PBS NewsHour; June 17, 2015 3:00pm-4:00pm PDT

Captioning sponsored by NEWSHOUR PRODUCTIONS, LLC

>> Woodruff: CLEAN GROUND WATER RUNNING LOW. THE WORLD'S LARGEST AQUIFERS DEPLETING AT ALARMING RATES. GOOD EVENING, I'M JUDY WOODRUFF.

>> Ifill: AND I'M GWEN IFILL. ALSO AHEAD THIS WEDNESDAY: WILL THE SUPREME COURT UPHOLD OR SCRAP HEALTH CARE SUBSIDIES? THE HIGH STAKES FOR AMERICANS, WHO WAIT FOR THE HIGH COURT'S DECISION.

>> IF THE SUBSIDY IS TAKEN AWAY, ITS LIFE AND DEATH FOR ME. YOU KNOW, ITS LIKE A TICKING TIME BOMB.

>> Woodruff: THEN, THE U.S. ADVANCES INTO ELIMINATION ROUNDS. WHAT TO WATCH AS THE KNOCKOUT PHASE BEGINS FOR WOMEN'S WORLD CUP SOCCER.

>> Ifill: PLUS...

>> THE INTERNET IN CUBA IS VERY MUCH A LUXURY FOR THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT.

>> Ifill: LIFE DISCONNECTED IN CUBA. INTERNET ACCESS SLOWLY EXPANDS BUT REMAINS TOO EXPENSIVE FOR MOST.

>> THEY RECOGNIZE THE NEED FOR CUBA TO BE CONNECTED TO THE GLOBALIZED ECONOMY, BUT THEY'RE TAKING IT PIECEMEAL, DAY BY DAY.

>> Woodruff: THOSE ARE SOME OF THE STORIES WE'RE COVERING ON TONIGHT'S PBS NEWSHOUR.

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>> AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS AND...

>> THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY E CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU.

>> Ifill: THE FEDERAL RESERVE SENT THE CLEAREST SIGNAL YET TODAY, THAT INTEREST RATE HIKES ARE COMING THIS YEAR. THE FED'S OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE REPORTED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS STRENGTHENING AGAIN, AFTER A SLUMP IN THE FIRST QUARTER. FED CHAIR JANET YELLEN SAID THE KEY IS WHAT HAPPENS IN THE NEXT FEW MONTHS.

>> MOST PARTICIPANTS ARE ANTICIPATING THAT A RATE INCREASE THIS YEAR WILL BE APPROPRIATE. NOW THAT ASSUMES AS YOU CAN SEE THAT THEY'RE EXPECTING A PICK UP IN GROWTH IN THE SECOND HALF OF THIS YEAR AND FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS.

>> Ifill: THE FED POLICYMAKERS MEET AGAIN IN LATE JULY.

>> Woodruff: PRESIDENT OBAMA AND TOP REPUBLICANS ARE SET TO RESURRECT A TRADE BILL. G.O.P. LEADERS SAY THE HOUSE WILL VOTE TOMORROW ON GIVING THE PRESIDENT STREAMLINED NEGOTIATING POWER TO FINISH AN ASIAN TRADE PACT. THEY'LL VOTE SEPARATELY ON AIDING WORKERS WHO LOSE THEIR JOBS TO EXPORTS. THAT PROVISION FAILED IN THE HOUSE LAST FRIDAY, AS DEMOCRATS REBELLED AGAINST THE PRESIDENT'S TRADE AGENDA. A.T.'s BEEN SLAPPED WITH A $100 MILLION FINE OVER ITS UNLIMITED DATA PLANS. THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION RULED TODAY THE COMPANY SHOULD HAVE TOLD CONSUMERS THAT TRANSMISSION SPEEDS WOULD SLOW DOWN, ONCE USAGE REACHED CERTAIN LEVELS. A.T. & T. INSISTED IT'S BEEN FULLY TRANSPARENT AND WILL CHALLENGE THE FINE.

>> Ifill: PENTAGON LEADERS WARNED TODAY THE U.S. IS FALLING SHORT IN TRAINING IRAQIS TO FIGHT THE ISLAMIC STATE GROUP. DEFENSE SECRETARY ASH CARTER BLAMED A LACK OF RECRUITS. HE PROJECTED 7,000 FIGHTERS BY FALL, INSTEAD OF THE HOPED-FOR 24000. CARTER APPEARED AT A HOUSE HEARING WITH GENERAL MARTIN DEMPSEY. THE CHAIR OF THE JOINT CHIEFS SAID SENDING AMERICAN TROOPS TO THE FRONT IS NOT THE ANSWER.

>> I WOULD NOT RECOMMEND THAT WE PUT U.S. FORCES IN HARMS WAY SIMPLY TO STIFFEN THE SPINE OF LOCAL FORCES. IF THEIR SPINE IS NOT STIFFENED BY THE THREAT OF ISIL AND THEIR WAY OF LIFE, NOTHING WE DO IS GOING TO STIFFEN THEISPINE.

>> Ifill: PRESIDENT OBAMA IS SENDING ANOTHER 450 TROOPS, TO ADVISE THE IRAQIS ON A COUNTER- OFFENSIVE TO RETAKE THE CITY OF RAMADI.

>> Woodruff: IN YEMEN, ISLAMIC STATE SUPPORTERS CLAIMED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS TODAY IN THE CAPITAL, SANAA, THAT KILLED FOUR PEOPLE AND WOUNDED 60. THE TARGETS WERE TWO SHIITE MOSQUES AND TWO OFFICES OF THE SHIITE REBELS WHO CONTROL THE CITY. ISIS NOW JOINS HALF A DOZEN FACTIONS FIGHTING EACH OTHER IN YEMEN.

>> Ifill: HUNDREDS OF SYRIAN REFUGEES HAVE BEGUN RETURNING FROM TURKEY, AFTER KURDISH FIGHTERS RECLAIMED THEIR HOMETOWN FROM ISIS FORCES. CONTROL OF TAL ABYAD CUTS A VITAL SUPPLY LINE TO RAQQA, THE MILITANTS' SELF-PROCLAIMED CAPITAL. REFUGEES LINED UP AT A TURKISH BORDER CROSSING TODAY, WAITING TO CROSS BACK INTO SYRIA. SOME 23,000 FLED TO SAFETY DURING THE FIGHTING.

>> Woodruff: RUSSIA AND NATO TRADED VERBAL VOLLEYS TODAY OVER EXPANDING THE RUSSIAN NUCLEAR ARSENAL. PRESIDENT VLADIMIR PUTIN ANNOUNCED THE ADDITION TUESDAY OF MORE THAN 40 INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES, AND HE TALKED OF OVERWHELMING WESTERN DEFENSES. TODAY, AS NATO STAGED EXERCISES IN POLAND, ITS OVERALL COMMANDER SHARPLY CRITICIZED THE KREMLIN'S ACTIONS AND WORDS.

>> WHAT WE HAVE DONE IN THIS EXERCISE IS EXACTLY RESNDING TO, AND OUR WAY OF BEING READY FOR, THIS KIND OF IRRESPONSIBLE RHETORIC. WE SEE THESE KIND OF WORDS NORMAL AND RESPONSIBLE NUCLEAR POWERS DON'T ACT LIKE THIS, DON'T TALK LIKE THIS.

>> Woodruff: PUTIN'S MISSILE ANNOUNCEMENT FOLLOWED WORD THAT THE U.S. WILL STATION HEAVY WEAPONRY IN EASTERN EUROPE. BUT HIS TOP FOREIGN POLICY ADVISER INSISTED TODAY THAT RUSSIA IS NOT ENTERING AN ARMS RACE WITH THE WEST.

>> Ifill: AT THE VATICAN, POPE FRANCIS APPEALED TO CRITICS TODAY TO LISTEN TO HIS VIEWS ON CLIMATE CHANGE. HE'LL ISSUE A LENGTHY ENCYCLICAL ON THE ISSUE TOMORROW. ACCORDING TO A LEAKED VERSION, HE'LL ARGUE THAT BURNING FOSSIL FUELS IS DRIVING GLOBAL WARMING. AT HIS WEEKLY GENERAL AUDIENCE TODAY, THE PONTIFF AIMED HIS REMARKS AT CLIMATE CHANGE SKEPTICS.

>> ( translated ): THIS HOME OF OURS IS BEING RUINED AND THAT DAMAGES EVERYONE, ESPECIALLY THE POOR. THIS IS THEN AN APPEAL ON MY SIDE TOWARDS RESPONSIBILITY. I ASK EVERYBODY TO WELCOME THIS DOCUMENT, WITH AN OPEN SPIRIT.

>> Ifill: THE ENCYCLICAL COULD BE THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL SINCE 1968, WHEN POPE PAUL THE SIXTH ENSHRINED THE CHURCH'S BAN ON BIRTH CONTROL.

>> Woodruff: CYBER-SECURITY RESEARCHERS IN GERMANY ARE SOUNDING A NEW ALARM OVER THOUSANDS OF POPULAR APPS. THEY SAID TODAY THE WAY MOST APPS STORE DATA COULD MAKE IT EASY FOR HACKERS TO FIND PASSWORDS, PHYSICAL ADDRESSES AND OTHER INFORMATION. THE GERMAN TEAM SAYS SO FAR, THERE'S NO EVIDENCE THAT ANYONE HAS TRIED TO EXPLOIT THE WEAKNESS.

>> Ifill: ON WALL STREET, STOCKS MANAGED SMALL GAINS AFTER AN UP- AND-DOWN DAY. THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE WAS UP 31 POINTS TO CLOSE ABOVE 17,930. THE NASDAQ ADDED NINE POINTS, AND THE S&P 500 GAINED FOUR.

>> Woodruff: AND, THE GOLDEN STATE WARRIORS RETURNED HOME TO CALIFORNIA AFTER WINNING THEIR FIRST N.B.A. CHAMPIONSHIP IN 40 YEARS. THE TEAM CLINCHED IT LAST NIGHT, BEATING LEBRON JAMES AND THE CLEVELAND CAVALIERS, 105 TO 97, IN GAME SIX OF THE TITLE SERIES. A VICTORY PARADE IS SLATED FOR FRIDAY IN OAKLAND.

>> Ifill: STILL TO COME ON THE NEWSHOUR: UNSUSTAINABLE STRESS ON WATER RESOURCES WORLDWIDE. AMERICANS AWAIT A SUPREME COURT DECISION OVER HEALTH CARE SUBSIDIES. TWO LOOKS AT SOCCER WORLDWIDE. ELIMINATIONS ROUNDS BEGIN AT THE WOMEN'S WORLD CUP, AND A PROFILE OF NEPALESE MIGRANTS BUILDING STADIUMS IN QATAR. CONNECTING CUBANS TO AN OPEN, AFFORDABLE INTERNET. WHY MORE CITIES ARE BANNING THE BOX THAT REQUIRES JOB APPLICANTS TO DISCLOSE THEIR CRIMINAL RECORD. AND, HOW A FEW PAKISTANI DOCTORS ARE TYRING TO CHANGE CULTURAL VIEWS OF MENTAL ILLNESS.

>> Woodruff: HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD DEPEND ON THE USE OF UNDERGROUND ROCK FORMATIONS KNOWN AS AQUIFERS TO GET THE CLEAN WATER THEY NEED. BUT A PAIR OF NEW STUDIES SHOW MANY OF THE LARGEST AQUIFERS ARE BEING DEPLETED AT ALARMING RATES. AS SEEN ON THIS MAP, OF THE 37 LARGEST ONES IN THE WORLD, 21 ARE LOSING MORE WATER THAN IS BEING REPLACED, WITH THOSE AREAS IN ORANGE AND RED SHOWING MUCH MORE SERIOUS PROBLEMS WITH DEPLETION. THESE ARE LOCATED IN COUNTRIES LIKE CHINA, RUSSIA AND AUSTRALIA AS WELL AS INDIA, WHERE WATER RESOURCES ARE ALREADY A MAJOR PROBLEM. THE REPORTS ALSO IDENTIFY DECLINING LEVELS FOR CALIFORNIA'S CENTRAL VALLEY AQUIFER. JAY FAMIGLIETTI IS A LEAD AUTHOR ON ONE OF THE REPORTS FROM NASA'S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY. HE JOINS ME NOW. HE WELCOME, MR. FAMIGLIETTI, REMIND ES WHAT IS AN AQUA-- AQUIFER AND HOW DOES IT PRODUCE THE CLEAN WATER.

>> AN AQUIFER IS AN UNDERGROUND SOIL OR ROCK THAT CONTAINS WATER IN ITS PORE SPACES AND THE WAY WE GET AT THAT WATER IS BY DRILLG WELLS AND PUMPING IT UP FROM THE SUBSURFACE.

>> Woodruff: SO WHAT DID THESE TWO STUDIES FIND?

>> WE FOUND THAT IN THE THE 37 WORLD'S LARGEST AQUIFERS THAT WE LOOKED AT THAT OVER 21 OF THEM ARE PAST SUSTAINABILITY TIPPING POINTS. MEANING THAT THE RATE OF WITHDRAWAL EXCEEDS THE RATE OF REPLENISHMENT. AND OF THOSE WE FOUND THAT 13 ARE IN A PRETTY BAD WAY AN THREATEN TO EXCEED A POINT AT WHICH THEY MAY NOT COME BACK.

>> Woodruff: AND WHY IS THIS HAPPENING?

>> WELL WE RELY HEAVILY ON GROUND WATER. BUT YET WE DON'T MANAGE IT VERY WELL. AROUND THE WORLD WE USE ABOUT 2 BILLION PEOPLE RELY ON GROUND WATER AS A PRIMARY WATER SOURCE. AND IT PROVIDES ABOUT HALF OF THE WATER THAT WE NEED TO IRRIGATE AGRICULTURE. SO WE RELY ON IT HEAVILY. BUT WE DON'T MANAGE IT VERY WELL. AND THAT'S TRUE IN THE UNITED STATES AS WELL AS AROUND THE WORLD.

>> Woodruff: SO IS THIS DEPLETION HAPPENING AT A FASTER RATE THAN IT DID HISTORILLY?

>> IN SOME PLACES YES. IT'S TAKEN AWHILE FOR POPULATION IN A PARTICULAR REGION TO DEVELOP OR IT'S TAKEN AWHILE FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE TO COME INTO PLACE. FOR EXAMPLE N NORTHWESTERN INDIA, THE GREEN REVOLUTION IS SOMETHING THAT DIDN'T START UNTIL THE 1960s AND 1970s. PRI TO THAT THERE WASN'T MUCH GROUND WATER DEPLETION.

>> Woodruff: LET'S TALK FOR A MINUTE ABOUT WHERE THIS IS HAPPENING. WE MENTIONED ON SEVERAL CONTINENTS. WHERE IS THE PROBLEM THE WORST?

>> PROBABLY THE WORST IN THE MIDDLE EAST. THE ARABIAN PENINSULA AND EVEN THE REGION ABOVE THE ARABIAN PENINSULA TURKEY SYRIA IRAQ AND IRAN ARE REGIONS WE HAVE STUDIED BEFORE. NORTHWESTERN INDIA REALLY ACROSS NORTHERN INDIA INTO BANGLADESH IS IN PRETTY ROUGH SHAPE. THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN THE BIG AQUIFER SYSTEM AROUND BEIJING, IT IS ON EVERY CONTINENT. THE PILLBOROUGH MINING REGION WHICH IS THE CANNING BASIN IN NORTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA, SEVERAL OF THE AQUIFERS IN AFRICA ARE IN ROUGH SHAPE BECAUSE THERE'S VERY LITTLE RAINFALL THERE IN THE SAHARA DESERT. IS NOT VERY MUCH REPLENISHMENT AN IN ARGENTINA THE AQUIFER AND THE AQUIFERS OF THE UNITED STATES, BIG ONES BEING THE CENTRAL VALLEY. AND THE HIGH PLAINS.

>> Woodruff: AND WHAT ABOUT THE ONE IN CALIFORNIA CENTRAL VALLEY WHAT HAPPY IS THAT?

>> THAT'S IN PRETTY ROUGH SHAPE. THIS STUDY AND OTHER STUDIES THAT WE'VE DONE ON THE AQUIFER SHOW THAT WE'VE BEEN LOSING ABOUT FIVE AND A HALF TRILLION GALLONS OF GROUND WATER PER YEAR FOR THE LAST FOUR YEARS DURING THIS DROUGHT. AND THAT'S BECAUSE IN CALIFORNIA RIGHT NOW THERE'S NO SNOW IN THE MOUNTAINS THERE'S NO RAINFALL HAPPENING THERE IS VERY LITTLE WATER IN OUR RESERVOIRS SO WE HAVE TO RELY ON THIS GROUND WATER AND IT'S DISAPPEARING PRETTY RAPIDLY.

>> Woodruff: IS THERE A WAY OF KNOWING HOW MUCH MORE WATTER THERE IS WHEN IT'S GOING TO RUN OUT. AND IS THERE ANYTHING THAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT THIS?

>> SO THAT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION. THAT WAS REALLY THE TOPIC OF THE SECOND PAPER. AND SO WE TRIED TO EXPOSE THE FACT THAT WE REALLY DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH WATER WE HAVE IN THE WORLD'S MAJOR AQUIFERS. AGAIN IT'S TRUE IN THE UNITED STATES AND TRUE AROUND THE WORLD. WE KNOW THAT WE'RE PASSED THE SUSTAINABILITY TIPPING POINTS IN ALL KINDS OF ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE IS OCCURRING. AND WE KNOW THAT THE WATER TABLES ARE FALLING AND WELLS ARE RUNNING DRY. SO I THINK IT'S VERY IMPORTANT THAT WE THINK VERY CAREFULLY ABOUT EXPLORING THE WORLD'S MAJOR AQUIFERS TO UNDERSTAND HOW MUCH WATT CERTIFICATE ACTUALLY THERE.

>> Woodruff: WELL, IT'S A GRIM SET OF FINDINGS THAT I KNOW A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE GOING TO BE PAYING CLOSE ATTENTION TO JAY FAMIGLIETTI, THANK YOU FOR BEING WITH US.

>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> Ifill: BEFORE THE MONTH IS OUT, THE SUPREME COURT IS EXPECTED TO ISSUE A DECISION THAT COULD DETERMINE THE FATE OF MUCH OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS OBAMACARE. THAT CASE-- KING VERSUS BURWELL- - WILL DETERMINE WHETHER SUBSIDIES THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDES TO PURCHASE HEALTH INSURANCE ARE LEGAL. NEARLY THREE DOZEN STATES USE THE FEDERAL EXCHANGE, AND THE CASE IS WHETHER SUBSIDIES USED IN THOSE STATES ARE VALID. TO ILLUSTRATE SOME OF THE CONCERNS AT STAKE, WE SPOKE TO THREE PEOPLE NOW RECEIVING AFFORDABLE CARE ACT COVERAGE ABOUT HOW THE SUPREME COURT DECISION MIGHT CHANGE THEIR LIVES.

>> MY NAME IS SUE LEE HAMILTON, I LIVE IN RICHMOND VIRGINIA. AND I'M CURRENTLY RECEIVING A SUBSIDY FOR THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT. THE SUBSIDY IS VERY IMPORTANT TO ME BECAUSE ABOUT A YEAR AGO I WAS DIAGNOSED WITH MESSO THEO YOMA WHICH IS A VERY SERIOUS FORM OF CANCER AND IN MY CASE AFFECTED MY LUNGS. I HAD TO SEE AN EXPERT AT DUKE UNIVERSITY. AND HE PRESCRIBED TREATMENT WHICH INCLUDED CHEMOTHERAPY AND ANPERATION TO REMOVE MY LEFT LUNG. SINCE THE TREATMENT WAS PROLONGED AND I WAS SICK DURING MY CHEMOTHERAPY I WAS RECEIVING SHORT-TERM DISABILITY. BUT WHEN THAT RAN OUT MY COMPANY WAS FORCED TO LET ME GO. AND I WENTON DISABILITY INSURANCE. I DECIDED TO KEEP MY COMPANY'S INSURANCE THROUGH COBRA BUT I WAS HAVING A HARD TIME AFFORDING THE PREMIUM. IN NOVEMBER I WENT TO A WORKSHOP THAT EXPLAINED THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT. AND THERE WERE COUNSELORS THERE THAT HELPED ME GET SIGNED UP AND CHOOSE A PLAN. THEY ALSO EXPLAINED TO ME THE SUBSIDY THAT QUALIFIED FOR. WITH MY $498 SUBSIDY THE PREMIUM COMES DOWN DO $137 A MONTH WHICH I CAN AFFORD. AS I'M WATCHING THESUPREME COURT AS THEY'RE MAKING THEIR DECISION I'M FEELING VERY ANXIOUS ABOUT LOSSING MY HEALTH CARE BECAUSE I WILL NEED FOLLOWUP CARE FOR THE REST OF MY LIFE.

>> MY NAME IS MICHAEL COLE. I LIVE HERE IN BELLEVILLE MICHIGAN WHICH IS A SU BURR OF ANN ARBOR OR DETROIT THE ACA AFFECTED ME A NEGATIVE WAY. MY PREMIUMS HAVE GONE UP FROM $300 SOME ODD DOLLARS A MONTH IN 20 SO UP TO $850 A MONTH NOW. FOR ACTUALLY LESS INSURANCE THAN I HAD PREVIOUSLY. I HAD TO MAKE SOME TOUGH DECISIONS AND ONE OF THEM WAS TO CLOSE MY OFFICE IN BELLEVILLE HERE AND MOVE TO MY HOME OFFICE. THE SAVING ABOUT $4 OR $5000 IN RENT INSURANCE AND UTILITIES SO I COULD PAY THE ADDITIONAL PREMIUMS AM I DON'T HAVE THE SAME CHOICES OF DOCTORS THAT I USED TO HAVE CAN'T USE THE SAME LABS FOLOOD TESTING THAT I USED TO. I'M COVERED FOR THINGS THAT I DON'T NEED AND I'M PAYING ALMOST $400 OR $5,000 A YEAR. WHAT I'M HOPING FOR THE SUPREME COURT DECISION IS THAT THE CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT ACTUALLY SIT DOWN AND NEGOTIATE A BIPARTISAN FIX FOR ALL OF THIS.

>> MY NAME IS VANNITA GENERAL SON, LIVE IN HIGHLAND PARK INCH MITCH WITH MY DAUGHTER IT CANDACE WALKER. I'M A SECURITY OFFICER AT THE COLLEGE OF CREATIVE STUDIES IN DETROIT MICHIGAN AND I RECEIVE SUBSIDIES FROM THE AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE. I WORK FOR DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS FOR TEN YEARS. AND I HAD BLUE CROSS AND BLUE SHIELD WHICH MY EMPLOYER PAID FOR. I HAD FULL COVERAGE. I HAD VERY GOOD HEALTH CARE INSURANCE NOT ONLY FOR MYSELF BUT ALSO FOR MY CHILDREN. AND AS OF JULY 30th 2010 MY EMPLOYMENT WAS TERMINATED AND I LOST ALL MY HEALTH CARE INSURANCE. NOT ONLY FOR MYSELF BUT FOR MY CHILDREN ALSO. I COULDN'T AFFORD THE COBRA. SO I HAD TO GO WITHOUT INSURANCE FOR THREE YEARS. IT WAS DEVASTATING. I COULDN'T GO TO THE DOCTOR. I NEEDED MEDICATION TO CONTROL MY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. MY ALLERGIES AND MY ACID REFLUX. AND I COULDN'T AFFORD TO GO TO THE DOCTOR. WHEN AT FORDABLE HEALTHCARE STARTED I SIGNED UP RIGHT AWAY. I CALLED THE NUMBER AND THEY WALKED ME ALL THE WAY THROUGH IT WAS ABLE TO GO TO THE DOCTOR ON A REGULAR BASIS. I WAS ABLE TO GET MY MEDICATION. I WAS ALSO MY DAUGHTER WAS ABLE TO HAVE HER SURGERY. SHE HAD-- THEY DISCOVERED A LUMP ON HER BREAST. SO SHE WAS ABLE TO GET THAT DONE. SO IT WAS LIBERATING YOU KNOW. IT TOOK A WEIGHT OFF OF ME. AS I LOOK AT THIS THE KING VERS BURWELL AND HOW IT WILL AFFECT ME AND MY CHILD IF THEY DECIDE TO STOP THE SUBSIDIES I WON'T HAVE INSANCE. I WILL BE BACK AT STEP ONE LIKE I WAS BACK IN 2010.

>> Ifill: NOW JOINING US FOR A BROADER VIEW OF THE STAKES FOR MILLIONS OF AMERICANS IS JULIE ROVNER WHO COVERS THIS FOR KAISER HEALTH NEWS. SO JULIE START BY TELLING US WHAT THOSE VOICES WE JUST LISTENED TO ARE BASICALLY TELLING US?

>> WELL THEY ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF OF A COUPLE OF THINGS. ONE IS THERE ARE WINNERS AND LOSERS OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE AGO. IF THE SUPREME COURT WERE TO STRIKE DOWN THE SUBSIDIES IN THE STATES THAT ARE USING HEALTHCARE.GOV, THERE WOULD BE A DIFFERENT SET OF WINNERS AND LOSERS SO IT WOULD DEFINITELY SHAKE THINGS UP QUITE A LOT.

>> SO WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THREE BASIC ISSUES HERE. PREEXISTING CONDITIONS WHICH OF COURSE IS THE PART THE ADMINISTRATION LIKES TO TALK ABOUT. SUBSIDIES SUPPORT FOR PEOPLE WHO CAN'T OTHERWISE AFFORD TO PAY AND THEN THE CONCERN ABOUT THE PREMIUMS WHETHER PREMIUMS ARE BECOMING TOO EXPENSIVE.

>> THAT'S RIGHT THIS HAS ALWAYS BEEN SEEN AS A THREE LEGGED STOOL AS THEY SAY THAT IN ORDER TO ALLOW PEOPLE WHO HAVE PREEXISTING CONDITIONS TO GET COVERAGE YOU HAVE TO GET A BIGGER POOL. YOU HAVE TO GET HEALTHY PEOPLE. IN ORDER TO GET HEALTHY PEOPLE TO BE ABLE TO AFFORD INSURANCE YOU HAVE TO GIVE THEM THE PREMIUM SUBSIDIES. IF YOU KNOCK OUT ANY ONE OF THOSE IT MAKES THE OTHER TWO WORK NOT SO WELL.

>> Ifill: LET'S TALK ABOUT THE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS THOSE FOLKS WE HEARD FROM. THE FIRST IS JULIE HAMILTON. WE HEARD HER TALKING ABOUT SUBSIDIES LET'S HEAR HER QUESTION.

>> IF THE SUPREME COURT DECIDES THAT SUBSIDIES CAN'T CONTINUE IN STATES LIKE VIRGINIA HOW SOON WILL MI SUBSIDY END.

>> THIS IS THE SOURCE OF A LOT OF DEBATE. GENERALLY SUPREME COURT DECISIONS TAKE AFFECT 25 DAYS AFTER THEY'RE ISSUED. THAT GIVES THE LOSING PARTY TIME TO BASIC GO BACK AND ASK THEM TO RECONSIDER. THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF TALK ABOUT THERE HAS BEEN A 90 DAY GRACE PERIOD FOR SOME PEOPLE. BUT THOSE ARE PEOPLE WITH SUBSIDIES. SO IF YOU HAVE A SUBSIDY, THEN YOU GET 90 DAYS BEFORE THEY CAN END YOUR INSURANCE. IN THIS CASE THOUGH THESE PEOPLE WON'T HAVE SUBSIDIES ANY MORE. SO MOST OF THEM WILL ONLY GET WHATEVER THEIR STATE A YOU LAS THAT IS NORMALLY 30 DAYS. SO BASICALLY 30 DAYS AFTER YOU DON'T PAY YOUR PREMIUM WHICH FOR MOST PEOPLE IN THIS CASE WOULD BE AUGUST 1st. THEN INSURANCE COMPANIES WOULD START TO CANCEL POLICIES THAT WOULD BE SEPTEMBER 1st. >Ifill: WE HAVE AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION FOR MICHAEL COLE, THE MAN WHO HASN'T BEEN SO THRILLED WITH THE WAY IN IS WORKING.

>> IF THE SUPREME COURT RULES AGAINST THE SUBSIDIES WHEN WILL THE SYSTEM BALANCE OUT? WILL IT-- WILL MY PREMIUMS GO DOWN? WILL SOMEBODY ELSE'S PREMIUMS GO UP? DO YOU SEE AN END TO THIS OR WILL IT CREATE CHAOS?

>> I THINK IT'S PRETTY MUCH A CONSENSUS THAT THERE WOULD BE CHAOS IN THE MARKETS THAT WOULD BE AFFECTED BY THIS. IN THE STATES THAT HAVE THEIR OWN EXCHANGES EVERYTHING WOULD PRETTY MUCH GO ALONG AS IT IS YOU NO. BUT IN STATES INCLUDING-- STATE THERE WOULD BE QUITE A MESS MOST OF THE PREMIUM WAS GO UP. I'M NOT SURE ANY OF THE PREMIUM WAS GO DOWN. WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IS PEOPLE WHO COULD NO LONGER AFFORD INSURANCE WOULD MOSTLY DROP OUT. PEOPLE WHO WERE SICK AND REALLY NEED THEIR INSURANCE WOULD STAY IN. SO THE GROUP OF PEM WHO ARE INSURED WOULD BE MORE EXPENSIVE OVERALL AND SO EVERYBODY WHO REMAINS IN THAT POOL THEIR PREMIUMS WOULD GO UP. IT IS HARD TO SEE WHOSE PREMIUM WAS GO DOWN IN THAT SITUATION. I THINK WHAT PEOPLE HOPE MIGHT HAPPEN IS THAT CONGRESS MIGHT GET TOGETHER WITH THE PRESIDENT AND WORK SOMETHING OUT. BUT EVEN THE REPUBLICANS BY THEMSELVES HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO COME TO ANY CONSENSUS ON WHAT THEY SHOULD DO IF THE SUPREME CURT ACTS FOR THE CHALLENGERS. THE IDEA THEY COULD GET SOMETHING THEY COULD AGREE ON WITH PRESIDENT OBAMA I THINK EVERYBODY AGREES MAY BE A LITTLE FARFETCHED.

>> Ifill: AND ANOTHER QUESTION.

>> DOT INDIVIDUAL STATES HAVE A PLAN IF THEY DECIDE TO STOP THE SUBSIDIES?

>> WELL A COUPLE OF THEM DO. BUT IT'S NOT CLEAR HOW QUICKLY THAT COULD TAKE AFFECT. THERE IS AOT OF UNCERTAINTY ABOUT WHETHER STATES CAN JUST WRITE A ONE-PAGE LETTER TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SAYING WE ESTABLISH AN EXCHANGE ON PAPER AND WE STILL WANT TO USE HEALTHCARE.GOV AND WE'LL LEASE IT. THERE ARE THOSE THAT SAY IF STATES TRY TO DO THAT THEY WILL GO BACK AND SUE AND SAYS THAT'S NOT RIGHT. SO THERE IS A LOT OF UNCERTAINTY AND OF COURSE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT WHAT EXACTLY THE COURT WILL DO. WHAT THEY WILL SAY WHICH STATES IN PARTICULAR WILL BE AFFECTED BUT GENERALLY NOBODY HAS A VERY GOOD CONTINGENCY PLAN.

>> Ifill: THAT'S WHAT I WAS GOING TO ASK YOU, SHE ASKED ABOUT THE STATES. I'M CURIOUS ABOUT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. WE HAVE ALL HAD CONVERSATIONS WITH THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AND THE ONE QUESTION SHE STOPPED SHORT OF SAYING, WHAT IS THE PLAN B. ANY BETTER INDICATION OF THAT?

>> NO AND SHE'S BEEN ASKED SEVERAL TIMES INCLUDING AT A CONGRESSIONAL HEARING LAST WEEK. THE ADMINISTRATION'S OFFICIAL LINE IS WE DON'T THINK THE SUPREME COURT WILL RULE FOR THE CHALLENGERS SO WE DON HAVE A CONTINGENCY PLAN. IT'S NOT CLEAR WHETHER THAT'S REALLY THE CASE. BUT CERTAINLY THERE'S NOT VERY MUCH THEY COULD DO LEGALLY IN THIS SITUATION. IT WOULD REALLY BE UP TO CONGRESS TO FIX IT. CONGRESS COULD FIX IT WITH A ONE-LINE BILL BUT NOBODY THINKS THEY'RE GOING TO. SO THE QUESTION IS WHAT CONGRESS WILL THEN DO. BUT IT WILL BE I THINK MORE IN CONGRESS'S COURT THAN IT WILLE IN THE ADMINISTRATION AND THE STATES.

>> Ifill: ONCE AGAIN HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE WE TALKING ABOUT AFFECTED BY THIS OUTCOME.

>> ABOUT 6.5 MILLION PEOPLE IN THOSE STATES THAT COULD BE AFFECTED WHO HAVE SUBSIDIES. THE URBAN INSTITUTE SAID THERE IS ANOTHER MILLION AND A HALF PEOPLE OR SO WHO COULD BE AFFECTED INDIRECTLY BECAUSE THEY HAVE THEIR OWN INSURANCE IN THOSE STATES WHOSE PREMIUMS COULD SPIKE.

>> Ifill: HUGE CONSEQUENCES AT THE END OF THE SUPREME COURT TERM AS ALWAYS. JULIE ROVNER, THANK YOU FOR HELPING US EXPLAIN IT.

>> THANK YOU.

>> Woodruff: NEXT, TWO LOOKS AT THE WORLD CUP AND FIFA THE GOVERNING BODY OF SOCCER. THE U.S. WOMEN'S SOCR TEAM HAS ADVANCED TO THE NEXT ROUND OF PLAY WITH A WIN LAST NIGHT AGAINST NIGERIA. VETERAN PLAYER ABBY WOMBACH SCORED THE ONLY GOAL IN A ONE- TO-NOTHING WIN. NANCY ARMOUR IS COVERING THE CUP FOR "USA TODAY" AND BRINGS US UP TO DATE ON THE CHALLENGES THE U.S. TEAM FACES. SHE WAS IN THE STADIUM IN VANCOUVER LAST NIGHT AND JOINS ME NOW. NANCY ARMOUR WELCOME. HOW BIG A SURPRISE AND HOW BIG A DEAL WAS THIS WIN LAST NIGHT?

>> THE WIN LAST NIGHT WAS HUGE. FOR A COUPLE OF DIFFERENT REASONS. NUMBER ONE IS THE CONFIDENCE FACTOR. YOU WANT TO GET OUT OF YOUR GROUP WITH A WIN. YOU WANT TO GET OUT ON TOP. YOU WANT TO BE CONSIDERED ONE OF THE TEAMS THAT IS DOING THE BEST BUT THERE IS A LOGISTIC ASPECT TO THIS TOO. HAD THE U.S. FINISHED SECOND THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT PLAYING CLEAR ACROSS THE COUNTRY TO MONCTON IN NEW BRUNTION WICK TO PLAY BRAZIL WHICH IS ONE OF THE OTHER CONTENDERS FOR THE TITLE. INSTEAD, THEY WILL PLAY HERE IN EDMONTON AND GET AN EXTRA DAY OF REST. THEIR GAME IS NOT UNTIL TUESDAY.

>> Woodruff: .

>> SO IT WAS A SIGNIFICANT WIN FOR THEM.

>> Woodruff: YOU MENTIONED THE ONLY GOAL WAS SCORED BY ABBY WOMBACH THERE WAS A LOT OF TALK ABOUT HER PARTICULARLY ABOUT HER AGE AT THE RIPE OLD AGE OF 35. AND YET YOU WROTE TODAY SHE'S THE GREATEST GOAL SCORER TO PLAY THE GAME.

>> WELL SHE HAS MORE GOALS THAN ANYBODY ELSE IN THE GAME, MALE OR FEMALE. AND IT ALWAYS SEEMS WHEN THE U.S. ABSOLUTELY POSITIVELY NEEDS A GOAL SHE DELIVERS. SHE DID IT IN THE WORLD CUP FOUR YEARS AGO AND SHE DID IT LAST NIGHT. SHE ALSO HAD A COUPLE OTHER CHANCES AT SCORING TOO I THINK WE'RE STARTING TO SEE HER COME OUT OF YOU WANT TO CALL IT A FUNK OR SLUMP I THINK WE SEE HER COMING OUT OF AT.

>> Woodruff: WHAT CHALLENGES LIE AHEAD FOR THIS U.S. TEAM?

>> WELL THE BIGGEST THING IS THAT THE GAME THE PARODY IN THE GAME HAS JUST GROWN INCREDIBLY. YOU'RE SEEING TEAMS LIKE COLOMBIA CAME A RON NOT THE TRADITIONAL POWERHOUSES DOING WELL FOR THE U.S. IT IS NO LONGER ABOUT THE FACT THAT THEY HAVE THE BETTER ATHLETES, THAT THEY HAVE MORE DEPTH THAN ANYBODY ELSE. THEY HAVE TO PLAY BETTER THERE ARE NO GIMME GAMES IN THIS TOURNAMENT ANY MORE. THEY ARE ALL-- THEY HAVE TO PLAY BECAUSE ONCE THE KNOCKOUT ROUNDS SRT YOU LOSE, YOU GO HOME.

>> Woodruff: SO WHAT WHO AND WHAT SHOULD FANS BE LOOKING OUT FOR?

>> WELL THEY WILL HAVE THE ROUND OF 16 GAME WHICH WILL PROBABLY BE COLOMBIA, NEXT WEEK. AND QUARTERFINAL GAME. THEY PROBABLY WON'T GET THEIR BIGGEST TEST UNTIL THE SEMI FINALS BUT THAT COULD BE A BIG ONE. THAT COULD BE GERMANY WHICH IS CONSIDERED THE OTHER FAVOURITE FOR THE TITLE.

>> THERE'S ALSO BEEN TALK ABOUT ANOTHER PLAYER ON THE U.S. TEAM HOPE SOLO. HOW MUCH OF A CONTROVERSY IS THAT AND HOW MUCH BEARING ON HOW THIS TEAM IS DOING?

>> THE TEAM SAYS IT'S NOT AFFECTING THEM AT ALL. THAT THIS IS SOMETHING THEY DEALT WITH MONTHS AGO THAT THEY ARE NOT CONCERNED ABOUT IT BUT THERE IS A LOT OF PUBLIC SENTIMENT PEOPLE WANTING TO KNOW WHY SHE IS ON THE TEAM AND WHY U.S. SOCCER DIDN'T DO ANYTHING ABOUT IT AS THE AMERICANS CONTINUE TO ADVANCE, I THINK THERE WILL BE MORE PEOPLE WHO ARE GOING TO BE ASKING THAT SAME QUESTION AND WONDERING WHY SHE IS STILL ON THE FIELD. WHY DOES THE NFL HAVE A SET OF RULES AND OTHER TEAMS OTHER LEAGUES DON'T HAVE THE SAME KIND OF-- AREN'T TAKING IT WITH THE SAME KIND OF SERIOUSNESS.

>> Woodruff: WE SHOULD SAY THERE WAS AN ACCUSATION OF DOMESTIC ABUSE AND THAT REMAINS TO BE RESOLVED. NANCY ARMOUR AT THIS POINT HOW MUCH ARE THE FIFA SCANDALS LOOMING OVER THIS WOMEN A WORLDUP?

>> WELL IT'S KIND OF IRONIC BECAUSE FIFA HAS ALWAYS VERY DISMISSIVELY TREATED THE WOMEN'S GAME. THEY'RE MAKING THE WOMEN PLAY ON TURF DURING THIS WORLD CUP WHICH WOULD NEVER HAPPEN FOR THE MEN. AND YET SO THIS IS THE FIRST BIG TOURNAMENT SINCE THE FIFA SCALE DANS BROKE. AND IS THE ONE CHANCE THAT FA HAS TO KIND OF IMPROVE ITS REPUTATION AND IMPROVE ITS IMAGE WITH A GREAT TOURNAMENT SO IT'S A LITTLE IRONIC THAT IT IS COMING FROM THE WOMEN THAT FIFA HAS BASICALLY BRUSHED ASIDE FOR DECADES SAYING OH, YOU KNOW WE DON'T TAKE YOU AS SERIOUSLY AS WE DO THE MEN.

>> Woodruff: WELL, I KNOW YOU ARE WATCHING AND WE WILL BE TOO, NANCY ARMOUR WITH "U.S.A. TODAY" WE THANK YOU

>> Woodruff: MEANTIME, TODAY IN SWITZERLAND, ATTORNEY GENERAL MICHAEL LAUBER ANNOUNCED THAT HIS INVESTIGATION INTO FIFA, THE BODY THAT GOVERNS BOTH THE WOMEN'S AND MEN'S WORLD CUPS, WILL INCLUDE MORE THAN 50 CASES OF MONEY LAUNDERING IN CONNECTION WITH BIDDING BY THE 2018 AND 2022 HOST COUNTRIES. QATAR IS SET TO HOST THE 2022 WORLD CUP AND THE COUNTRY IS RAPIDLY BUILDING THE INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRED. MANY OF THE MEN DOING THAT WORK ARE FOREIGN NATIONALS AND SOME THEM WORK AMID CONDITIONS THAT ARE INCREASINGLY COSTING THEM THEIR LIVES. JOHN IRVINE OF INDEPENDENT TELEVISION NEWS HAS THEIR STORY FROM NEPAL.

>> QATAR AIRWAYS HAS THREE FLIGHTS A DAY INTO KATHMANDU. MANY PASSENGERS ARE NEPAL ESE WORKERS TAKING A BREAK FROM WORLD CUP RELATED CONSTRUCTION JOBS IN DOHAR. THIS WOMAN WAITS FOR HER HUSBAND BUT FOR MINA IT WILL NOT BE A JOYOUS REUNION. WHEN HE LEFT FOR QATAR SIX MONTHS AGO SHE WAS HIS WIFE. TODAY SHE IS HIS WIDOW. A SAD SIGHT THE AUTHORITIES DIDN'T WANT US TO FILM. THE HUSBAND'S COFFIN LAID ACROSS TWO BAGGAGE TROLLEYS. 27-YEAR-OLD SHIVA TOMANG DIEIN A BUILDING SITE ACCIDENT ON APRIL 19th. TO COMBINE TO HIS WIDOW'S GRIEF, IT HAS TAKEN SIX WEEKS TO REPATE REE ATE HIS BODY. AS IF A SINGLE COFFIN WASN'T BAD ENOUGH THERE WERE TWO OTHERS ON THE SAME FLIGHT. AGAIN THE BODIES WERE THOSE OF YOUNG MEN ONE HAD DIED IN A TRAFFIC ACCIDEN THE OTHER FROM A SUNDAY HEART ATTACK-- A SUDDEN HEART ATTACK. CARDIAC ARREST IS THE BIGGEST KILLER OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN QATAR. I PUT IT TO THE NEPALESE MINISTER OF LABOR THAT THEY ARE BEING WORKED TO DEATH BUT HE DISAGREED SAYING IT WAS ANRIENTATION PROBLEM.

>> WHEN THEY FINISH THE JOB THEY COME BACK TO THEIR HOME. AND THEN SUDDENLY THEY OPEN THE AC, AIR CONDITIONER SO THAT IS WHY THIS THAT CASE, THEY HAVE LIKE HARD TO TAKE SOMETHING LIKE THAT.

>> HE WOULD NOT CRITICIZE THE QATARIES BECAUSE WAGES BY NEPALESE WOERS THERE AND ELSEWHERE ARE BROAD ACCOUNT FOR 30% OF THIS COUNTRY'S GDP. THE RECENT EARTHQUAKE WAS A NATIONAL CAT AMIT THAT THE NEPALESE MUST TRY TO COPE WITH EVERY DAY BUT EVERY OTHER DAY A NEPALESE FAMILY HAS TO TRY TO COPE WITH THE SHOCK AND PERSONAL TRAGEDY THAT IS THE DETED OF A MALE RELATIVE IN QATAR. THAT WAS THE AVERAGE DEATH RATE THERE LAST YEAR. ONE EVERY 48 HOURS.

>> WITH NO AVAILABLE AT HOME, THESE NEPALESE MEN ARE CUING FOR PERMITS TO GO TO THE GULF COUNTRIES INCLUDING QATAR. WITHOUT IDENTIFYING HIMSELF ONE WORKERWHO'S RETURNING TO QATAR DESCRIBED ILL-TREATMENT DURING HIS PREVIOUS STINT THERE.

>> THE FOOD THEY GIVE US IS OFTEN ROTTEN PEOPLE IN MY COMPANY KEEP GETTING POISONED. THREE OR FOUR ARE DYING EVERY MONTH. THIS IS MY FIRST HOLIDAY IN THREE YEARS. MY HOME WAS DESTROYED IN THE EARTHQUAKE BUT THEY ONLY LET ME RETURN HERE BECAUSE I AGREED TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONE OF THE DEAD AND BRING HIS BODY WITH ME.

>> LAST JUNE WE WERE INVITED TO QATAR TO LOOK AT A NEW ACCOMMODATION BLOCKHOUSEING MIGRANT WORKERS BUT LATER ON OUR OWN WE FOUND THESE OLDER SQUALID QUARTERS CRAMPED FULL OF NEPALESE LABOURERS SLEEPING 18 TO A SMALL ROOM. THESE ARE IMANDS QATAR DOESN'T WANT THE WORLD TO SEE. RECENTLY OTHER BRITISH JOURNALISTS SEEKING A SIMILAR GLIMPSE WERE FOLLOWED, ARRESTED AND INTERROGATED. THE QATARIES CLAIM THAT SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS HAS BEEN MADE IN IMPROVING THE LOT OF GUEST LABOURERS BUT MANDITA DISAGREES. SHE LOBBIES ON BEHALF OF MIGRANT WORKERS.

>> WE HAVEN'T REALLY SEEN ANY MARKED CHANGES IN ITS WAY THAT THE MIGRANT WORKERS ARE FARING IN QATAR TODAY AS COMPARED TO WHAT THEIR SITUATION WAS FIVE YEARS EARLIER.

>> SO THE WRL CUP HAS TO THE BEEN THE CATALYST FOR CHANGE THAT YOU WOULD HAVE HOPED FOR.

>> DON'T THINK SO NO.

>> OKAY.

>> THE BODY OF SHIVA WAS TAKEN FROM KATHMANDU AIRPORT TO A BUDDHIST TEMPLE FOR THE FUNERAL CEREMONY ON CREMATION. AS MONKS PERFORMED THE RITUALS, THE YOUNG MAN'S WIDOW PASSED OUT AND HIS MOTHER WAILED.

>> THE CAT AR-- QATAR WORLD CUP IS NOW UNDER INVESTIGATION. THE FB EARNINGS AND THE SWISS ARE COUNTNG THE ALLEGED COST IN BRIBES. NEPAL IS COUNTING THE ACTUAL COST IN LIVES.

>> Ifill: AND TO CUBA. TONIGHT WE LOOK AT THE COUNTRY'S POOR ACCESS TO THE INTERNE THE PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR THE STATE OF FREE SPEECH ON THE ISLAND. IT'S THE NEXT CHAPTER IN OUR SERIES AIRING ALL THIS WEEK ON THE CUBAN EVOLUTION.

>> Brown: CLASSIC CARS, COLONIAL BUILDINGS, WHILING AWAY HOURS ON HAVANA'S FAMOUS OCEAN STRETCH THE MALECON. FOR DECADES CUBA HAS FELT REMOVED FROM THE FORWARD MARCH OF TIME, A SENSE THAT'S ONLY GROWN MORE PRONOUNCED IN THE A OF INFORMATION. IN AN EVER MORE CONNECTED WORLD IT'S A STRANGE FEELING TO GET OFF OF A SHORT FLIGHT FROM MIAMI AND FIND THAT THIS ESSENTIALLY IS USELESS. IT'S A FEELING OF ISOLATION THAT'S NOT LOST ON MANY OF THE PEOPLE WE TALKED TO HERE.

>> ( translated ): EVERYTHING, WE'RE MISSING OUT ON EVERYTHING, ACTUALLY. IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO LIVE WITHOUT COMMUNICATING AND I DON'T KNOW HOW WE CAN CONTINUE LIKE THIS.

>> Brown: THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT SAYS THAT 25% OF ITS CITIZENS HAVE INTERNET ACCESS. WATCHDOG GROUPS LIKE FREEDOM HOUSE PUT THE NUMBEABLE TO LINK TO A FREE AND OPEN INTERNET FAR LOWER, AT AROUND FIVE PERCENT. EITHER WAY, IT'S ONE OF THE LOWEST RATES IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

>> ( translated ): WHEN I FIRST HEARD ABOUT THIS PLACE I WAS REALLY SURPRISED BECAUSE I

>> Brown: THIS IS PERHAPS CUBA'S ONLY FREE WIFI CAFE, OPENED IN A QUIET HAVANA NEIGHBORHOOD EARLIER THIS YEAR BY ALEXIS LEIVA MACHADO, A RENOWNED CUBAN ARTIST BETTER KNOWN AS KCHO. HE'S PERSONALLY CLOSE TO THE CASTRO BROTHERS-- FORMER PRESIDENT FIDEL EVEN MADE A RARE PUBLIC APPEARANCE LAST YEAR TO ATTEND THE OPENING OF HIS CULTURAL CENTER. THAT MIGHT EXPLAIN WHY KCHO'S ALLOWED TO OFFER THIS SPACE AS A KIND OF ART PROJECT. IT'S NOT CLEAR HOW LONG IT WILL CONTINUE, BUT YOUNG CUBANS ARE PACKING THE PLACE WHILE IT LASTS.

>> ( translated ): I'M HERE TO GET IN TOUCH WITH MY GIRLFRIEND AND GET SOME SCHOOL STUFF WORKED OUT. I COME HERE TO GET SOME INFORMATION FOR THAT.

>> ( translated ): I COME HERE TO GET ONLINE TO KNOW ABOUT MY FRIENDS, GET IN TOUCH WITH MY FAMILY, AND I WOULD LOVE IF I COULD DO THIS SOMEWHERE ELSE TOO.

>> Brown: WHY DOESN'T ANYONE HAVE A WIFI CONNECTION AT HOME?

>> ( translated ): I DON'T KNOW. THE STATE, MAYBE.

>> THE INTERNET IN CUBA IS VERY MUCH A LUXURY FOR THOSE WHO CAN AFFORD IT TODAY IN 2015.

>> Brown: RAUL MOAZ IS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF ROOTS OF HOPE, A MIAMI-BASED NONPROFIT WITH BRANCHES AROUND THE US INCLUDING IN WASHINGTON, D.C., WHERE HE SPOKE TO US. HIS GROUP HAS BEEN WORKING TO INCREASE CUBANS' ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY. SENDING CELL PHONES, LAPTOPS AND THUMB DRIVES TO CUBA SINCE 2008, WHEN RAUL CASTRO BEGAN EASING RESTRICTIONS ON THESE CONSUMER DEVICES.

>> SO WHEN CUBA LEGALIZED THE USE OF CELL PHONES IN 2008 THEY REALLY PRICED OUT THE MAJORITY OF THE MARKET. SO ONE CELL PHONE WOULD COST AROUND 100 CUC, $100. THAT'S FIVE TO SIX MONTHS WAGES OR ANY AVERAGE PERSON ON THE ISLAND. SO UNLESS YOU HAD FAMILY IN THE DIASPORA THAT WAS ABLE TO SEND YOU A REMITTANCE FOR THAT AMOUNT, THE AVERAGE CUBAN WASN'T ABLE TO BUY THAT.

>> Brown: AFTER YEARS OF PAINFULLY SLOW DIAL UP SERVICE VIA SATELLITE, IN 2013 UNDERGROUND FIBER OPTIC CABLES LAID TO VENEZUELA WERE SWITCHED ON, ALLOWING CUBA BROADBAND ACCESS. YET TODAY THAT ACCESS IS SPOTTY AT BEST, AND FAR TOO EXPENSIVE. CUBANS CAN VISIT 150 OR SO STATE-OWNED TELECOM CENTERS, ERE THEY CAN PAY RELATIVELY LITTLE TO SEND EMAIL AND ACCESS CUBA'S INTERNAL NETWORK, ITS INTRANET. THEY MUST PAY MUCH MORE TO REACH THE GLOBAL INTERNET, WHICH THEY CAN ALSO DO AT TOURIST HOTELS, WHERE IT'S EVEN MORE EXPENSIVE, AROUND $10 AN HOUR, IN A COUNTRY WHERE THE AVERAGE CUBAN EARNS BETWEEN 14 AND $22 A MONTH.

>> ( translated ): I DON'T HAVE A BUDGET TO BE PAYING FOR THE INTERNET AT THE PRICES WE HAVE AT ANY OTHER PLACE.

>> ( translated ): IT SHOULD CHANGE SOON BECAUSE WE ARE TALKING TO OUR NEW FRIENDS IN THE US, THE AMERICANS AND HOPEFULLY WE'RE GOING TO GET THERE SOON AND THERE'S GOING TO BE SOME PROGRESS ON THIS.

>> Brown: THAT'S THE HOPE, ANYWAY, THAT WITH THE NEW TALKS THERE WILL BE AN EASING OF RESTRICTIONS FOR U.S. TELECOMS DOING BUSINESS HERE, AND NEW WIFI SPOTS WILL SPRING UP. AND RAUL MOAZ, OF ROOTS OF HOPE, SAYS HE THINKS MORE OF THAT WILL COME, ALONG WITH CHEAPER SERVICES, LITTLE BY LITTLE.

>> RAUL CASTRO TAKES A VERY CAUTIONARY APPROACH TO THE REFORMS HE'S IMPLEMENTED PARTICULARLY AROUND THE ECONOMIC REFORMS HE'S IMPLEMENTED AROUND SMALL BUSINESSES. SO YOU OPEN UP SMALL BUSINESSES IN SOME SECTORS TO SOME EXTENT WITH VERY HIGH TAXES. AND THEN ONCE YOU SEE THE TRAIN HASN'T DERAILED COMPLETELY, AND THEY'RE STILL IN POWER, YOU OPEN UP A LITTLE BIT MORE. AND I THINK THE SAME THING IS HAPPENING WITH THE INTERNET. THEY RECOGNIZE THE NEED FOR CUBA TO BE CONNECTED TO THE GLOBALIZED ECONOMY, BUT THEY'RE TAKING IT PIECEMEAL, DAY BY DAY.

>> Brown: BUT HOW MUCH OF AN OPENING? THE GOVERNMENT STILL CONTROLS MASS MEDIA, LIKE TELEVISION, RADIO AND GRANMA, THE OFFICIAL PAPER OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY.

>> MY IMPRESSION FROM TALKING TO MY CUBAN FRIENDS IS THAT THEY ARE MORE THAN JUST A LITTLE BIT CYNICAL THEY CONTINUE TO BE CYNICAL ABOUT WHAT THEY READ IN THE NEWSPAPERS, AND ESPECIALLY WHAT THEY SEE ON TELEVISION.

>> Brown: JOSEPH GONZALEZ, A PROFESSOR AT APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY WHO'S BEEN COMING TO CUBA FOR YEARS, DOES SEE PEOPLE SPEAKING MORE FREELY HERE, INCLUDING EXPRESSING OPEN DISTRUST OF STATE MEDIA.

>> AT THE SAME TIME, I'VE ALSO HEARD FROM SOME OF MY COLLEAGUES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAVANA, WHO HAVE OFFICIAL CONNECTIONS, THAT POLITICAL CHANGE IS NOT ON THE HORIZON, THIS IS ABOUT AS FAR AS IT'S GOING TO GO. THEY WANT TO SEE ECONOMIC CHANGE, BUT THE GOVERNMENT AS A WHOLE, AND THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN PARTICULAR, IS NOT INTERESTED IN SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL CHANGE.

>> ( translated ): AND FOR THAT REASON THE GOVERNMENT LIMITS THE ARRIVAL OF THE INTERNET IN CUBA.

>> Brown: MANUEL MONS IS A 26- YEAR-OLD BLOGGER AND PART OF A CUBAN REFORM MOVEMENT CALLED "SOMOS MAS"-- WE ARE MORE.

>> ( translated ): FIRST OF ALL, THE GOVERNMENT IS DOESN'T WANT THE INTERNET IN CUBA. THE GOVERNMENT IS AFRAID OF HAVING THE INTERNET IN CUBA. THE GOVERNMENT IS AFRAID OF THE DAY THAT PEOPLE ACTUALLY HAVE TRUE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET.

>> HE AND OTHER BLOGGERS, LIKE YOANI SANCHEZ OF 14YMEDIO, TOUTED AS CUBA'S FIRST INDEPENDENT DIGITAL NEWS SITE, MUST SEND ARTICLES ABROAD VIA EMAIL TO BE PUBLISHED. INSIDE CUBA THEIR SITES ARE BLOCKED. TO REACH A CUBAN AUDIENCE, THEY DELIVER ARTICLES PERSON TO PERSON ON WHAT'S KNOWN AS THE PACKET -- EXTERNAL DRIVES THAT CONTAIN ARTICLES TV SHOWS AND MOVIES, A KIND OF OFFLINE NETFLIX.

>> ( translated ): I THINK THE INTERNET IS FUNDAMENTAL FOR THIS CHANGE TO HAPPEN, AND THE QUICKER THE INTERNET COMES THE QUICKER THE CHANGES IN CUBA WILL COME.

>> ( translated ): THE MAJORITY OF YOUNG PEOPLE FEELS LIKE I DO. THE MAJOTY OF YOUNG PEOPLE WANT A CHANGE IN CUBA, THE MAJORITY OF YOUNG PEOPLE ARE AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT. BUT THE MAJORITY OF YOUNG PEOPLE PREFERS TO KEEP QUIET OUT OF FEAR.

>> Brown: BUT YOU'RE NOT AFRAID?

>> ( translated ): NO, NOT AT ALL. I THINK THE GORNMENT IS MORE AFRAID OF ME THAN I AM OF THEM.

>> Brown: MONS SAYS THAT MORE YOUNG PEOPLE MUST CONFRONT THEIR FEARS AND THE STATE, DEMANDING CHANGE. REPORTING FROM HAVANA AND WASHINGTON, I'M JEFFREY BROWN FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR.

>> Ifill: OUR CUBA COVERAGE CONTINUES TOMORROW, WITH A LOOK AT THE BOOMING ART MARKET AND HOW IT REFLECTS A CHANGING ATTITUDE TOWARD SMALL BUSINESS.

>> Brown: INDEED, ARTISTS HERE ARE POSITIVELY ENTREPRENEURIAL. ADRIAN FERNANDEZ AND HIS PARTNERS WERE ABLE TO CREATE THIS UPSCALE STUDIO AFTER NEW LAWS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO BUY AND SELL PROPERTY. THEY NOW SELL THEIR WORK DIRECTLY TO CONSUMERS, MOSTLY ABROAD, AVOIDING GOVERNMENT-RUN GALLERIES AND REAPING THEIR OWN PROFITS.

>> IT'S DEALING DIRECTLY WITH THE PEOPLE THAT REACH US HERE, WE CONNECT DIRECTLY.

>> Ifill: AND BEHIND EVERY GOOD REPORTING TRIP, IS A GOOD FIXER -- THESE ARE THE MEN AND WOMEN WHO LIVE AND WORK IN THE COUNTRY, WHO HELP REPORTERS LIKE JEFF GAIN ACCESS TO THE PEOPLE YOU SEE IN OUR STORIES IN HAVANA, THAT WAS JOSUE LOPEZ. ONLINE, HE GIVES US A GUIDED TOUR OF HAVANA FROM A LOCAL'S PERSPECTIVE-- IT'S A NEW SERIES WE'RE CALLING, "THE FIXER'S GUIDE," AND YOU CAN FIND THAT, ON OUR HOME PAGE.

>> Woodruff: NOW WE TURN TO OUR OCCASIONAL SERIES ON IMPRISONMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN AMERICA. SOME REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS ARE UNITING OVER REFORM IDEAS. TONIGHT IN OUR "BROKEN JUSTICE" SERIES, WILLIAM BRANGHAM LOOKS AT A HIGH PROFILE IDEA THAT CENTERS AROUND FELONS, AND THEIR LIVES AFTER PRISON. THE NATION'S BIGGEST CITY NEW YORK JUST BECAME THE LATEST IN A NATIONAL MOVEMENT TO REWRITE THE HIRING PROCESS AND GIVE CONVICTED FELONS A BETTER CHANCE AT LANDING A JOB. SUPPORTERS GATHERED A FEW DAYS AGO AS THE NEW YORK CITY COUNCIL VOTED OVERWHELM- INGLY TO BLOCK EMPLOYERS FROM ASKING JOB APPLICANTS IF THEY HAVE A CRIMINAL HISTORY. THE LAW IS KNOWN AS BAN THE BOX. IT WOULD DO AWAY WITH THE QUESTION OR BOX ON JOB APPLICATIONS ASKING IF A WORKER HAS SERVED TIME IN PRISON OR HAD A RECORD. THE IDEA IS SPREADING. SO FAR 17 STATES ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND MORE THAN 100 CITIES AND COUNTIES HAVE PASSED SIMILAR BAN THE BOX LAWS, WE GET TWO DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE. DARRYL ATKINSON. AND ELIZABETH MOLITO IS SENIOR EXECUTIVE COUNCIL FOR THE NAONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS. DARRELL ATKINSON I KNOW THIS IS NOT JUST A MATTER OF PUBLIC POLICY FOR YOU THIS IS VERY PERSONAL IN YOUR OWN TORE STORY CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THAT?

>> SURE WILLIAM. IN 1996 I WAS CONVICTED OF A FIRST TIME VIOLENT DRUG CRIME. I SPENT 40 MONTHS IN PRISON IN THE ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS. I WENT IN TO PRISON WITH A HIGH SAL DIPLOMA I CAME OT WITH A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA. FORTUNATELY ENOUGH FOR ME HI A LOVING FAMILY THAT PROVIDED ME FOOD CLOTHING AND SHELTER AND I HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ACHIEVE A CERTAIN DEGREE OF SUCCESSFUL I'VE GOTTEN MY EDUCATION. I'M LICENSED TO PRACTICE LAW IN MINNESOTA AN NORTH CAROLINA. I WAS HONORED AT THE WHITE HOUSE AS A CHAMPION OF CHANGE IN REMOVING BARRIERS FOR PEOPLE WITH RECORDS BUT I DON'T TELL THAT STORY TO HIGHLIGHT ANY EXCEPTIONABLE ATTRIBUTES ABOUT ME. I BELIEVE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WHO CYCLE IN AND OUT OF OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM CAN BE SUCCESSFUL ASLL IF THEY HAVE THE NECESSARY SUPPORT. SO WE BAN THE BOX IN BOTH DURHAM CITY AND BURRHAM-- DURHAM COUNTY AND IN 2011 AND 20126789 AND WE HAVE SEEN THE PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE HIRED WITHOUT HAVE CRIMINAL RECORDS GO UP EVERY YEAR WITHOUT ANY INCREASES IN WORKPLACE THEFT OR CRIME. NONE OF THESE FOLKS HAVE BEEN SUBSEQUENTLY TERMINATED BECAUSE THEY COMMITTED A SUBSEQUENT OFFENSE.

>> WHAT ABOUT THIS ARGUMENT THAT IF YOU KNOW SOMEONE HAS A CRIMINAL RECORD THAT THE PREJUDICE AGAINST THAT IS JUST SO GREAT THAT, IN FACT PEOPLE WHO HAVE DONE THEIR TIME SERVED THEIR SENTENCE THAT THEY SHOULD HAVE A SHOT AT GETTING A JOB JUST LIKE EVERYBODY ELSE.

>> AND YOU KNOW THESE POLICIES, THERE IS A LOT OF-- BEHIND THEM BUT THERE IS A COST AND FOR SMALL BUSINESSES WHOM I REPRESENT THE COSTS CAN BE PRETTY STEEP THIS IS NOT A GOOD POLICY IN ALL BUSINESSES IN ALL INDUSTRIES. THE ONE SIZE FITS ALL IS VERY DIFFICULT. IN MANY INSTANCES A SMALL SINESS RETURNING A SMALL CONTRACTING COMPANY RUNNING A SMALL CONVENIENCE STORE NEEDS TO BE I BELIEVE TO ABORT THE HIRING PROCESS SOONER RATHER THAN LATER. IT IS THE BUSINESS OWNER WHO IS GOING THROUGH THE APPLICATION, SETTING UP THE INTERYOU HAVES BRINGING THE INDIVIDUALS IN, AND IN CERTAIN INSTANCES EITHER BY FEDERAL OR STATE LAW THEY CAN'T HIRE INDIVIDUALS WITH CERTAIN CONVICTIONS. DARRELL, AS YOU'VE GONE AROUND THE COUNTRY AND TALKING TO EMPLOYERS HOW DO YOU CONVINCE THEM WHEN THEY MIGHT SAY LOOK I'M PEOPLE FOR SOME SENSITIVE WORK. I MIGHT BE PUTTING PEOPLE INTO PEOPLE'S HOMES THAT I HAVE A DUTY TO KNOW WHETHER OR NOT I CAN TRUST THIS PERSON'S ACTIONS, WHAT DOW SAY TO THOSE EMPLOYERS?

>> SO I'M A DAD. I HAVE A THREE-YEAR-OLD. I DROP MY THREER-OLD OFF AT DAY CARE EVERY SINGLE DAY. WOULD I WANT TO KNOW OR WOULD I BE CONCERNED AS A PARENT IF ONE OF HER DAY CARE TEACHERS HAD A PAST HISTORY OF CHILD ABUSE I WOULD. THAT WOULD BE CONCERNING TO ME. SO THAT PARTICULAR POSITION MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR SOMEONE WITH THAT CRIMINAL RECORD HISTORY. WHAT WE'RE ENCOURAGING EMPLOYERS TO DO BOTH LARGE AND SMALL ARE TO DO THESE INDIVIDUALIZED ASSESSMENTS AND NOT TREAT ALL CRIMES THE SAME. BECAUSE SOME CRIMES MAY NOT HAVE ANY RELEVANCE TO WHETHER SOMEONE IS SUITABLE FOR A GIVEN POSITION.

>> WHAT ABOUT THAT POINT. WOULD SMALL BUSINESSES BE OKAY WITH THE IDEA THAT YOU DON'T ASK PEOPLE ABOUT THEIR CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECK RIGHT AWAY. YOU VET THE CANDIDATES AND THEN IF YOU ARE ABOUT READY TO MAKE AN OFFER THEN YOU CAN CHECK AND SEE IF IT IS RELEVANT AS DARRELL WAS SAYING, WOULD YOU SUPPORT THAT IDEA.

>> I SUPPORT VETTING CANDIDATES MOST CERTAINLY. BUT THE EMPLOYER NEEDS TO HAVE THE INFORMATION ABOUT CRIMINAL HISTORY DURING THE INTERVIEW. THE FACT THAT THEY DON'T RAISE THAT IN THE INTERVIEW THAT THERE IS A GAP THAT MAYBE NOW A BUSINESS OWN CERTIFICATE AFRAID TO DISCUSS BECAUSE THEY CAN'T TALK ABOUT CRIMINAL HISTORY UNTIL AFTER THEY MADE A CONDITIONAL OFFER IS KIND OF LEWD I CRUC FOR A SMALL-BUSINESS OWNER. SOME OF THEOPOSALS TO IN NEW YORK CITY IS ONE TOO THAT THEY DON'T HAVE TO ACTUALLY PROVIDE, YOU KNOW A WRITTEN REASON WHY IT IS THEY DIDN'T HIRE SOMEBODY BECAUSE OF CRIMINAL CONVICTION TH WILL JUST SRND PEOPLE OFF TO AN ATTORNEY.

>> OKAY, WE'VE GOT TO LEAVE IT THERE. THANK YOU BOTH VERY MUCH.

>> THANK YOU.

>> THANK YOU.

>> Ifill: NEXT, IN OUR CONTINUING SERIES ON PAKISTAN: ONE EFFORT TO TACKLE A WIDESPREAD PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM THAT GETS SCANT ATTENTION. IT'S PART OF OUR "AGENTS FOR CHANGE" SERIES. SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT FRED DE SAM LAZARO REPORTS FROM KARACHI.

>> Reporter: FOR DECADES PAKISTAN HAS BEEN IN A STATE OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS: FROM THE AFGHAN WAR, ETHNIC TENSION, RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE, TERRORISM. THE ECONOMY, HINDERED BY CORRUPTION, DOES LITTLE TO REDUCE THE POVERTY THAT DRIVES SO MUCH OF THE TURMOIL. IT'S ENOUGH TO DRIVE ANYONE CRAZY. AND PSYCHIATRIST SAADIA QURAISHY, WITH THE PAKISTAN BASED AMAN FOUNDATION SAYS THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT IT DOES TO A LOT OF PEOPLE.

>> ABOUT 40% OF THE POPULATION SUFFERS FROM COMMON MENTAL DISORDERS.

>> Reporter: FOUR ZERO?

>> YES. AND SOME INFORMAL REPORTS SUGGEST EVEN HIGHER.

>> Reporter: 57-YEAR-OLD SHOPKEEPER ANWAR KHASKELI PRESENTS A CLASSIC CASE...

>> ( translated ): I WROTE ARTICLES FOR YEARS ABOUT WHY ARE THE BASIC NECESSITIES OF LIFE NOT BEING PROVIDED TO PEOPLE HERE, LIKE WATER, ROADS, SCHOOLS, ESPECIALLY EDUCATION.

>> Reporter: BETWEEN THOSE WORRIES AND A GROWING INABILI TO MAKE ENDS MEET, HE SAYS HE SIMPLY WITHDREW.

>> ( translated ): FOR TEN YEARS, I COULDN'T SIT IN IT FOR MORE THAN TEN MINUTES, MY MOOD WAS JUST DOWN. MY JOINTS WOULD HURT, THAT MADE THE DEPRESSION WORSE. THIS WENT ON FOR TEN YEARS.

>> Reporter: MOST MENTAL ILLNESS LIKE HIS GOES UNREPORTED, UNDIAGNOSED OR UNTREAT THROUGHOUT SOUTH ASIA, IT'S SOCIALLY TABOO, OFTEN VIEWED AS A CURSE FROM GOD, NOT AN ILLNESS. PATIENTS HAVE OFTEN BEEN RESTRAINED IN CHAINS AND SUBCTED TO OTHER HUMILIATION SAYS DR. QURAISHY.

>> IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO EXPRESS MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS NOT ONLY TO THE CLINICIANS OR PROFESSIONALS BUT EVEN TO YOURSELF AND TO THE FAMILIES, THERE'S SUCH A STIGMA RELATED TO THAT. ITS MUCH MORE ACCEPTABLE TO SAY YOU HAVE A HEADACHE OR STOMACHACHE OR A BACKACHE FOR WHICH YOU CAN BE TAKEN OUT TO GET HELP.

>> Reporter: NOT THAT MUCH HELP IS AVAILABLE. VERY FEW PAKISTANI DOCTORS ARE TRAINED TO DIAGNOSE PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, WHETHER SERIOUS ONES LIKE SCHIZOPHRENIA OR COMMON ONES LIKE DEPRESSION. THIS IS A COUNTRY OF 200 MILLION PEOPLE AND FOR ALL OF THEM THERE ARE MAYBE 500 PRACTICING PSYCHIATRISTS. IN ALL LIKELIHOOD THERE ARE MORE PSYCHIATRISTS OF PAKISTANI ORIGIN WORKING TODAY IN THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN THAN IN ALL OF PAKISTAN

>> IN TERMS OF PAKISTAN, THAT IS THE SORT OF NUMBER, AND GENERALLY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD, IN THE POOR WORLD, YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT 1.5 MILLION PEOPLE PER PSYCHIATRIST.

>> Rter: WHAT IS IT HERE IN BRITAIN, OR IN THE UNITED STATES?

>> OH, IT'S ABOUT 1 PER 10,000.

>> Reporter: CHRIS UNDERHILL IS THE FOUNDER OF A BRITISH BASED AID GROUP CALLED BASIC NEEDS, WHICH TRIES TO DELIVER MENTAL HEALTH CARE DESPITE THE CHALLENGES. PARTNERING WITH LOCAL NON- PROFITS, IT BEGAN RUNNING CLINICS HERE NO FANCY COUCHES HERE, JUST A TEMPORARY ONE-ROOM, ONE STOP PSYCHIATRIC WARD.

>> DO YOU GET GRY A LOT?

>> Reporter: ON THIS RECENT MORNING, DR SALIM AHMED SWIFTLY DISPATCHED PATIENTS, MOST IN FOLLOW UP VISITS. THEIR PRESCRIPTIONS WERE REFILLED A FEW FEET AWAY. SOME PATIENTS WERE NT TO COUNSELING BEHIND THE CURTAIN IN THE CORNER.

>> THE TEAM MAKES SURE THEY ARE TAKING THEIR MEDICATIONS. IF THEY ARE HAVING ANY SIDE EFFECTS, THEY COMMUNICATE WITH US.

>> Reporter: THE TEAM HE WORKS WITH IS MAINLY DRAWN FROM THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. WITH ROLE PLAYING AND SKITS ORDINARY CITIZENS ARE TRAINED AS TREACH WORKERS TO FOLLOW UP ON PATIENTS, TO LOOK FOR SYMPTOMS OR SIDE EFFECTS AND REFER PATIENTS BACK WHEN CLINICS AR HELD. FAMILIES DEALING WITH MTAL ILLNESS ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER. THEY GET TRAINING IN SKILLS, LIKE SEWING, WHICH MAY EARN SOME INCOME AND REDUCE STRESS. THIS HOLISTIC APPROACH-- GENERIC DRUGS AND COMMUNITY-BASED CARE, HAS ALREADY REACH 43,000 PEOPLE IN JUST TWO YEARS IN PAKISTAN. OTHER COUNTRIES WHERE THIS MODEL HAS BEEN TRIED SAY IT WORKS AND IS INEXPENSIVE

>> Reporter: ALONG WITH ANTI DEPRESSANT MEDS, ANWAR KHASKELI RECEIVED A MICRO LOAN FROM THE BASIC NEEDS PROGRAM TO REOPEN HIS TINY STORE.

>> ( translated ): ALL I WANT IS ENOUGH FOR THREE MEALS AAY. I DON'T WANT ANY RICHES, ANYTHING.

>> Reporter: BUSINESS ISN'T GREAT AND HIS RECOVERY IS STILL PRECARIOUS. IT MIGHT BE A METAPHOR FOR MENTAL HEALTH CARE IN POOR COUNTRIES. IT JUST DOESN'T SEEM AS PRESSING TO GOVERNMENTS AS OTHER ISSUES EVEN THOUGH IT EXACTS A HUGE TOLL, SAYS UNDERHILL.

>> LITERALLY LAST YEAR, $2.5 TRILLION CAME OUT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY BECAUSE OF MENTAL ILL HEALTH. NOW, BRINGING THAT DOWN TO THE LEVEL OF POLICY-MAKERS IN ONE COUNTRY, PAKISTAN, ISN'T EASY.

>> Reporter: HE HAS A SIMILAR CHALLENGE WITH MANY WESTERN DONORS, ON WHOM BASIC NEEDS RELIES HEAVILY FOR SUPPORT.

>> IF YOU TAKE ONE OF THE BIG CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, IT COULD BE SAN FRANCISCO, IT COULD BE NEW YORK, AND YOU THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE MENTAL ILLNESS ON THE STREETS, IT'S A VERY COMMON CONVERSATIONAL GAMBIT THAT I HAVE PEOPLE TALK TO ME ABOUT. I TALK TO THEM ABOUT THE DEVELOPING WORLD AND THEY SAY BUT IT'S RIGHT ON OUR STREETS.

>> Reporter: DESPITE THE PRESENCE OF MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE ON U.S. STREETS, UNDERHILL SAYS THE HARSH REALITY IS THAT ABOUT THREE FOURTHS OF THE 450 MILLION PEOPLE WITH MENTAL ILLNESS WORLDWIDE, ARE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THREE FOURTHS OF THEM ARE UNTREATED. IN PAKISTAN'S SINDH PROVINCE, I'M FRED DE SAM LAZARO FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR.

>> Woodruff: FRED'S REPORTING IS A PARTNERSHIP WITH THE UNDER- TOLD STORIES PROJECT AT ST. MARY'S UVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.

>> Ifill: IT'S GRADUATION SEASON, AND OUR NETWORK OF STUDENT REPORTING LABS AROUND THE COUNTRY HAVE DOCUMENTED THE STORIES OF TEENAGERS WHO HAVE TAKEN AN UNCONVENTIONAL PATH TO THEIR DIPLOMA. HERE'S A PREVIEW. HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION HAS TAKEN ME TO DIFFERENT PATHS THAT I DID NOT DECIDE I WAS GOING TO GO THROUGH WHEN I WAS A LITTLE CHILD.

>> ANYONE THAT HAS CHANGE IN THEIR LIFE YOU HAVE TO LACK ON THE BRIGHT SIDE OF IT.

>> I WAS LIVING IN A-- THERE WAS NOTHING THERE NOTHING NOTHING AT ALL. I WANT TO WORK HARD RIGHT NOW. SO WHEN I GET OLDER,-- I CAN FULFILL MY DREAM.

>> I THINK I'M READY. I STILL HAVE A LOT OF GROWING UP TO DO. BUT I THINK I'M READY FOR COLLEGE.

>> Ifill: ALL THAT AND MORE IS ON OUR WEB SITE, pbs.org/newshour.

>> Woodruff: AND THAT'S THE NEWSHOUR FOR TONIGHT. ON THURSDAY, ON THE DAY POPE FRANCIS ANNOUNCES A HISTORIC STATEMENT ON CLIMATE CHANGE, LL HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW WITH CARDINAL DONALD WUERL, ARCHBISHOP OF WASHINGTON. I'M JUDY WOODRUFF.

>> Ifill: AND I'M GWEN IFILL. WE'LL SEE YOU ONLINE, AND AGAIN HERE TOMORROW EVENING. FOR ALL OF US HERE AT THE PBS NEWSHOUR, THANK YOU AND GOOD NIGHT.

>> MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY:

>> SUPPORTING SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS TO THE WORLDS MOST PRESSING PROBLEMS-- skollfoundation.org.

>> AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS

>> THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. Captioning sponsored by NEWSHOUR PRODUCTIONS, LLC Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org

>> THIS IS "BBC WORLD NEWS AMERICA."

>> FUNDING OF THIS PRESENTATION IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- THE FREEMAN FOUNDATION, NEWMAN'S OWN FOUNDATION -- GIVING ALL PROFITS FROM NEWMAN'S OWN TO CHARITY AND PURSUING THE COMMON GOOD, KOVLER FOUNDATION, AND MUFG.

>> THEY SAY THE OLDEST TREES BEAR THE SWEETEST FRUIT. AT MUFG, WE HAVE BELIEVED IN NURTURING BANKING RELATIONSHIPS FOR CENTURIES, BECAUSE STRONG FINANCIAL PARTNERSHIPS ARE BEST