM FAIL?

>> WELL, I THINK WE HAVE TO SAY IT HAS, UNFORTUNATELY AT LEAST WHAT WE'VE HEARD SO FAR ABOUT THIS MAN, ALL TOO FAMILIAR STORY. I UNDERSTAND HE BEGAN HAVING PROBLEMS AS EARLY AS HIGH SCHOOL, DROPPED OUT OF HIGH SCHOOL, WAS IDENTIFIED AS SOMEONE WHO WAS HAVING PROBLEMS AND THEN PROCEEDED IN SOME HISTORY THAT WE HEARD ABOUT WITH INVOLVEMENT WITH THE POLICE AND PROBLEMS IN COLLEGE. BUT NEVER RECEIVED, I GUESS AS BEST WE KNOW, ANY MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT. WE ALSO HEARD THE UNFORTUNATE COMMENTS OF HIS FAMILY, HIS PARENTS WHO SEEMED TO BE CONFUSED ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING ON. AND THAT PART OF THIS STORY HERE IS ALL TOO FAMILIAR ABOUT THE FAILURES OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS TO RESPOND TO YOUNG PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS, WHAT OF COURSE IS NOT TYPICAL IS TO RESULT IN THIS KIND OF VIOLENCE.

>> WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT? DID THE SYSTEM FAIL JARED LEE LOUGHNER OR WAS HE SO TROUBLED HE NEVER WOULD HAVE BEEN CAUGHT?

>> I THINK THAT NOT ONLY DID THE SYSTEM FAIL THIS YOUNG MAN BUT THE CORRECT SYSTEMS WERE NOT IN PLACE. FOR EXAMPLE, WE DIDN'T HAVE POLICE OR OTHER FIRST RESPONDERS IN ALL OF THE INTERACTIONS THAT HE HAD BECOME AWARE OF MENTAL ILLNESSILLNESS, BECOME AWARE OF WHAT THE WARNING SIGNS WERE. FOR EXAMPLE, IF THEY HAD CRISIS INTERVENTION TRAINING THIS WOULD BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THIS YOUNG MAN TO BE TAKEN IN TO THE MENTAL HEALTH SECTOR AS OPPOSED TO NOW IN TO THE JUSTICE SYSTEM.

>> Woodruff: WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THAT? IS IT POSSIBLE FOR JUST LAY PERSON WHO HAVE SAID THIS GUY IS WEIRD THEN CALL THE COPS AND STOP MAYHEM OR WAS THIS JUST SOMETHING THAT WAS GOING TO HAPPEN? OR SOME SOMETHING THAT WAS UNPREVENTABLE?

>> I CERTAINLY WOULDN'T CALL IT UNPREVENTABLE OR SAY NECESSARILY THAT SOMEONE SPEAKING UP WOULD HAVE PREVENTED IT. WE SIMPLY DON'T KNOW. WOULD HAVE AT LEAST GIVEN -- CREATED AN OPPORTUNITY FOR IT TO BE POTENTIALLY BE PREVENTED. I WOULDN'T NECESSARILY SAY THAT REPORTS HAD TO BE MADE TO THE POLICE, WHEN THE -- BEHAVIOR IS NOTICED WERE NOT NECESSARILY CRIMINAL. BUT CERTAINLY THE REGIONAL MENTAL HEALTH AGENCY THAT SERVES THAT PART OF ARIZONA HAS HOT LINE SET UP FOR THE BRETT OF INFORMATION ABOUT PEOPLE WHO SEEM TO BE IN NEED OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE AND NO CALLS AT ANY TIME CAME IN FROM ANY OF THE FOLKS WHO HAVE TALKED SINCE ABOUT HOW DISTURBED THEY WERE BY HIS BEHAVIOR?

>> Woodruff: WHY IS THAT? I KNOW YOU CAN'T GET INSIDE THEIR HEADS. HOW IS IT THAT SOMEONE THAT ACTED OUT SO OVERTLY ALLEGEDLY ALL THESE CASES NEVER A SINGLE COMPLAINT WITH A POLICE RECORD?

>> SAD FACT THAT IT SIMPLY DOESN'T OCCUR TO PEOPLE THAT THAT'S SOMETHING THEY OUGHT TO DO. MY HOPE IS THAT IT -- ONE LESSON COMES FROM THIS HORRIBLY SAD CASE THAT PEOPLE WILL SPEAK UP AND MAKE A CALL WHEN THEY NOTICE THINGS LIKE THIS HAPPENING IN THEIR OWN COMMUNITIES. I THINK PEOPLE SEE, FOR EXAMPLE, CHILD ABUSE TAKING PLACE IN THEIR COMMUNITY, THERE IS A NATURAL TENDENCY AND MOST PEOPLE, I THINK TO WANT TO REPORT THAT AND SAY SOMETHING ABOUT IT. BUT THIS --

>> Woodruff: THAT'S BEHAVIOR. THAT'S AN ACTION THAT HAS BEEN TAKEN.

>> THIS IS BEHAVIOR, TOO. JARED LOUGHNER'S BEHAVIOR WAS TROUBLING ENOUGH THAT SOMEONE SAID THEY WERE SITTING BY CLOSEST CHAIR TO THE DOOR IN THE CLASSROOM IN FEAR OF WHAT HE WAS GOING TO DO NEXT. SOMEONE ELSE SAID THAT WHEN THEY HEARD THAT CONGRESSWOMAN GIFFORD WAS SHOT THIS IMMEDIATELY SPRUNG TO MIND THAT THIS WAS INDIVIDUAL.

>> Woodruff: HOW REASONABLE IS IT FOR A LINK BETWEEN MENTAL ILLNESS AND VIOLENCE.

>> WELL, I THINK -- I MEAN THAT'S TRICKY QUESTION, WHEN THESE THINGS OCCUR THAT ALWAYS COMES UP. CERTAINLY TRUE THAT POSTED MENTAL ILLNESS WITH VIOLENT ACTS. REALITY IS THAT THAT'S NOT NECESSARILY THAT MUCH MORE COMMON THAN IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, THERE ARE CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED VIOLENCE SO I THINK THERE'S SOME MISCONCEPTION THAT MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS ARE VIOLENT AND VICE VERSA. MOST VIOLENT ACTS ARE COMMITTED BY PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS. WHEN WE HAVE THESE CONVERSATIONS I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO JUST AS PRIOR SPEAKER SAID, TO REFLECT ON WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO BE MORE ATTENTIVE TO THE SIGNS, WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO INTERVENE IN THE VARIETY OF LEVELS OF INTERVENTION. CERTAINLY BEFORE EVEN HAVING TO CALL THE POLICE THAT CAN BE DONE TO HELP SOMEBODY WHO SEEMS TO BE HAVING PROBLEMS. I WOULD HOPE THAT LESSON THAT WE GO AWAY FROM THIS WITH TO INTERVENE TO BE AWARE -- EARLY AS POSSIBLE. I WOULD SAY IN A YOUNG MAN LIKE THIS, PERHAPS IN HIGH SCHOOL TO BE AWARE OF STUDENTS WHO ARE HAVING PROBLEMS AND TO BEGIN TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON WITH THOSE KIDS AT THAT POINT BEFORE IT GETS TO THE POINT IT HAS HERE. THEN ALSO TO REMEMBER, THOUGH, THAT MOST PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS DO NOT COMMIT VIOLENT ACTS.

>> Woodruff: I WAS STRUCK BY NUMBER FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HELL, 20% OF YOUNG PEOPLE SUFFER FROM SORT OF MENTAL DISORDER AND 36% OF THEM ONLY 36% OF THEM GET TREATMENT. WHAT KIND OF INTERVENTION ARE WE TALKING ABOUT THAT THE DOCTOR IS ALLUDING TO HERE?

>> THE TYPE OF TREATMENT THAT CAN HAPPEN FIRST AND FOREMOST IS AN EDUCATION, NOT ONLY FOR THE MENTAL HEALTH CONSUMER BUT FOR THE PUBLIC. AS THE DOCTOR SAID THIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR FOLKS TO SEE THAT THERE WAS A PROBLEM WITH THIS YOUNG MAN AND TO GET HIM THE ASSISTANCE NEEDED. SO, WHAT WE COULD HAVE HAD HERE WAS A REAL OPPORTUNITY AND EDUCATION FOR FOLKS TO GET THEMSELVES IN TO MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT. WHAT WE SEE IS THERE'S A LARGE STIGMATIZATION OF PEOPLE WITH MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS. THEY'RE AFRAID OF SHAME, THEY'RE AFRAID THAT PEOPLE WILL JUDGE THEM OR THINK THAT THEY'RE PERHAPS DANGEROUS. AND THERE FOR DO NOT SEEK THAT TREATMENT. BUT IF WE EDUCATE OURSELVES AND THE PUBLIC MORE PEOPLE CAN GET THE ASSISTANCE THEY NEED AS OPPOSED TO THIS YOUNG MAN WHO DID SLIP THROUGH THE CRACKS AND IS NOW IN THE SITUATION THAT HE'S IN.

>> Woodruff: ONCE WE HAVE ESTABLISHED SOMEONE HAS A MENTAL CHALLENGE ISSUE THEY DENIED AGO STOAS GUNS?

>> YOU KNOW, THAT'S NOT AN ISSUE THAT MY ORGANIZATION TAKES A POSITION ON, ON SPECIFICALLY I'M GOING TO PUNT ON THAT ONE.

>> Woodruff: LET ME ASK DR. LEHMAN, DO YOU THINK SO?

>> WELL, I DON'T THINK IN A CATEGORICAL WAY, FOR EXAMPLE, THERE MAY BE FOLKS WHO HAVE BEEN TREATED BRIEFLY FOR ANXIETY OR INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP PROBLEMS. THEY MAY HAVE SOUGHT HELP IN A MENTAL HEALTH SETTING. THAT KIND OF EXAMPLE IT'S NOT CLEAR THAT THE INTENT HERE TO DENY FOLKS LIKE THAT ACCESS TO GUNS. ON THE OTHER HAND I THINK THE FOLKS WHERE THERE MAY BE RISK THAT NEEDS TO BE ASSESSED AND I THINK IT DOES MAKE SENSE IN CERTAIN KINDS OF CASES FOR FOLKS NOT TO HAVE ACCESS TO GUNS. I THINK IT'S NOT AS SIMPLE A QUESTION AS ONE MIGHT THINK: I'M NOT AN EXPERT ON IT.

>> Woodruff: BONNIE, ANOTHER THING, SEEMED LIKE HE WAS CRYING FOR HELP BY USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA. IS THIS SOMETHING THAT SOMEHOW WE SHOULD HAVE FOUND WAY TO TRACK, TO LINK TO INTERACT THAT WE KNEW ALL OF THESE THINGS WERE HAPPENING?

>> I THINK THAT IT COULD HAVE BEEN SOMETHING THAT SOMEONE WITH THE EDUCATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS WOULD HAVE BEEN MADE AWARE OF. FOR EXAMPLE, THIS IS A YOUNG MAN WHO DID TRY TO PUT HIMSELF OUT THERE WITH SOCIAL MEDIA, HE WAS PUTTING MESSAGING OUT THERE. HE WAS TRYING TO JOIN THE ARMY, THIS IS SOMEONE WHO WAS TRYING TO GO TO SCHOOL, NOBODY REALLY LINKED TOGETHER THAT THERE WAS A PROBLEM WITH THIS YOUNG MAN. CERTAINLY WHEN WE'RE PAYING ATTENTION TO SOCIAL MEDIA IF YOU'RE CONNECTED TO SOCIAL MEDIA YOU SEE THESE ISSUES HAPPENING WITH SOMEONE THAT YOU'RE CONNECTED TO, THIS IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN FROM THIS ISSUE AND TO SAY, WHAT CAN I DO TO HELP? WE NEED TO START TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY AS A SOCIETY AND AS A COMMUNITY AS TO WHAT WE CAN DO TO HELP OUR NEIGHBORS AS OPPOSED TO READ A FACEBOOK STATUS UPDATE OR PUT A LINK UP ON YOUTUBE. THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE CAN RESPOND TO AND TAKE THE POWER BACK AND ASSIST OUR NEIGHBORS AS OPPOSED TO LETTING THEM SLIP THROUGH THE CRACKS AS THEY DID IN THIS SITUATION YOU'D HOW DO WE LINK ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT INDICATORS TOGETHER AT THE TIME OF FINANCIAL STRESS, ARIZONA CUT 6 $65 MILLION FROM MENTAL HEALTH BUDGET SINCE 2008. HOW DO YOU BEGIN TO MAKE THOSE INDICATORS WORK TOGETHER?

>> YOU KNOW, AT A TIME OF FISCAL RESTRAINT SUCH AS WE'RE IN NOW I THINK IT'S MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER TO BE SMART ABOUT THE SERVICES THAT WE SPEND MONEY ON MAKE SURE THAT WE'RE NOT WASTING MONEY ON SERVICES THAT PEOPLE ARE NOT ACCESSING. BIG PART OF THE WORK THAT MY ORGANIZATION DOES IS PROMOTING INTERVENTION CALLED ASSISTED OUT PATIENT TREATMENT, COURT-ORDERED OUT PATIENT TREATMENT. THE REASON THAT THERE IS A NEED FOR COURT-ORDERED WITH RESPECT TO FOLKS WHO ARE IN THE COMMUNITY AND HOPEFULLY ACCESSING SERVICES IS BECAUSE SOMETHING CALLED A LACK OF INSIGHT IN TO ILLNESS IN MANY FOLKS WHO HAVE THESE VERY SEVERE ILLNESSES CAUSES THEM NOT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THEY'RE SICK, NOT TO BELIEVE THEY'RE SICK TO NOT ACCESS THE SERVICES THAT ARE PUT IN PLACE. SO WHEN YOU HAVE SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY THAT ARE AVAILABLE FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT ACCESSING THEM, YOU ARE ESSENTIALLY WASTING MONEY OR SERVICES NOT BEING USED. BY LEVERAGING THE POWER OF THE COURT WE DO LOT TO ENSURE THAT THE SERVICES REALLY REACH FOLKS WHO THEY ARE INTENDED FOR. I BELIEVE THAT'S MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER GIVEN WHAT'S HAPPENING FISCALLY.

>> Woodruff: THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH.

>> THANK YOU.

>> Woodruff: NEXT, MAKING BUILDINGS STURDIER SO THEY CAN WITHSTAND THE FORCE OF AN EARTHQUAKE. TOMORROW MARKS A YEAR SINCE HAITI'S DEVASTATING EARTHQUAKE. AS WE CONTINUE OUR SERIES OF REPORTS ABOUT HAITI, NEWSHOUR SCIENCE CORRESPONDENT MILES O'BRIEN LOOKS AT WHAT RESEARCHERS ARE DOING TO LESSEN THE FALLOUT FROM ANOTHER DISASTER. WHEN THE GROUND SHOOK A YEAR AGO , STRUCTURAL ENGINEER DROPPED EVERYTHING. IP THREE DAYS THEY WERE IN HAITI TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHAT THEY COULD DO TO HELP.

>> ALMOST LIKE A WAR ZONE HERE. LIKE WORLD WAR II MOVIE HERE.

>> THE MAGNITUDE 7 EARTHQUAKE DESTROYED QUARTER MILLION HOMES LEAVING A MILLION PEOPLE HOMELESS. 300,000 WERE INJURED, 230,000 KILLED. THE WORLD WAR II ANALOGY PERSISTS.

>> PUT IN PERSPECTIVE, IN HIROSHIMA KILLED 200,000 PEOPLE. TOOK 20 YEARS TO REBUILD.

>> FROM JAPAN ORIGINALLY, MIATMOTOTO CAME TO THE U.S. A AS TEEN AND BETTER WITHSTAND EARTHQUAKES FOR 20 YEARS. WE MET AT HIS MOST FAMOUS RETROFIT PROJECT, THE FLYING SAUCER-LIKE THEME BUILDING, THE MIDDLE OF LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.

>> AS AN ENGINEER, SOMEONE WHO COMMITTED HIS LIFE TO MAKING STRUCTURES SAFE AND EARTHQUAKE HARDY, IF YOU WILL, WHEN YOU SEE THAT WHAT COMES TO MIND?

>> INCREDIBLE. WE KNEW THERE WAS A RISK THERE. ALL THESE ENGINEERS KNEW THAT. ENGINEERS KNEW HOW TO REPAIR THOSE AND STRENGTHEN THOSE BUILDINGS BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE.

>> PURDUE UNIVERSITY SEISMOLOGIST, ERIC ALSO CAME TO HAITI A FEW DAYS AFTER THE QUAKE TO BATH SMEAR DATA. HIS EFFORTS ARE FEATURED IN THE NEW PBS NOVA PROGRAM "DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES."

>> THIS WHOLE AREA HERE HAS MOVED 30 CENTIMETERS TO THE EAST DURING THE EARTHQUAKE.

>> SINCE 2003, THE TEAM HAS MEASURED THE MOVEMENT OF THE FAULT THAT FRACTURED BENEATH PORT-AU-PRINCE. AS YOU WATCHMENT SLOW MOTION COLLISION OF THE CARE WEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN TECH TON IN THIS CASE PLATES WE KNEW A BIG QUAKE WAS INEVITABLE.

>> THE LAST EARTHQUAKE ON THAT FAULT OCCURRED ABOUT 250 YEARS AGO. IT'S BUILDING UP ELASTIC ENERGY AT SEVEN MILLIMETERS PER YEAR. SEVEN TIMES 250 IS ABOUT 1.8 METERS.

>> 1.8 METERS, OR SIX FEET OF STORED STRAIN EQUATES TO THE ENERGY OF ABOUT 100 HIROSHIMA BOMBS. 2008, HE FORESAW MAGNITUDE 7 EARTHQUAKE.

>> WHAT WE SAW WAS A FAULT BEING LOADED JUST LIKE A RUBBERBAND.

>> HE KNEW IT WOULD SNAP BUT HE COULD NOT SAY WHEN.

>> WE CANNOT PREDICT EARTHQUAKES. WE HAD NO WAY OF TELLING WHETHER IT WAS GOING TO BE TODAY, TOMORROW AND TEN YEARS AND A HUNDRED YEARS, WE COULDN'T PUT A DAY ON IT. NOT THAT WE WERE AFRAID TO PUT A DAY ON IT AS SCIENTIST WE CAN'T.

>> SAVING LIVES IS MORE ABOUT KEEPING BUILDINGS INTACT THAN EARLY WARNINGS. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS HAVE LEARNED A LOT ABOUT THIS OVER THE YEARS. BY SHAKING BUILDINGS TO SEE HOW THEY MIGHT FAIL.

>> I GOT A FIRSTHAND TASTE OF THE TECHNIQUE ON THE ROOF OF THE LIBRARY AT THE CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. FLIP THE SWITCH, LET THE HEAVY DISK SPIN AND BUILDING STARTS STWAIING. HOLY COW! WOW! ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKE. IT'S OFTEN IN GOOD OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR REAL. COULD YOU SHAKE THIS BUILDING EVEN MORE THAN THIS? IS THAT POSSIBLE?

>> THE MAXIMUM.

>> THIS IS IT.

>> YOU REALLY GET SENSE OF THE SWAY.

>> ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY PROFESSOR TOM HEATON PRESIDES OVER THE SHAKING NOT TO TORMENT THE STUDYING STUDENTS BELOW BUT TO UNDERSTAND THE BUILDING'S FREQUENCY.

>> THIS TYPE OF MOTION TELLS US HOW THE BUILDING DANCES AROUND AN EARTHQUAKE. SO FOR A TALL BUILDING TENDS TO VIBRATE SOME NATURAL FREQUENCY. ALMOST AS IF YOU WERE LOOKING AT SLOW MOTION PICTURE OF SOME SORT OF TUNING FORK THAT'S VIBRATING. AND SO IF YOU EXCITE THE BUILDING AT THE NATURAL PITCH OF THE BUILDING THE VIBRATION JUST GETS BIGGER AND BIGGER.

>> THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED IN MEXICO CITY DURING THE DEVASTATING MAGNITUDE 8 EARTHQUAKE OF 1985. THE GROUND DID NOT MOVE VIOLENTLY BUT THE TREMOR LASTED A MINUTE AND A HALF AND FREQUENCY WAS JUST RIGHT TO MAKE THE TALL BUILDINGS SWAY MORE AND MORE UNTIL THEY TOPPLED.

>> ALL THE HIGHLY ENGINEERED, VERY WELL CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS WERE THE TALL BUILDINGS WHICH WERE THE ONES THAT ACTUALLY COLLAPSED. AND THE REASON WAS BECAUSE THE GROUND MOTION WAS TUNED TO TALL BUILDINGS.

>> SO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERS SPEND A LOT OF TIME THINKING OF CLEVER WAYS TO REDUCE THE SWAYING. BACK AT THE LAX THEME BUILDING, WE SLITHERED OUR WAY INSIDE THE $10 MILLION SYSTEM HE DESIGNED TO HELP THE 50-YEAR-OLD ICON RIDE OUT MAGNITUDE 7 EARTHQUAKE.

>> OBVIOUS OBVIOUSLY NOT AN OBSERVATION DECK HERE. ABOVE ME IS 1.2 MILLION POUNDS OF STEEL EQUIVALENT TO THE WEIGHT OF TWO 747s. ATTACHING THE TWO, EIGHT OF THESE GIANT SHOCK ABSORBERS, IF YOU WILL. HERE IS HOW IT'S SUPPOSED TO WORK. THE EARTHQUAKE, BUILDING MOVES THIS WAY, THE CEILING GOES THAT WAY. GIANT COUNTER WEIGHT.

>> REDUCE THE MOTION OF A STRUCTURE TO ABOUT TWO INCHES.

>> THE ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS THAT ALLOW BUILDING TO WITHSTAND TREMORS DO NOT HAVE TO BE AS ELABORATE AS THIS. THIS IS THE CHURCH. ANGEL IN PASADENA, CRAMENT. IT'S CHURCH BUILT IN 1889.

>> I MET VETERAN U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SEISMOLOGIST, LUCY JONES AT HER CHURCH IN PASADENA. IN 18 89, A ROCK AND MORTAR WALL SUPPORTING A ROOF PROBABLY SEEMED LIKE A GOOD IDEA. BUT IT IS THE WORST POSSIBLE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE IN AN EARTHQUAKE ZONE. IN FACT IT WAS OUTLAWED HERE FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION IN 1933.

>> WHAT AN EARTHQUAKE IS SHAKING, FORCES JUST LIKE GRAVITY BUT NOW PUSHING SIDEWAYS INSTEAD OF UP AND DOWN.

>> SIDEWAYS GRAVITY WE DON'T BUILD FOR TYPICALLY.

>> WE DON'T TYPICALLY BUILD FOR SIDEWAYS GRAVITY, BUT THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT YOU NEED TO DO FOR AN EARTHQUAKE.

>> THE CHURCH LOST THE BELL TOWER DURING THE BIG QUAKE IN 1971. MORE RECENTLY LUCY JONES MADE SURE HER FELLOW PARISHIONERS KNEW HOW VULNERABLE IT WAS TO EVEN MORE DAMAGE SO THEY FIXED IT. BASE CAN IDEA, MAKE SURE THE ROOF WOULD NOT HAVE TO RELY ON THE MASONRY WALLS TO STAY STANDING. THE.

>> THE WAY THIS WAS DONE,STEEN THROUGH THE WALLS THEN ROOF WAS TIED TO THOSE STEEL BEAMS. INSIDE WE ALSO HAVE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS TO HOLD THE ROOF TOGETHER AND SO THAT EVEN IF ALL OF THE MORTAR DISSOLVED AND THE ROCK STARTS COMING DOWN, THE ROOF SHOULD STILL STAY UP.

>> RETROFITTING A WELL-ENDOWED CHURCH OR WELL-KNOWN LANDMARK MAY SEEM LIKE A LUXURY HAITIANS CANNOT AFFORD. OR IS IT?

>> PEOPLE SEE THIS ELABORATE SYSTEM THAT YOU BUILT HERE. $10 MILLION, THINK, IT'S TOO EXPENSIVE TO BUILD A BUILDING THAT WILL RIDE OUT A 7.0 PERTH QUAKE, CERTAINLY PLACE LIKE PORT-AU-PRINCE, HAITI. THEY CAN'T AFFORD TO DO IT, IS THAT TRUE OR FALSE?

>> IT'S FALSE. FOR EXAMPLE, RIGHT NOW THERE ARE OVER 100,000 BUILDINGS BEING DAMAGED, SPEND ABOUT A THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR A HOUSE TO NOT ONLY REPAIR IT BUT ALSO STRENGTHEN AT THE SAME TIME.

>> ENGINEERS SAY IT IS MORE ABOUT MINDSET THAN MONEY. THREE MONTHS AFTER PORT-AU-PRINCE WAS DEVASTATED A QUAKE OF THE SAME MAGNITUDE STRUCK A CITY OF SIMILAR SIZE AND MEANS, MEXICALI, MEXICO. ONLY A HANDFUL DIED. HERE THEY ARE ATTUNED TO THE THREAT OF EARTHQUAKES AND DELIVER SIMPLE INSTRUCTIONS HOW TO BUILD WITH THAT IN MIND. LIKE USING REBAR AND METAL STRAPS WHICH WERE NOT COMMONLY USED IN HAITI.

>> SO FAR OUR EXPERIENCE IS GOOD.

>> YOU GUYS ARE GOOD ENGINEERS.

>> KIS TRYING TO SPUR HAITIAN ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS TO THINK DIFFERENTLY.

>> WE START APPLYING NEW TECHNIQUES, JUST FOR -- WE BUILD THEM IN THE BEST WAY THAT --

>> STILL ONE YEAR LATER, THEREAF REBUILDING OF ANY KIND. BUT HE REMAINS OPTIMISTIC.

>> SEEMS LIKE NOTHING GOING ON FOR 12 MONTHS. SUCH CHAOS AND SUCH A MESS. BUT AS YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE IS THE -- WE UNDERSTAND WHAT HAPPENED, WE UNDERSTAND AND HOW TO FIX IT. WE UNDERSTAND HOW HAITIAN PEOPLE CAN REPAIR IT AND ENGINEERING TO WORK TOGETHER.

>> BLOCKS BY REINFORCED BLOCK, IT APPEARS THEY ARE BUILDING BETTER HERE HAUNTED BY A NATURAL DISASTER THAT WAS SO MUCH WORSE THAN IT HAD TO BE.

>> IT WAS

>> Woodruff: NOVA'S PROGRAM, "DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES," AIRS TONIGHT ON MOST PBS STATIONS.

>> A SLUM NEIGHBORHOOD NEAR THE CONTAINER PORT. THE POLICE ARE HUNTING A GANG MUCH ESCAPED PRISONERS WHO ARE KNOWN TO BE HEAVILY ARMED. THOUGH ARE SUPPORTED BY 100 U.N. TROOPS, PART OF A FORCE OF 12,000 PEACEKEEPERS FROM 57 COUNTRIES. IN THE DECADES BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE, HAITI, A COUNTRY OF 10 MILLION PEOPLE, WAS ALREADY A FAILING STATE.

>> WE HAVE TO PUT THIS COUNTRY IN TO THE CONTEXT OF A NATION THAT HAS COMMITTED COLLECTIVE SUICIDE. INSTITUTIONS AND COURTS AND RULE OF LAW AND MINISTRIES AND HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS AND THAT DOESN'T EXIST ANY MORE. IF WE LEFT THE POOR COUNTRY WOULD JUST FALL APART.

>> INSPECTOR OF THE HAITIAN POLICE LEADS THE OPERATION. HE HAS BROUGHT INFORMER IN HEAVY DISGUISE. HE GETS THE NEWS HE'S BEEN WAITING FOR. HE KNOWS GANG LEADER AS AN ALIAS, ARRESTED HIM TWO YEARS AGO. HE ESCAPED IN THE EARTHQUAKE. THEY HAVE BEEN TERRORIZING THE NEIGHBORHOOD, HE HOPES THE GANGS' WEAPONS ARE STILL IN THIS MAN'S HOUSE. (SPEAKING FRENCH) THE WEAPONS ARE GONE. HE INSISTS HE'S KEPT OUT OF TROUBLE SINCE ESCAPING FROM THE PENITENTIARY.

>> HE AND THE U.N. WITHDRAW LEAVING THE NEIGHBORHOOD TO THE GANGS. BESIDES HIM, HE HAS POINTED OUT FIVE OTHER MEN, BUT THE NAMES THEY GIVE AREN'T ON THE LIST OF ESCAPED PRISONERS. THE LACK OF RECORDS IN HAITI IS HARD FOR OFFICIALS TO IDENTIFY PEOPLE. THE MEN ARE TAKEN IN FOR QUESTIONING. AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE, FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS PLEDGED ALMOST $10 BILLION IN AID, INSPIRING HOPES THAT HAITI COULD HAVE A FRESH START, BUT THOSE HOPES CAN'T BE FULFILLED WHILE SO MUCH OF THE COUNTRY REMAINS LAWLESS.

>> AIRS TONIGHT ON MOST PBS STATIONS. TOMORROW ON THE SNUS TOMORROW ON THE NEWSHOUR, JEFFREY BROWN LOOKS AT THE GAP BETWEEN MONEY PLEDGED AND MONEY SPENT IN REBUILDING HAITI.

>> Ifill: FINALLY TONIGHT, NEW RECOMMENDATIONS FROM A PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON PREVENTING ANOTHER MAJOR OIL SPILL. RAY SUAREZ HAS THE STORY.

>> Suarez: IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE OIL SPILL DISASTER IN THE GULF COAST LAST APRIL, PEOPLE WANTED ANSWERS TO THREE BASIC QUESTIONS. WHAT LED TO THE DEADLY FIRE AND EXPLOSION OF B.P.'S MACONDO WELL? COULD IT HAVE BEEN PREVENTED? HOW DO WE KEEP SOMETHING SIMILAR FROM HAPPENING AGAIN? THE PRESIDENT APPOINTED AN OIL SPILL COMMISSION WHICH HAS STUDIED THOSE ISSUES FOR MONTHS. TODAY IT RELEASED ITS FINAL REPORT. AMONG ITS RECOMMENDATIONS: THE CREATION OF A NEW INDEPENDENT SAFETY AGENCY; BETTER FUNDED OVERSIGHT AND TIGHTER REGULATION OF OFFSHORE DRILLING; AND LIFTING THE LIABILITY CAP FOR ACCIDENTS, NOW AT $75 MILLION. FORMER U.S. SENATOR BOB GRAHAM, A DEMOCRAT, AND REPUBLICAN WILLIAM REILLY, A FORMER HEAD OF THE E.P.A., ARE THE CO-CHAIRS, AND THEY JOIN ME TO DISCUSS THEIR FINDINGS. WHAT LED TO YOUR CONCLUSION THAT THIS WAS BOTH FORESEEABLE AND PREVENTABLE, SENATOR?

>> FIRST, THERE'S BEEN A MAJOR TRANSFORMATION IN THE OFF-SHORE OIL INDUSTRY, UP TO 1990 IT WAS PRIMARILY SHALLOW WATER DRILLING. SINCE 1990, THE INDUSTRY HAVE BEEN MOVING IN TO DEEPER AND DEEPER INHERENTLY RISKIER AREAS. THE TECHNOLOGY TO DO THAT HAS BEEN FABULOUS. IT'S LIKE THE SPACE PROGRAM. UNFORTUNATELY THERE WASN'T A PARALLEL DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY REQUIRED FOR THOSE DEEPER DRILLINGS AND THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND TO AN ACCIDENT TO, CONTAIN IT AND TO LIMIT ITS CONSEQUENCES. SO THIS WAS NOT A SURPRISE THAT THAT LIKELY SHOULD OCCUR WE FOUND THAT IT WAS AN AVOIDABLE AND PREVENTABLE TRAGEDY.

>> DID YOU FIND THE THREE MAIN COMPANIES INVOLVED, TRANS-OCEAN, BP, HALLIBURTON WERE CUTTING CORNERS, SAVING MONEY, TRYING TO DO SOMETHING IN A WAY THAT WAS JUST SKIRTING ON THE EDGE OF SECURITY?

>> THE COMMISSION IDENTIFIED CLOSE TO A DOZEN DECISIONS, VERY BAD DECISIONS EACH OF WHICH WAS HARD TO UNDERSTAND, TO JUSTIFY, DECISIONS TO PROVIDE FAULTY CEMENT ON THE PART OF HALLIBURTON, CEMENT THAT FAILED NINE SEPARATE TESTS WHEN CONDUCTED BY CHEVRON'S LABORATORY FOR THE COMMISSION, WITH THE SAME FORMULA. OF TRANS-OCEAN WHICH FAILED TO DETECT GAS RISING IN THE DRILL PIPE EVEN THOUGH THERE WAS AN INDEX IN THE CONSOLE, INDICATION IN THE CONSOLE THAT IT WAS HAPPENING. THEN OF COURSE BPBP MADE ANY NUMBER OF DECISIONS WITH CEMENTING AND CENTRALIZERS AND THE NUMBER OF THINGS THEY SHOULD HAVE UNDERSTOOD AND BEEN ABLE TO CONTROL FOR. THIS CAUSED US TO CONCLUDE THAT THERE'S ONE COMPANY THAT IS PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE, BP. TWO OTHER COMPANIES, THAT ARE ALSO IMPLICATED, HALLIBURTON AND TRANS-OCEAN THEY OPERATE THE WORLD OVER FOR VIRTUALLY THE ENTIRE GLOBAL OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY AND VIRTUALLY EVERY OCEAN WHERE THERE ARE HYDROCARBONS MINED. THAT CAUSED US TO SAY SOMETHING CONTROVERSIAL AND I THINK REJECTED BY MANY IN THE INDUSTRY, CERTAINLY SOME OF THE BEST COMPANIES, WE SAID A SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS.

>> THOSE VERY GOOD COMPANIES DO NOT WANT TO BE PAINTED BY THE SAME BRUSH, THAT'S FAIR. IT'S INCONCEIVABLE TO US THAT THESE COMPANIES, CONTRACTORS WOULD ONLY HAVE SUPPLIED FAULTY CEMENT. ONLY MISSED DETECTING GAS AND DRILL PIPE AT ONE RIG FOR ONE COMPANY. AND IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER IT IS OR ISN'T A SYSTEMIC PROBLEM WE THINK THAT THE BEST COMPANIES HAVE EVERY SELF-INTEREST NOW TO ENSURE THAT ONE CORNER CUTTER DOES NOT BRING DOWN THE WHOLE INDUSTRY OR CAUSE ALL OF THEIR RIGS TO BE SURITY DOWN, WHICH IS WHAT HAPPENED LAST SUMMER IN THE GULF OF MEXICO.

>> SENATOR, THE REPORTS SUGGESTS CREATION OF A NEW OVERSIGHT AGENCY, CAN THAT BE DONE QUICKLY? IT'S A HARD THING TO DO.

>> I.T. IT WOULD REQUIRE CONGRESSIONAL ACTION. WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT HISTORICALLY THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR HAD TWO FUNCTIONS, ONE WAS TO COLLECT ROYALTIES. AND SECOND, WAS TO SUPERVISE FOR SAFETY. WHEN THERE WAS CONFLICT BETWEEN THOSE TWO THE ROYALTIES ALMOST ALWAYS WON OUT. THERE HAVE BEEN SOME STEPS TAKEN BY SECRETARY SALAZAR TO DIVIDE THOSE FUNCTIONS, BUT WE THINK WE NEED TO GO ANOTHER STEP FURTHER AND MAKE THE SAFETY FUNCTION MORE INDEPENDENT, FOR INSTANCE, THAT IT'S HEAD TO SERVE A FIXED TERM, NOT BE SUBJECT TO THE PLEASURE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OR THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. MUCH LIKE DIRECTOR OF THE FBI SERVES A FIXED TERM. WE THINK THAT KIND OF INSULATION IS GOING TO BE IMPORTANT IN ORDER TO AVOID A RELAPSE BACK IN TO SAFETY SECOND, MONEY FIRST.

>> YOU LED A REGULATORY AGENCY, TO BUILD ONE FROM SCRATCH WILL TAKE SOME TIME. IN THE MEANTIME CAN WE JUST GO AHEAD AND KEEP ON DRILLING IN THE GULF, EXPLORING, EXTRACTING WHILE THIS NEW OVERSIGHT PANEL IS BEING CREATED?

>> IT WILL TAKE TIME. IT WILL TAKE TIME TO BRING THE REGULATORY ENTITY UP TO A LEVEL AT WHICH YOU CAN HAVE CONFIDENCE AND MATCH FOR THE INDUSTRY. I THINK THAT THE NEW REGULATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN ISSUED BY INTERIOR DEPARTMENT, SECRETARY SALAZAR, ARE GOING TO FUNCTION VERY WELL IN THE NEAR TERM. A CERTIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT IS NOW REQUIRED, WHOLE RANGE OF NEW TESTS HAVE TO BE PASSED. HOWEVER, IT'S CLEAR TO ME THAT INDUSTRY IS GOING TO HAVE TO STEP UP ITS GAME. INDUSTRY IS GOING TO HAVE TO DO WITH THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY DID AFTER THREE MILE ISLAND AND CREATE AN INSTITUTION WHICH WILL EVALUATE, AUDIT AND POLICE ITSELF. GIVE GRADES TO RIG OPERATORS AND TO COMPANIES AND TO CONTRACTORS AND CALL OUT THOSE COMPANIES WHICH ARE CORNER CUTTERS OR LAGGARDS WHO IF THEY DON'T WILL RISK SHUT DOWN THE WHOLE INDUSTRY AGAIN. I THINK THE INDUSTRY HAS SELF-INTEREST TO DO THAT, CERTAINLY HAS CAPABILITY, IT'S A VERY SOPHISTICATED INDUSTRY, I THINK RESPONSIBLE ONE AFTER ALL THEY ARE PLAYING A VERY VITAL ROLE IN OUR ECONOMY, WE NEED THE RESOURCES THEY ARE DEVELOPING. AND I THINK THEYOCK IT RESPONSIBLY AND WELL.

>> THE GOVERNMENT TAKES A PRETTY HEAVY HIT IN THIS REPORT, FOR NOT REALLY DOING THE JOB OF OVERSIGHT BEFORE THE McCONDO WELL BLOWOUT. TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU FOUND WAS LACKING IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT'S OVERSIGHT IN THIS INDUSTRY.

>> ONE, THERE HAVE BEEN HISTORY OF COZY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDUSTRY AND THE REGULATORS. SOME CASES LITERALLY A COZY RELATIONSHIP. SECOND THAT THE PEOPLE WHO WERE THE REGULATORS WERE OUTMATCHED BY THE PEOPLE WHO REPRESENTED THE INDUSTRY, THEY WERE NOT AS WELL TRAINED THEY WERE NOT AS CONFIDENT, THEY WERE NOT AS TECHNICALLY SOPHISTICATED AS THE PEOPLE THEY WERE SUPPOSED TO BE REGULATING. SO WE DID PUT A BIG NEGATIVE MARK ON THE WAY IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT HAS CONDUCTED ITSELF AND MADE SERIES OF RECOMMENDATIONS TO REVERSE THAT, TO CREATE A TRULY COMPETENT, INDEPENDENT, CREDIBLE REGULATORY AGENCY, WHICH WOULD BE EXWHRE MENTD BY -- COMPLEMENTED BY THE INDUSTRY ORGANIZATION THAT BILL JUST DESCRIBED.

>> WHY NOT MAKE UNLIMITED TAP ON LIABILITY, TAKE AWAY THE CAP ALTOGETHER AND WHAT IT COSTS, IT COSTS IF THERE'S A MAJOR ACCIDENT.

>> THE COMMISSION LOOKED CLOSELY AT LIABILITY. NOW $75 MILLION. WE RECOMMENDED THAT IT BE RAISED SIGNIFICANTLY. THE ISSUE, WE DEALT WITH ANY NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT COMPANIES THAT OPERATE IN THE GULF, THE ISSUE IN THEIR EYES IS IN THE EYES IS, IF YOU GET THAT CAPPED TOO HIGH YOU MAY WELL FIND THAT YOU'VE LIMITED LEASING COMPETITION FOR LEASES TO A FEW BIG COMPANIES. I DON'T THINK ANYBODY WANTS TO SEE THAT HAPPEN. FOR VARIETY OF REASONS WE WANT TO SEE HEALTHY INDEPENDENCE AND COMPETE AND PLAY THE ROLE CULTURALLY THAT THEY PLAY IN THE GULF. WE BELIEVE THAT PROBABLY THE SOLUTION TO THIS IS TO HAVE SOME KIND OF INSURANCE POOL THAT SPREADS THE RISK AND AS TIME GOES ON WITHOUT SPILLS, WITHOUT DISTURBANCES THE PREMIUMS CAN GO DOWN. BUT FRANKLY WE DIDN'T HAVE ENOUGH EXPERTISE IN THE SIX MONTHS THAT WE OPERATED ENOUGH TIME TO VET THAT SUFFICIENTLY WITH THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY AND ALSO GET SENSE OF HOW THAT WOULD PLAY GIVEN THE FACT THAT CANADA'S LIABILITY PAP IS $35 MILLION. AND UNITED KINGDOM IS ABOUT $50 MILLION POUNDS. YOU DON'T WANT YOUR OIL AND GAS OPERATORS TO LEAVE U.S. WATERS, GO TO PLACES WHERE THERE ARE FEWER RISKS UNLESS LIABILITY. ALL OF THAT HAS TO BE WORKED OUT. WE WEREN'T ABLE TO DO EVERYTHING IN SIX MONTHS THAT WE HAD BUT I THINK THAT TO RAISE THE CAP SOMEWHAT SIGNIFICANTLY IS RESPONSIBLE NEAR TERM MOVE.

>> WILLIAM AND BOB, GENTLEMEN, THANK YOU BOTH.

>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> >> Woodruff: AGAIN, THE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS OF THE DAY. ARIZONA CONGRESSWOMAN GABRIELLE GIFFORD SHOWED MORE SMALL SIGNS OF PROGRESS, THREE DAYS AFTER BEING SHOT IN THE HEAD. RELEASED A STATEMENT SAYING, QUOTE, WE WISH THAT WE COULD CHANGE THE HEINOUS EVENTS OF SATURDAY WE'RE SO VERY SORRY. AND TO KWAME HOLMAN, FOR WHAT'S ON THE NEWSHOUR ONLINE. KWAME? OUR SCIENCE UNIT LOOKS AT THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW PLANET OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. ALL THAT AND MORE IS ON OUR WEB SITE, newshour.pbs.org. GWEN?

>> Ifill: AND THAT'S THE NEWSHOUR FOR TONIGHT. ON WEDNESDAY, WE'LL HAVE A SPECIAL EDITION OF THE NEWSHOUR I'M GWEN IFILL. AT MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR THE VICTIMS MUCH THE ARIZONA SHOOTING. AND BACK HERE TOMORROW EVENING, THANK YOU, AND GOOD NIGHT. MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY:

>> OIL COMPANIES HAVE CHANGED MY COUNTRY.

>> OIL COMPANIES CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE.

>> WE HAVE THE CHANCE TO BUILD THE ECONOMY.

>> CREATE JOBS, KEEP PEOPLE HEALTHY, AND IMPROVE SCHOOLS.

>> AND OUR COMMUNITIES.

>> IN ANGOLA CHEVRON HELPS TRAIN ENGINEERS, TEACHERS AND FARMERS, LAUNCH CHILD'S PROGRAMS. IT'S NOT JUST GOOD BUSINESS.

>> I'M HOPEFUL ABOUT MY COUNTRY'S FUTURE.

>> IT'S MY COUNTRY'S FUTURE. AND BY UNITED HEALTHCARE. BNSF RAILWAY. AND BY THE ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION. SUPPORTING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND IMPROVED ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL LITERACY IN THE 21st CENTURY. AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS AND FOUNDATIONS. AND... THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. Captioning sponsored by MacNEIL/LEHRER PRODUCTIONS Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org Announcer: FIND YOUR VOICE AND SHARE IT. AMERICAN GREETINGS-- PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE ELECTRIC COMPANY." - BEACHES RESORTS IS A PROUD SPONSOR OF "THE ELECTRIC COMPANY," CONNECTING BRIGHT IDEAS AND COUNTLESS OUTLETS FOR HIGH-ENERGY EXCITEMENT. FROM THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION'S READY TO LEARN GRANT, AND... - OK. YOUR 5 WORDS ALL START WITH "UN," WHICH MEANS NOT. THEY ARE... WHEN YOU'RE UNSURE ABOUT SOMETHING, IT MEANS YOU'RE NOT TOTALLY SURE.