PBS NewsHour; December 15, 2011 3:00pm-4:00pm PST

Captioning sponsored by MacNEIL/LEHRER PRODUCTIONS

>> Brown: LAWMAKERS SIGNALED A DEAL MAY BE NEAR ON A SPENDING BILL AND PAYROLL TAX CUT AS YET ANOTHER DEADLINE LOOMED FOR A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN. GOOD EVENING, I'M JEFFREY BROWN.

>> Woodruff: AND I'M JUDY WOODRUFF. ON THE "NEWSHOUR" TONIGHT: WE GET THE LATEST ON THE PARTISAN WRANGLING FROM NAFTALI BENDAVID OF THE "WALL STREET JOURNAL."

>> Brown: THEN, FILM, TV, AND MUSIC PRODUCERS BATTLE SOME OF THE WORLD'S LEADING INTERNET COMPANIES. WE DEBATE AN EFFORT TO STOP ONLINE PIRACY.

>> Woodruff: MARGARET WARNER UPDATES THE RISING DEATH TOLL AND ALLEGATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN SYRIA.

>> Brown: MILES O'BRIEN HAS THE STORY OF SCIENTISTS GROWING TISSUE TO REPAIR OR REPLACE HUMAN ORGANS.

>> HERE THEY ARE USING-- PIG BLADDERS TO HELP GROW HUMAN MUSCLE, THAT'S RIGHT, PIG BLADDERS, TURNS OUT THEY ARE A GOOD SOURCE OF A FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCK KNOWN AS THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX.

>> AND RAY SUAREZ TALKS TO DAVID MARGOULIC ABOUT TWO WOMEN WHOSE LIVES WERE CHANGED BY A PHOTOGRAPHIC FROM THE CIVIL WAR ERA.

>> Brown: THAT'S ALL AHEAD ON TONIGHT'S "NEWSHOUR." MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY:

>> INTELLIGENT COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY IS MAKING ITS WAY INTO EVERYTHING FROM CARS TO RETAIL SIGNS TO HOSPITALS; CREATING NEW ENRICHING EXPERIENCES. THROUGH INTEL'S PHILOSOPHY OF INVESTING FOR THE FUTURE, WE'RE HELPING TO BRING THESE NEW CAPABILITIES TO MARKET. WE'RE INVESTING BILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN R&D AROUND THE GLOBE TO HELP CREATE THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE HOPE WILL BE THE HEART OF TOMORROW'S INNOVATIONS. I BELIEVE THAT BY INVESTING TODAY IN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES HERE AT INTEL, WE CAN MAKE A BETTER TOMORROW.

>> AND BY THE BILL AND MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION. DEDICATED TO THE IDEA THAT ALL PEOPLE DESERVE THE CHANCE TO LIVE A HEALTHY PRODUCTIVE LIFE. AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS AND FOUNDATIONS. AND... THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU.

>> Woodruff: IT WAS A DAY OF BEHIND-THE-SCENES MANEUVERING AND BARGAINING IN CONGRESS WITH TWO GOALS IN MIND. PARTY LEADERS MOVED TO AVERT A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN AND POSSIBLY, END THE STALEMATE OVER EXTENDING A PAYROLL TAX CUT. THE HOPEFUL TALK CAME FROM LEADERS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE AISLE AND BOTH SIDES OF THE CAPITOL. ON THE SENATE FLOOR THIS MORNING, MAJORITY LEADER HARRY REID SPOKE OF GETTING AGREEMENT ON A $1 TRILLION SPENDING BILL TO AVERT A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN THIS WEEKEND.

>> THOSE ISSUES SHOULD BE RESOLVABLE. THERE HAVE BEEN A FEW ISSUES THAT ARE STILL OUTSTANDING, BUT THEY'RE REALLY SMALL IN NUMBER.

>> Woodruff: THE FOCUS WAS A BILL THAT HOUSE REPUBLICANS OFFERED LAST NIGHT. IT WOULD FUND, BUT FREEZE MOST GOVERNMENT AGENCY BUDGETS FOR THE REST OF THE FISCAL YEAR, BUT IT ALSO DROPPED SOME PROVISIONS THAT CONSERVATIVES HAD SOUGHT. THEY INCLUDED ROLLING BACK NEW REGULATIONS ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CLEAN WATER RULES FOR MOUNTAINTOP MINING. ON ANOTHER FRONT, SENATE MINORITY LEADER MITCH McCONNELL REPORTED PROGRESS ON EXTENDING THE PAYROLL TAX CUT FOR 160 MILLION AMERICANS.

>> WE ARE WORKING HARD TO FIGURE A WAY TO RESOLVE THE REMAINING DIFFERENCES ON THE PAYROLL TAX EXTENSION AND THE RELATED ISSUES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO BOTH SIDES. AND WE'RE CONFIDENT AND OPTIMISTIC WE'LL BE ABLE TO RESOLVE BOTH ON A BIPARTISAN BASIS.

>> Woodruff: SENATE DEMOCRATS SIGNALED ON WEDNESDAY THEY WOULD DROP CALLS TO PAY FOR THE EXTENSION WITH A SURTAX ON MILLIONAIRES-- SOMETHING REPUBLICANS STRONGLY OPPOSED. STILL TO BE WORKED OUT: A SEPARATE PROVISION THAT WOULD FORCE IMMEDIATE APPROVAL OF THE KEYSTONE OIL PIPELINE FROM CANADA TO TEXAS. REPUBLICANS WANTED IT, DEMOCRATS STOUTLY OPPOSED IT, AND PRESIDENT OBAMA THREATENED A VETO. BUT HOUSE SPEAKER JOHN BOEHNER COUNSELED CALM TODAY.

>> I THINK EVERYONE JUST NEEDS TO STEP BACK AND TAKE A DEEP BREATH. I THINK THERE'S AN EASY WAY TO UNTANGLE ALL OF THIS. WE JUST NEED TO LET THE MEMBERS DO THEIR JOBS AND WE NEED TO LET THE TWO INSTITUTIONS DO THEIR WORK.

>> Woodruff: FOR HIS PART, AT A WASHINGTON EVENT, THE PRESIDENT URGED CONGRESS TO GET ALL OF IT DONE-- THE TAX CUT EXTENSION, THE SPENDING BILL AND ANOTHER EXTENSION OF LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS.

>> THERE'S NO REASON WHY WE SHOULDN'T BE ABLE TO EXTEND THESE ITEMS BEFORE HOLIDAYS. THERE'S NO REASON THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD SHUT DOWN OVER THIS AND EXPECT ALL OF US TO DO WHAT'S NECESSARY TO DO THE PEOPLE'S BUSINESS AND MAKE SURE IT'S DONE BEFORE THE END OF THE YEAR.

>> Woodruff: BUT WHILE THERE WAS STILL TIME TO MAKE A DEAL, A NEW POLL SUGGESTED THE DAMAGE HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE TO CONGRESS' STANDING. THE PEW SURVEY FOUND TWO-THIRDS OF AMERICANS WANT MOST LAWMAKERS VOTED OUT OF OFFICE IN 2012. FOR MORE, WE ARE JOINED BY NAFTALI BENDAVID, CONGRESSIONAL CORRESPONDENT FOR THE "WALL STREET JOURNAL." HELLO, NAFTALI, SO ARE WE TO BELIEVE WHAT WE'RE HERING-- HEARING, ARE THEY REALLY MOVING TOWARDS RESOLUTION?

>> WELL, IT REALLY DOES SEEM LIKE THE TWO SIDES LOOKED INTO THE ABYSS AND TOOK A STEP BACK. I MEAN IT HAS BEEN AN AMAZING DAY OF MOOD SHIFTS ON THE CAPITOL. I MEAN JUST YESTERDAY I REALLY SEEMED LIKE WE MIGHT HAVE A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN. AND THE TWO SIDES WERE AT EACH OTHER'S THROATS. SPEAKING VERY HARSHLY ABOUT THE PARTISANSHIP OF EACH OTHER. AND TODAY WAS LIKE A WHOLE NEW WORLD. REID AN McCONNELL CAME OUT AND MADE IT SOUND LIKE A DEAL IS IN THE WORKS. AND IN FACT, IT STHEEMS THAT IS THE CASE. A SPENDING DEAL IS PROBABLY GOING TO BE FORMALLY AGREED TO TONIGHT. AND THEN THEY HAVE A DIE OR TWO MORE OF WORK TO DO ON THIS PAYROLL TAX INCREASE. AND THEN IT SEEMS LIKE THEY CAN FINALLY GO HOME AND BRING A VERY CONTENTIOUS YEAR FINALLY TO A CLOSE.

>> OTHER THAN OT FACT THAT CHRISTMAS IS JUST TEN DAYS AWAY, WHY NOW?

>> WELL, I THINK REALLY DO THINK THAT BOTH SIDES STARTED TO REALIZE HOW BAD THEY LOOKED. YOU KNOW, FIRST OF ALL THERE WAS THE ISSUE OF YET AGAIN COMING TO THE BRINK OF A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN. AND WE'VE HAD A COUPLE MORE OF THESE THIS YEAR. WE'VE HAD A NEAR DEFAULT OF THE GOVERNMENT. AND ON TOP OF THAT THERE WAS THE POSSIBILITY THAT WORKING AMERICAN WAS GET ESSENTIALLY A THOUSAND DOLLAR PAY INCREASE IF THEY COULDN'T RESOLVE THIS PAYROLL TAX ISSUE. SO I THINK THERE IS ALWAYS A POINT IN THESE NEGOTIATIONS WHERE IT IS MORE IN A PARTY'S INTEREST TO REACH A DEAL THAN TO POSTURE AND NOT HAVE A DEAL. AND WE REACHED THAT TIPPING POINT, I THINK SOMETIME LAST NIGHT AND THIS MORNING.

>> SUMMARIZE FOR US, NAFTALI W WHAT IT IS THAT HAS BEEN THE KEY TO RESOLVE FING EACH ONE OF THESE, STARTING WITH THE SPENDING BILL. BOTH SIDES GIVING IN A LITTLE, IS THAT RIGHT?

>> YEAH, THE SPENDING BILL, YOU KNOW T THERE WAS WIDE SPREAD AGREEMENT ON IT BUT THERE WERE THESE LITTLE SORT OF NAGGING ISSUES THAT ALWAYS COME UP THESE DAYS ON SPENDING ISSUES. FOR EXAMPLE, YOU KNOW, REPUBLICANS WANTED TO HAVE SOME ANTIABORTION MEASURES THAT HAD TO DO WITH THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ATTACKS. THERE WERE SOME ISSUES THAT HAD TO DO WITH WHETHER OR NOT PRESIDENT OBAMA RELAXATION OF TRAVEL TO CUB CUBA-- CUBA WOULD BE REPEALED. A FEW THING AS LONG THOSE LINES, BUT ULTIMATELY WHEN THEY DECIDED THEY WANTED A DEAL T WASN'T HARD TO WORK THOSE OUT. BUT THE PAYROLL TAX ISSUE IS MORE COMPLICATED AND IT WILL BE INTERESTING HOW THEY WORK THAT OUT. DEMOCRATS WANTED TO PAY FOR IT WITH A SURTAX ON MILLION AYRES. THAT'S PRETTY MUCH BEEN DROPPED. REPUBLICANS WANTED TO PAY FOR IT IN PART WHICH A 10% CUT IN THE FEDERAL WORKFORCE. I DON'T THINK THAT'S GOING HAPPEN. BUT THEY STILL DO NEED TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO PAY FOR THAT AND THE OTHER THING THAT CAME UP, OF COURSE, IS THIS COMPLETELY UNRELATED AND VERY CONTROVERSIAL IDEA OF WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN TO THE KEYSTONE XL OIL PIPE-LINE. ONE WAY OR ANOTHER THEY HAVE TO THREAD THAT NEEDLE. BUT THERE IS JUST A FEEL ON CAPITOL HILL THAT EVERYBODY WANTS TO GET A DEAL. EVERYBODY WANTS TO GO HOME AND THAT IS SOMETHING MOST LIKELY TO HAPPEN IN THE NEXT 28 TO 48 HOURS.

>> Woodruff: ON THE LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS THAT IS LOOKING LIKE RES LUGS AS WELL.

>> THAT IS GOING TO BE IN THERE TOO. REPUBLICANS HAVE RESERVATIONS BOTH BEX TENDING THE PAYROLL TAX CUT AND ABOUT EXTENDING THE UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS. THEY ARE WORRIED ABOUT SPENDING MONEY THIS WHICH AND WHAT IT'S REALLY GOING TO GET YOU IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT. BUT I THINK THEY'RE REALIZING THAT THE POLITICAL REALITY IS THESE THINGS HAVE TO BE DONE. YOU'RE TO THE GOING TO CUT UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS IN THE MIDDLE OF AN ECONOMIC DOWNTURN NOR ARE YOU GOING TO HAVE A TAX INCREASE ON WORKING AMERICANS IN THE MIDDLE OF A STRUGGLING ECONOMY. ONCE THAT POLITICAL REALITY WAS CONFRONTED, I THINK THE REST JUST HAD TO DO WITH IRONING OUT THE DETAILS.

>> Woodruff: SO DOES EITHER SIDE COME OUT BETTER THAN THE OTHER ON ALL OF THIS?

>> YOU KNOW, I DON'T THINK SO I MEAN THEY BOTH COME OUT LOOKING PRETTY BAD. AND IN TRUTH, YOU COULD SAY THAT ABOUT THIS WHOLE YEAR. WE'RE COMING RIGHT NOW TO THE END OF OF A CONGRESSIONAL YEAR THAT BEGAN WITH THE TEA PARTY MEMBERS SWEEPING INTO POWER, COMING INTO WASHINGTON IN A VERY SORT OF REVOLUTIONARY FERVENT WAY AND WE'VE SEEN EVERYTHING FROM ALMOST A GOVERNMENT DEFAULT TO SEVERAL TIMES ALMOST A GOVERNMENT SHUTDOWN. AND ULTIMATELY THIS CONGRESS HASN'T ACHIEVED WHAT ITS MAIN GOAL WAS WHICH WAS TO CUT THE DEFICIT BY $4 TRILLION OR SO. SO I DON'T THINK EITHER SIDE COMES OFF LOOKING VERY GOOD. BOTH SIDES ARE VERY AWARE OF THE FACT THAT CONGRESS'S APPROVAL RATINGS ARE SOMETHING LIKE AT 9%. AND SO I THINK THEY'RE GOING TO GO HOME. THEY'RE GOING TO REGROUP, COME BACK THIS YEAR AND TRY TO DO BETTER BUT OF COURSE NEXT YEAR IS AN ELECTION YEAR AND IT'S ALWAYS HARDER TO WORK TOGETHER IN A CIVIL WAY IN AN ELECTION YEAR.

>> Woodruff: THEY'VE BEEN SEEING THAT THE PUBLIC REACTION TO THE WAY THEY HAVE BEEN OPERATING HAS BEEN NEGATIVE FOR MONTHS NOW. AND YET THEY'VE CONTINUED TO HAVE THESE EXERCISES IN BRINKSMANSHIP. HOW DO YOU EXPLAIN THAT?

>> WELL, IT'S A REALLY GOOD QUESTION. BECAUSE THEY ARE AWARE OF THE WAY THEY LOOK. BUT I THINK BOTH SIDES NOW, THEY ARE SO POLARIZED. AND THEY'RE SO RESPONSIVE TO THEIR BASES AS OPPOSED TO BEING RESPONSIVE TO THE GREAT MIDDLE OF THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM THAT THEY ALMOST CAN'T HELP THEMSELVES. AND THIS CONTROVERSY WE ARE IN IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE. JUST A WE CAN AGO THEY SEEMED TO BE HEADING FOR FAIRLY SMOOTH SAILING. IT SEEMED LIKE THEY WOULD RESOLVE THIS, REACH AGREEMENT. BUT OF COURSE SOMETHING HAD TO COME UP TO BLOW THE WHOLE THING UP. AND SUDDENLY WE'RE TALK APPROXIMATING ABOUT THE KEYSTONE XL PIPELINE, TALKING ABOUT A MILLIONAIRE SURTAX. IT'S LIKE THEY HAVE TO DO THESE THINGS TO, I THINK, APPEASE THEIR BASE, TO PLACATE THEIR MOST FERVENT ACTIVISTS BEFORE THEY CAN FINALLY GET BEYOND IT AND REACH A DEAL. AND YOU KNOW, I DON'T SEE ANY INDICATION THAT THAT IS GOING TO CHANGE OVER THE NEXT YEAR. SO WHEN THIS IRONIC SITUATION WHERE THE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS KNOW HOW BAD THEY LOOK. THEY KNOW WHAT THE PUBLIC THINKS OF THEM AND YET THEY SEEM UNABLE TO HELP THEMSELVES.

>> SO QUICKLY FOR THOSE PEOPLE WHO WATCH THIS THING BY THE CLOCK, WHEN DOW PREDICT IT'S ALL GOING TO BE FIGURED OUT SO THEY REQUEST GO HOME THIS WEEKEND?

>> WELL, YOU KNOW THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE TALKING ABOUT SATURDAY, THAT THEY WILL ACTUALLY HAVE A DEAL BY SATURDAY WHICH IS A LOT EARLIER THAN A LOT OF PEOPLE THOUGHT. I WOULD NEVER BET THAT CONGRESS IS GOING TO FINISH UP EARLIER RATHER THAN LATER SO I COULD SEE THIS EXTENDING INTO SUNDAY OR MONDAY BUT REALLY THEY'RE PRETTY MUCH RIGHT NOW ON THE VERGE OF SOWING THE WHOLE THING UP.

>> NAFTALI BEN DAVID, "THE WALL STREET JOURNAL," THANK YOU AGAIN.

>> THANKS VERY MUCH.

>> Brown: AND STILL TO

>> Brown: STILL TO COME ON THE "NEWSHOUR": THE ONLINE PIRACY DEBATE; DEADLY VIOLENCE IN SYRIA; THE SCIENCE OF REGENERATING TISSUE AND TWO WOMEN FROM LITTLE ROCK. BUT FIRST, THE OTHER NEWS OF THE DAY. HERE'S HARI SREENIVASAN.

>> Sreenivasan: A NEW LOOK AT U.S. CENSUS DATA PAINTED A STARK PICTURE TODAY OF POVERTY. IT SHOWED NEARLY ONE IN TWO AMERICANS ARE NOW IN POVERTY OR, CLASSIFIED AS LOW-INCOME. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS SAID THAT IS MORE THAN 146 MILLION PEOPLE, UP FOUR MILLION FROM 2009. THE INCREASE IS DUE PARTLY TO PAY CUTS, REDUCED WORK HOURS AND LOSS OF JOBS. THE STOCK MARKET MANAGED A RALLY TODAY, AFTER WORD THAT NEW CLAIMS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS ARE FALLING. THE LABOR DEPARTMENT REPORTED LAST WEEK'S TOTAL WAS THE LOWEST SINCE MAY OF 2008. IN RESPONSE, THE DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE GAINED 45 POINTS TO CLOSE ABOVE 11,868. THE NASDAQ ROSE MORE THAN A POINT TO CLOSE AT 2,541. ALSO TODAY, MORGAN STANLEY ANNOUNCED IT IS ELIMINATING 1,600 JOBS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF NEXT YEAR TO CUT COSTS. THE OTHER MAJOR WALL STREET BANKS HAVE ANNOUNCED SIMILAR STEPS. THE WAR IN IRAQ OFFICIALLY ENDED TODAY AFTER NEARLY NINE YEARS. U.S. DEFENSE SECRETARY LEON PANETTA ATTENDED A LOW-KEY CEREMONY AT THE BAGHDAD AIRPORT HE SALUTED WHAT HE CALLED THE REMARKABLE PROGRESS U.S. FORCES MADE IN IRAQ.

>> YOU WILL LEAVE WITH GREAT PRIDE, LASTING PRIDE SECURE IN KNOWING THAT YOUR SACRIFICE HAS HELPED THE IRAQI PEOPLE BEGIN A NEW CHAPTER IN HISTORY.

>> Sreenivasan: THE TWO GOVERNMENTS WERE UNABLE TO REACH A DEAL ALLOWING A SMALL U.S. FORCE TO REMAIN. SO, THE REMAINING 4,000 AMERICAN TROOPS WILL LEAVE BY YEAR'S END. IN ALL, NEARLY 4,500 AMERICANS WERE KILLED IN THE IRAQ WAR. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT MORE THAN 100,000 IRAQIS WERE KILLED. THE U.S. SENATE HAS APPROVED MORE MONEY FOR WAR COSTS IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN. IT WAS PART OF A DEFENSE BILL TOTALING MORE THAN $660 BILLION. THE MEASURE ALSO REQUIRES THE MILITARY TO TAKE CUSTODY OF FOREIGN TERROR SUSPECTS LINKED TO AL-QAEDA. SOME SUSPECTS MIGHT BE DENIED THE RIGHT TO TRIAL OR HELD INDEFINITELY. THE HOUSE APPROVED THE BILL LAST NIGHT. THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT ACCUSED ARIZONA SHERIFF JOE ARPAIO TODAY OF A LONG LIST OF CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AGAINST LATINOS. THEY INCLUDED RACIAL PROFILING, UNLAWFUL ARRESTS, AND ILLEGALLY STRIKING BACK AT CRITICS. ARPAIO HAS GAINED A NATIONAL REPUTATION FOR TOUGH TACTICS, BUT HAS DENIED MISTREATING LATINOS. HE NOW HAS TO TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTION, OR FACE A FEDERAL LAWSUIT. RUSSIAN PRIME MINISTER VLADIMIR PUTIN INSISTED TODAY THAT LAST WEEK'S PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS WERE VALID. HE APPEARED ON A NATIONALLY TELEVISED CALL-IN SHOW FOR FOUR AND A-HALF HOURS. HE SAID THOSE CLAIMING VOTE FRAUD ARE SIMPLY TOOLS OF THE WEST AND HE INSISTED THAT HIS PARTY PLAYED FAIR.

>> ( translated ): I HAVE ALREADY TALKED ABOUT THIS BEFORE IN PUBLIC, BUT IN MY OPINION THE RESULTS OF THESE ELECTIONS UNCONDITIONALLY REFLECT THE REAL BALANCE OF POWER IN THE COUNTRY AND THE FACT THAT THE RULING PARTY, UNITED RUSSIA, LOST SOME GROUND IS NOT UNUSUAL EITHER.

>> Sreenivasan: PUTIN IS RUNNING TO RETURN TO THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENCY NEXT MARCH. REPUBLICANS HOPING TO CHALLENGE PRESIDENT OBAMA NEXT YEAR FACE THEIR FINAL DEBATE TONIGHT, BEFORE THE IOWA CAUCUSES. FORMER HOUSE SPEAKER NEWT GINGRICH HAS SURGED INTO THE LEAD AHEAD OF THE JANUARY THIRD VOTING. GINGRICH TOLD IOWA PUBLIC TELEVISION TODAY, THAT VOTERS ARE LOOKING BEYOND HIS PAST MARITAL INFIDELITY AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS.

>> I HAVE TRIED TO ANSWER QUESTIONS IN A VERY CANDID WAY AND I THINK THAT'S PART OF IT, IS THAT PEOPLE ACCEPT THE SINCERITY OF MY WILLINGNESS TO TALK WITH THEM ABOUT MY LIFE AND TO TALK TO THEM ABOUT WHERE I AM TODAY. AND WHAT I WILL TRY TO ACCOMPLISH.

>> Sreenivasan: FELLOW REPUBLICANS MITT ROMNEY, RON PAUL AND OTHERS HAVE STEPPED UP THEIR CRITICISM OF GINGRICH AS UNRELIABLE ON A NUMBER OF LEVELS. THE USE OF CHIMPANZEES IN U.S. MEDICAL RESEARCH MAY BE COMING TO AN END. THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE RECOMMENDED TODAY THAT MOST EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING CHIMPS CAN NO LONGER BE JUSTIFIED. INSTEAD, IT SAID SUCH RESEARCH SHOULD BE A LAST RESORT. THE INSTITUTE IS AN ARM OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. THOSE ARE SOME OF THE DAY'S MAJOR STORIES. NOW, BACK TO JEFF.

>> Brown: AND WE TURN TO A FIGHT OVER HOW TO POLICE PIRATED MEDIA ON THE INTERNET.

>> MR. HOLMES, I HAVE A FEELING YOU'RE IN DANGER.

>> OH, HOW I'VE MISSED YOU HOLMES.

>> Brown: THE SEQUEL TO THE BLOCKBUSTER "SHERLOCK HOLMES" OFFICIALLY OPENS IN THEATERS ACROSS THE COUNTRY TOMORROW. BUT IT MAY ALSO BE FOUND IN PIRATED VERSIONS ONLINE BY TYPING IN A THE RIGHT WORDS ON ANY NUMBER OF INTERNET SEARCH ENGINES. THEY, IN TURN, ALLOW ONE TO NAVIGATE TO SITES WHERE ILLICIT COPIES ARE AVAILABLE FOR VIEWING. MANY OF THE PIRATE WEB SITES, WHICH MAKE MOVIES, TELEVISION PROGRAMS AND MUSIC AVAILABLE, OPERATE OVERSEAS. BUT NOW, FILM, TV, AND MUSIC PRODUCERS ARE FIGHTING BACK, TAKING AIM AT OTHER AMERICAN COMPANIES THEY THINK ARE ALLOWING THIS TO HAPPEN, INCLUDING INTERNET LEADERS SUCH AS GOOGLE AND PAYPAL. THOSE TECH GIANTS ARE, IN TURN, TAKING OUT FULL PAGE ADS IN MAJOR NEWSPAPERS JOINED BY FREE SPEECH ADVOCATES AND VENTURE INVESTORS TO ARGUE THAT THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION WOULD ENDANGER INTERNET COMMERCE AND ONLINE SPEECH. THE BILL, KNOWN AS THE "STOP ONLINE PIRACY ACT" IS WENDING ITS WAY THROUGH CONGRESS. THE HOUSE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE TOOK IT UP TODAY. AND WE HAVE OUR OWN DEBATE NOW. MARKHAM ERICKSON IS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE OPEN INTERNET COALITION REPRESENTING MORE THAN 50 OF THE LARGEST INTERNET COMPANIES IN THE COUNTRY INCLUDING GOOGLE, PAYPAL, NETFLIX AND TWITTER. MICHAEL O'LEARY IS A SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT FOR THE MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. MICHAEL O'LEARY, START WITH YOU JUST TO GET THE ARGUMENTS OP ON THE TABLE BRIEFLY HERE. HOW EXACTLY DO FILM PRODUCERS GET HURT? GIVE US AN EXAMPLE? AND WHY DO YOU THINK TURNING UP THE HEAT ON THE PORTALS TO THESE SITES IS THE RIGHT WAY TO STOP THE PIRACY.

>> SURE, WELL, I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO LOOK. IT'S NOT JUST THE PRODUCERS OF FILMS THAT ARE HURT, IT'S MILLIONS OF AMERICANS WHO MAKE THEIR LIVELIHOOD IN THE FILM AND TELEVISION A INDUSTRY ACROSS THE UNITED STATES. IT'S NOT NECESSARILY THE NAMES ON THE MARQUIS THAT ARE HURT BUT THE NAMES AT THE END ON THE CREDITS. PEOPLE THAT BUILD THE SET, COSTUME DESIGNER, CATERS, THOSE ARE THE PEOPLE WHO ARE HURT, BECAUSE PIRATES MANY OF THEM HIDING OVERSEAS OUTSIDE THE REACH OF U.S. LAW ARE STEALING PRODUCTS, DISTRIBUTING THEM AND PROFITING FROM THEM ON THE INTERNET. AND AS A RESULT, YOU HAVE LESS PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. YOU HAVE FEWER OPPORTUNITIES TO WORK. SO THAT IS WHERE THE DAMAGE IS BEING DONE. WE THINK THAT THAT WHAT IS BEING UNDERTAKEN IN THE HOUSE RIGHT NOW IS A VERY REASONABLE, VERY FOCUSED APPROACH THAT DEALS WITH ALL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNET FOOD CHAIN THAT HELP CUT OFF THESE ILLEGAL SITES FROM THE AMERICAN CONSUMER. WE'RE NOT GOING AFTER THE INTERMEDIARY, WE'RE SIMPLY TRYING TO WORK WITH THEM. WHAT WE ARE SAYING IS ALL OF THE PEOPLE ALONG THE WAY, THE AD BROKERS, THE PAYMENT PROCESSOR, THE ISPs, THE SEARCH ENGINES, THEY ALL PLAY A ROLE IN MAKING THE INTERNET SAFE AND LAWFUL FOR EVERYONE. AND THIS LAW WOULD SIMPLY CUT OFF ACCESS FROM ROGUE SITES THAT ARE BASED OVERSEAS FROM THE AMERICAN MARKET. WE NEED ALL OF THOSE PLAYERS TO BE INVOLVED.

>> Brown: MARK ERICKSON, FIRST DOW ACKNOWLEDGE PIRACY SAY PROBLEM. I MEAN ALL OVER THE INTERNET ONE CAN GET THROUGH A COPYRIGHT VIOLATIONS.

>> WELL, SURE, PEOPLE ARE DOING BAD THINGS ON THE INTERNET. AND WE AGREE THAT THERE ARE WAYS TO TRY TO DEAL WITH THE VERY REAL PROBLEM OF SITES THAT ARE LOCATE ODD OUTSIDE THE JURISDICTION OF OUR COURT SYSTEM AND OUR LEGAL SYSTEM. THAT ARE ENGAGING IN THEFT. AND ILLEGAL ACTIVITY.

>> WHAT'S THE PROBLEM WITH ITS WAY THEY ARE PROPOSING.

>> THE PROBLEM IS THE PROPOSALS IN CONGRESS RIGHT NOW ARE NOT TARGETED TO THE PROBLEM OF DEALING WITH OFFSHORE ILLEGAL PIRACY. WE THINK THERE IS A WAY TO DEAL WITH THAT. AND WE HAVE PROPOSED A SOLUTION WHICH IS TO FOLLOW THE MONEY. THE OFFSHORE SITES ARE THERE TO MAKE MONEY. THEY'RE THERE TO PROFIT FROM ILLEGAL ACTIVITY. THE COMPANIES I REPRESENT, REPRESENT, ARE SOME OF THE BIGGEST AD NETWORKS AND PAYMENT PROCESSORS IN THE INTERNET ECOSYSTEM. AND THEY WANT TO WORK WITH THE RIGHTS HOLDERS, THAT WHEN AN OFFSHORITE IS ENGAGED IN ILLEGAL ACTIVITY, THEY WILL SHUT OFF THE ECONOMIC LIFEBLOOD TO THOSE SITES. AND IF THEY DO THAT, THOSE SITES WILL DISAPPEAR.

>> Brown: BUT I WANT TO YOU GIVE ME A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE TOO OF WHAT WOULD HAPPEN UNDER THE PROPOSED LEGISLATION TO THE COMPANIES YOU REPRESENT? WHAT ARE THEY A PRAYED OF OF, EXACTLY.

>> IT'S NOT REALLY THAT THEY ARE AFRAID OF WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THEM. THEY'LL BE ABLE TO SURVIVE. WHAT THIS ISSUE HAS HIGHLIGHTED IS THAT THERE ARE ENTITIES FROM ALL ACROSS THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM, FROM TEA PARTY PATRIOTS TO THE ACLU, TO LAW PROFESSORS TO INTERNET SECURITY EXPERTS WHO HAVE SAID THAT THE PROPOSALS IN THE SOLUTIONS OF QUITE EXTRAORDINARY. THEY WOULD FOR THE FIRST TIME IMPOSE TECHNOLOGY MANDATES WHERE CONGRESS IS ACTUALLY DESIGNING TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS TO TRY TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM OF OFFSHORE PIRACY. AND THEY WOULD DO THAT BY TRYING TO HAVE INTERMEDIARIES BEGIN TO MANIPULATE THE WAY USERS ACCESS THOSE OFFSHORE SITES. WE THINK THAT IS ACTUALLY A WAY THAT WILL NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF OFFSHORE PIRACY. AND LEADING INTERNET SECURITY EXPERTS PEOPLE LIKE STEWART BAKER, THE FORMER GENERAL-- OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY HAVE SAID IT WILL ACTUALLY INCREASE PIRACY AND ACTUALLY HURT OUR INTERNET.

>> LET ME ASK MR. O'LEARY BECAUSE THE ARGUMENT IS THAT THE LEGISLATION POTENTIALLY FIGHTS THE VERY WAY THAT THE INTERNETWORKS IN A SENSE AND HAS IMPLICATIONS WELL BEYOND WHAT IT IS YOU ARE TRYING TO GET.

>> IT'S JUST ABSOLUTELY NOT ACCURATE. MARKHAM INDICATED THAT THERE ARE EXPERTS ON HIS SIDE OF THE ARGUMENT THAT, THERE ARE EXPERTS ON OUR SIDE OF THE ARGUMENT THAT WOULD ARGUE THAT IS NOT ACCURATE. I WOULD JUST ASK YOU TO LOOK AT WHO IS SUPPORTING THIS LEGISLATION. SU HAVE ALL OF THE MAJOR CABLE ISPs, THE NATIONAL CABLE TELECOMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATION, THEIR MEMBERSHIP, TIME WARNER CABLE, COMCAST, THOSE ARE COMPANIES THAT PUT MILLIONS OF DOLLARS EVERY YEAR INTO THEIR NETWORKS AND THEY WOULD NOT KNOWINGLY SUPPORT A PIECE OF LEGISLATION IF THEY THOUGHT IT WAS GOING TO HURT THOSE NETWORKS AND HURT THEIR INVESTMENT. IT'S JUST NOT AN ACCURATE STATEMENT TO SAY THAT THIS IS SOMEHOW GOING TO DAMAGE THE INTERNET THIS IS AN ARGUMENT WE'VE HEARD BEFORE. IT'S BEEN AROUND BEFORE AND WE BELIEVE IT'S WRONG THIS TIME AS WELL.

>> Brown: AND MR. O'LEARY WHAT ABOUT THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTE FOR DEALING WITH THIS, THAT HE RAISED?

>> WELL, I THINK THAT TO LOOK AT IT FROM A POSITIVE PERSPECTIVE IT'S ENCOURAGING TO SEE A RECOGNITION THAT SOMETHING HAS TO BE DONE ABOUT THIS PROBLEM. I THINK THAT WHAT WE HAVE CONCERNS WITH W THE ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL IS IT SETS UP A SEPARATE COURT IN 9 ITC AND THAT IS NOT SOMETHING WHICH IS NECESSARILY USED TO DEAL WITH COPYRIGHT. IT'S SLOW. IT'S BUREAUCRATIC AND FRANKLY WHEN SOMEONE IS STEALING FROM YOU, YOU DON'T HAVE 12 TO 18 MONTHS TO WORK TO LET THE BUREAUCRATIC COURT PROCESS WORK. WHAT WE'RE PROPOSING, WHAT HAS BIPARTISAN SUPPORT, WE HAVE A BROAD SUPPORT FROM NOT JUST THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM BUT ACROSS ALL TYPES OF AMERICAN BUSINESSES IS SOMETHING WHICH SAY TOOL WHICH WILL ALLOW LAW ENFORCEMENT TO GO AFTER BAD ACTORS THAT ARE HIDING OVERSEAS. TO MAKE THINGS MORE EFFECTIVE AND MORE EFFICIENT.

>> Brown: MR. ERICKSON, HOW BIG-- I SAW THAT WICK PEDESTRIANIA THREATENED TO SHUT DOWN ITS SITE IN PROTEST OVER THIS. HOW BIG A DEAL IS THIS FOR THE COMPANIES YOU REPRESENT?

>> WELL, IT'S A MAJOR STEP BACKWARDS IN FEDERAL INTERNET POLICY TO HAVE CONGRESS AND COURTS BEGIN DESIGNING THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET. AND WE THINK THERE'S A BETTER WAY. IF YOU FOLLOW THE MONEY, IF YOU MAKE PAYMENT PROCESSORS AND AD NETWORKS SHUT OFF THE FUNDING TO THESE OFFSHORE SITES THE SITES WILL GO AWAY AND YOU DON'T CREATE THE COLLATERAL DAMAGE BY HAVING MEMBERS OF CONGRESS DESIGN TECHNOLOGIES SOLUTIONS THAT WON'T WORK. IF THEY WORKED IT WOULD BE ANOTHER THING ALL TOGETHER. BUT THEY WON'T WORK AND INTERNET SECURITY EXPERTS ACTUALLY SAY IT WILL HARM THE INTERNET. IF YOU LOOK NO FURTHER THAN WIKILEAKS. GOVERNMENT FOR SEVERAL YEARS TRIED TO SHUT DOWN WIKILEAKS TO NO AVAIL IT WASN'T UNTIL GOVERNMENTS SAID TO THE PAYMENT PROCESSORS, WE WANT YOU TO STOP SUBMITTING PAYMENTS TO WIKILEAKS, THAT WIKILEAKS ENDED UP SHUTTING DOWN. THEY SIMPLY COULDN'T PAY THEIR BANDWIDTH COSTS.

>> Brown: MR. O'LEARY, JUST FOR THE REST OF US, FRAME THIS, THE WHY WE ALL SHOULD CARE. I MEAN THIS HAS THE FEEL OF ONE GIANT GROUP AGAINST ANOTHER GIANT GROUP, AS OFTEN IS THE CASE IN WASHINGTON LEGISLATION. BUT WHY SHOULD THE REST OF US CARE?

>> WELL, I THINK YOU SHOULD CARE FOR A COUPLE OF REASONS. FIRST OF ALL THE SET UP PIECE INDICATED THAT THIS IS REALLY ABOUT THE ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY. AS I LEWDED TO EARLIER, THERE ARE PEOPLE FROM ALL ACROSS AMERICAN BUSINESS THAT SUPPORT THIS LEGISLATION. THE CHAMBER OF KPLERS IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST SUPPORTERS AND ALL OF THEIR MEMBERS. SO THIS IS REALLY ABOUT THE ABILITY OF AMERICAN BUSINESSES TO COMPETE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. THE SECOND REASON YOU SHOULD CARE IS AT THE END OF THE DAY THIS IS ABOUT FROKTING AMERICAN JOBS. WHAT YOU SEE ON THE HILL TODAY AND WHAT WILL YOU SEE IN THE MONTHS AS WE MOVE AHEAD WITH THIS PIECE OF LEGISLATION IS A BIPARTISAN MEMBERSHIP OF CONGRESS COMING FORWARD TO PROTECT AMERICAN JOBS AND AT A TIME WHERE OUR ECONOMY IS STRUGGLING AS MIGHTILY AS IT IS, WE NEED TO SEND A STROKE MESSAGE TO THIEVES AROUND THE WORLD THAT IT'S NOT OKAY TO STEAL AMERICAN PRODUCT, AMERICAN HARD WORK AND PROFIT FROM IT.

>> OKAY. AND A BRIEF RESPONSE FROM YOU Y SHOULD WE CARE SM.

>> A LEADING STUDY SHOWED OF THE 200 LEADING VENTURE CAPITALISTS IN THE UNITED STATES SAID THAT THE SOLUTION IN THIS BILL WOULD RESULT IN AN 80% DECREASE INVESTMENT IN INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES. THAT'S ABOUT 38 BILLION DOLLARS A YEAR THAT WOULD BE TAKEN OFF THE TABLE IN DEVELOPING NEW COMMUNICATIONS TOOLS. THERE IS A BETTER WAY. WE CAN CRAFT A SOLUTION WORKING WITH THE MPA AND OTHERS TO FIGHT PIRACY WITHOUT DESTROYING THE INTERNET.

>> ALL RIGHT, MARKHAM ERICKSON AND MICHAEL O'LEARY, THANK YOU BOTH VERY MUCH.

>> THANK YOU.

>> THANK YOU.

>> Woodruff: MORE VIOLENCE AND A RAPIDLY RISING DEATH TOLL IN SYRIA. MARGARET WARNER HAS THAT STORY.

>> Warner: DEFIANT SYRIANS-- SHOWN IN THIS INTERNET VIDEO-- GATHERED TODAY IN WHAT WERE SAID TO BE THE STREETS OF DARAA IN THE SOUTH. THEIR CHANTS OF "GOD IS GREAT" WERE MET WITH GUNFIRE AND MORE CASUALTIES. SYRIAN ARMY TANKS PATROLLED THE STREETS OF THE RESTIVE CITY TODAY, WHERE THE NINE-MONTH-OLD UPRISING BEGAN. BUT NOT FAR FROM DARAA, NEAR THE TOWN OF BUSRA AL-HARIR, ARMY DEFECTORS FROM A GROUP CALLED THE FREE SYRIAN ARMY REPORTEDLY AMBUSHED SOME FORMER COMRADES. THE REPORTS SAID 27 SYRIAN ARMY SOLDIERS WERE KILLED IN AN ROCKET ATTACK ON A BUS, AND SUBSEQUENT FIREFIGHT. IT WAS THE LATEST SIGN THAT THE STATE NO LONGER HAS A MONOPOLY ON THE VIOLENCE, AS PARTS OF THE OPPOSITION ARE INCREASINGLY ARMED AND FIGHTING BACK. BUT EARLIER THIS WEEK, THE UNITED NATIONS' TOP HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICIAL NAVI PILLAY SAID AN ESTIMATED 5,000 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN THE CRACKDOWN. SHE REPEATED HER CALL FOR THE REGIME OF PRESIDENT BASHAR AL- ASSAD TO BE REFERRED TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY. THAT SAME JUDGMENT THAT THE SYRIAN REGIME IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE DEATHS CAME IN A HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH REPORT ISSUED TODAY. IT NAMED SYRIAN COMMANDERS WHO ALLEGEDLY ORDERED TROOPS TO SHOOT DEMONSTRATORS. THIS MAN DEFECTED FROM THE ARMY.

>> ( translated ): THEY SAY LET US GO FOR HUNTING. WHEN PROTESTORS GO TO STREETS THEY GO TO ROOF OF HIGH BUILDING AND USE AK-47 TO SHOOT ON PROTESTORS ON THE STREET.

>> Warner: JOE STORK IS DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE GROUP'S MIDDLE EAST DIVISION.

>> WE'RE IDENTIFYING HERE THE NAMES OF SOME 74 INDIVIDUAL SYRIAN COMMANDERS WHO ARE, IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KILLINGS, FOR THE TORTURE, FOR THE ARBITRARY ARRESTS, FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THESE PRO-DEMOCRACY PROTESTS WITHOUT ANY REGARD FOR HUMAN LIFE, FOR BASIC INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS.

>> Warner: AND THE U.S. GOVERNMENT IS INCREASINGLY BLUNT IN ITS ASSESSMENT OF THE ASSAD GOVERNMENT'S FATE. A TOP STATE DEPARTMENT OFFICIAL FREDERICK HOF APPEARED AT A HOUSE HEARING YESTERDAY.

>> OUR VIEW IS THAT THIS REGIME IS THE EQUIVALENT OF DEAD MAN WALKING. BUT THE REAL QUESTION IS HOW MANY STEPS REMAIN. I THINK IT IS VERY, VERY, VERY DIFFICULT TO PREDICT OR PROJECT HOW MUCH TIME THIS REGIME HAS. THE MORE TIME IT HAS, THE WORSE FOR SYRIA, THE WORSE FOR THE

>> Brown: FOR NOW, THE U.S., EUROPEAN UNION, ARAB LEAGUE AND TURKEY HAVE TIGHTENED SANCTIONS ON SYRIA. ACTION BY THE U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL, HOWEVER, HAS BEEN STYMIED BY OPPOSITION FROM RUSSIA AND CHINA. LATE TODAY RUSSIA OFFERED A DRAFT U.N. RESOLUTION CALLING ON ALL PARTIES TO END THE VIOLENCE. FOR MORE ON THE SITUATION IN SYRIA AND THE CASUALTIES, WE TURN TO IVAN SIMONOVIC, ASSISTANT SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. THANK YOU FOR BEING WITH US. IT WAS ON MONDAY THAT YOUR BOSS PUT THE DEATH TOLL AT 5,000. WHAT YOU CAN TELL US ABOUT WHO ITS VICTIMS ARE AND HOW THEY ARE KILLED?

>> WELL, THERE ARE VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF VICTIMS. MOST OF THEM ARE CIVILIANS KILLED WHILE PROTESTING. WE EVEN HAVE OVER 300 CHILDREN THAT HAVE BEEN KILLED. HOWEVER SOME KILLED ARE SOLDIERS OF THE SYRIAN SECURITY FORCES AS WELL AS SOME DEFECTORS. THE VERY DISTURBING NEWS ALSO COME FROM SYRIAN DETENTION CENTER WHERE THERE ARE PROVES OF TORTURE AS WELL AS SOME KILLINGS.

>> Warner: YOU SAID THERE WERE SOME 14,000 IN PRISON. NOW YOUR NUMBER, YOUR DEATH TOLL, YOUR OFFICE PUT THE DEATH TOLL AT 4,000, JUST AT THE BEGINNING OF DECEMBER. HOW DID THE NUMBER JUMP SO FAR SO FAST IN SUCH A SHORT TIME?

>> WELL, IT IS TRUE THAT A NUMBER OF VICTIMS IS INCREASING AND IT TAKES US I WE DO NOT REPORT ON ADDITIONAL NUMBERS UNTIL WE HAVE A COUPLE OF SOURCES CONFIRMING THAT. SO WE CAN-- WE CANNOT IMMEDIATELY OFFER FIRST INFORMATION, CONFIRM THAT KILLING HAS TAKEN PLACE. THERE ARE SOME ESTIMATES FROM THE FIELD FROM CIVIL SOCIETY THAT THE NUMBER OF VICTIMS IS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN 5,000. HOWEVER OUR ESTIMATES ARE CONSERVATIVE BECAUSE OF METHODS WE USE FOR VERIFYING THE NUMBER OF DEBTS. OF COURSE WE CANNOT COUNT BODIES BECAUSE WE ARE NOT PRESENT ON THE GROUND. BUT WE ARE CHECKING ALL INFORMATION BEFORE RELEASING NUMBERS.

>> SO WHO ARE YOUR SOURCES OF INFORMATION?

>> THE VARIOUS SOURCE OF INFORMATION, WE HAD TWO MISSIONS THAT WERE CONTACTING SYRIANS WHO WERE FLEEING FROM SYRIA. AND FIRST COMMISSION CONTACTED SOME 150 PEOPLE. THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCILMAN DATED COMMISSION OF INQUIRY HAS CONTACTED 232 PERSONS. THOSE PERSONS SOME OF THEM ARE VICTIMS THEMSELVES. SOME OF THEM ARE EYE WITNESSES AND SOME OF THEM ARE DEFECTERS.

>> AND NOW THE ASSAD GOVERNMENT IS SAYING 1100 OF THEIR OWN SOLDIERS, ITS OWN SOLDIERS HAVE BEEN KILLED. ARE YOU ABLE TO CONFIRM THAT, DO YOU TRY TO CONFIRM THAT?

>> WELL, IT'S POSSIBLE. WE WOULD REALLY BE WILLING TO VERIFY THAT. HOWEVER IN ORDER TO DO SO, WE WOULD HAVE TO BE ADMITTED TO GO TO SYRIA. HOWEVER UNTIL NOW ALTHOUGH THERE WERE IMPARTIAL INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY AND PANELS, THEY WERE NOT ALLOWED TO ENTER SYRIA.

>> NOW LOOKING AHEAD IN THE COMING WEEKS, WHAT ARE YOU MOST WORRIED ABOUT? IS THERE THE POSSIBILITY THAT THIS JUMP IN THE DEATH TOLL COULD ACCELERATE EVEN MORE RAPIDLY?

>> WELL, THERE ARE SOME DISTURBING SIGNS. WE HAVE MORE KILLING THAT ARE A RESULT OF ARMED FLASHES. SO THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF RESISTANCE, MILITARY ORGANIZATION WHAT HAS INCREASED. WHAT WE ARE MOSTLY AFRAID IS THAT IT LEADS TO SOME SORT OF COMPLEX, RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC LINES, THAT WOULD BE A DISASTER.

>> Warner: SO IN OTHER WORDS, SUNNI, THE SHIITES WHO MAKE UP THE MAJORITY OF THE ARMEE?

>> OF COURSE, THIS IS A MAJOR CONCERN.

>> Warner: UH-HUH. NOW TODAY RUSSIA DID OFFER A DRAFT RESOLUTION. YOUR BOSSES CALLED ON THE SECURITY COUNCIL TOIL REFER THIS WHOLE MATTER TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. HOW DO YOU ASSESS THE PROSPECTS OF EITHER, EITHER THE SECURITY COUNCIL MOVING ON YOUR OFFICES SUGGESTION OR MOVING TOWARDS SOME SORT OF SANCTIONS OR SOMETHING WITH TEETH.

>> THOSE IS ISSUES ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE. I THINK THAT FIRST PRIORITY IS THAT THEY THERE ARE MONITORS ON THE GROUND BECAUSE THEIR PRESENCE IS PREVENTING FUTURE KILLINGS. SO WE WELCOME VERY OF THE PLAN OF ARAB LEAGUE AND THEIR WILLINGNESS TO DISPATCH MONITORS. AND THE OFFICE OF HUMAN RIGHTS WOULD BE PERFECTLY WILLING TO SUPPORT THEM AND TO OFFER THEM TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE IN TRAINING FOR MONITORING. OF COURSE THAT DOESN'T MEAN THAT ACCOUNTABILITY IS NOT IMPORTANT. AND IN THAT RESPECT IT IS IMPORTANT ALSO TO ADMIT COMMISSION OF INQUIRY TO ENTER SYRIA. BUT LET US KEEP THESE THINGS SEPARATE. ONE IS MONITORING AND REPORTING WITH THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF PREVENTION. AND THE OTHER ONE IS COMMISSION OF INQUIRY WHICH HAS TO TAKEN ACCOUNTABILITY.

>> AND THE FORMER STILL UP, STILL DENIED BY THE SIR KWAN GOVERNMENT, THAT MR. SYMM INO VICK, ASSISTANT SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, THANKS FOR BEING WITH US

>> Brown: NEXT, RESEARCH BREAKTHROUGHS THAT SEEM ALMOST LIKE SCIENCE FICTION. IT'S ALL ABOUT GROWING HUMAN TISSUE AND REPLACING OR REPAIRING MUSCLES AND SOMEDAY, EVEN LIMBS. "NEWSHOUR" SCIENCE CORRESPONDENT MILES O'BRIEN HAS OUR STORY. BE ADVISED: SOME OF THE IMAGES ARE GRAPHIC.

>> Reporter: I AM NOT SURE WHEN OR WHY I THOUGHT IT WAS A GOOD IDEA TO GO FOR A BIKE RIDE ON A HUNDRED DEGREE TEXAS AFTERNOON WITH A 26-YEAR-OLD MARINE CORPORAL. BUT THERE I WAS EATING HIS DIRT. NO SURPRISE, RIGHT? WELL, TAKE A LOOK AT HIS RIGHT THIGH.

>> IT LOOKS LIKE A CHICKEN BONE TAKE A BITE OVER DOWN TO THE BONE.

>> Reporter: IT HAPPENED IN IRAQ IN 2004. HE WAS BADLY INJURED IN AN ARTILLERY ATTACK ON HIS CONVOY.

>> THEY PATCHED IT UP BECAUSE THEY SAID THE OTHER OPTION WOULD BE AMPUTATION BECAUSE THEY COULDN'T JUST LEAVE MY LEG ON WITH A HOLE IN IT.

>> Reporter: BUT THE SKIN GRAFTS

>> Reporter: WHAT HE DID WAS REACH OUT TO THIS MAN. DR. STEVE BADYLAK IS DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE McGOWAN INSTITUTE FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, WHERE THEY ARE IN THE VANGUARD OF A FAST MOVING FIELD CALLED TISSUE ENGINEERING. THE GOAL: GROW TISSUE AND EVEN WHOLE ORGANS TO REPAIR DAMAGED OR DISEASED HUMAN BODIES. HERE, THEY ARE USING PIG BLADDERS TO HELP GROW HUMAN MUSCLE-- THAT'S RIGHT, PIG BLADDERS. TURNS OUT, THEY AREA A GOOD SOURCE OF A FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGICAL BUILDING BLOCK, KNOWN AS THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX.

>> SO THE MATRIX, THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX-- WE CALL IT E.C.M.-- IS A SORT OF UNIQUE COLLECTION OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MOLECULES THAT WE THEN USE AS A THERAPEUTIC DEVICE TO TELL THE BODY HOW TO HEAL ITSELF.

>> Reporter: ECM IS LIKE A MAGNET - AND A MANUAL - FOR THE STEM CELLS INSIDE US - SCIENTISTS ARE NOT SURE WHY - BUT THE MATRIX LURES THOSE MALLEABLE CELLS - AND GIVES THEM THE CUES THEY NEED TO, IN THIS CASE, MORPH INTO MUSCLE. THE STEM CELLS MADE THEIR WAY TO A PILLOW FILED WITH POWDERED PIG BLADDER MATRIX IMPLANTED CORPORAL HERNANDEZ THIGH IN 2008. WITH THE HELP OF A LOT OF HARD PHYSICAL THERAPY FROM A VERY MOTIVATED MARINE, THEY BECAME MUSCLE-- A LOT OF MUSCLE.

>> WE NEVER IMAGINE WE WERE GOING TO GET THE ROBUST RESPONSE THAT WE GOT. NOW HE'S REPLACED SOMEWHERE BETWEEN TEN AND 15% OF HIS MUSCLE MASS AT THAT SITE BUT THAT MUSCLES GOTTEN SO STRONG THAT ITS SOMETHING LIKE 50% OF THE STRENGTH OF THE QUAD.

>> Reporter: BADYLAK IS STARTING A LARGER HUMAN TRIAL. SO USING E.C.M., ARE YOU MANUFACTURING BODY PARTS?

>> WE'RE ALLOWING THE BODY TO MANUFACTURE, WE'RE SETTING THE STAGE.

>> Reporter: LAURA NIKLASON IS DOING JUST THAT IN HER LAB AT YALE UNIVERSITY. SO WE CAN BUY PARTS?

>> WE'VE REACHED THE POINT WHERE WE CAN BUY PARTS. FOR SIMPLE TISSUES, WE CAN BUY PARTS.

>> Reporter: NIKALSON HOPES THE SPARE ARTERIES AND VEINS SHE HAS GROWN WILL BE TESTED IN HUMAN TRIALS SOON, BUT SHE IS NOT STOPPING THERE. SHE AND HER TEAM ARE GROWING LIVING, BREATHING REPLACEMENT RAT LUNGS THAT ARE GENETICALLY TAILORED FOR A REJECTION FREE TRANSPLANT, BECAUSE THEY ARE GROWN FROM THE VERY CELLS OF THE RECIPIENT.

>> OTHERWISE, YOU'D BE MAKING A LUNG THAT WOULD REJECT JUST LIKE THE WAY LUNG TRANSPLANTS CAN REJECT NOW. SO THAT'S ONE OF THE MAJOR CHALLENGES WITH ENGINEERING A HUMAN LUNG, IS WERE GOING TO HAVE TO LEARN ENOUGH AND EMPLOY ENOUGH STEM CELL BIOLOGY SO THAT WE CAN TAKE STEM CELLS FROM THE PATIENT AND COAX THEM TO BECOME ALL OF THE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES THAT WE NEED TO MAKE A LUNG.

>> Reporter: THE KEY TO THE COAXING PROCESS IS OUR FRIEND THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX. A MATRIX FROM A DONOR RAT LUNG IS BATHED IN CELLS THAT ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE RECIPIENT. THE CELLS MARINATE IN AN INCUBATOR CALLED A BIOREACTOR FOR SEVEN DAYS CREATING A LUNG THAT IS A PERFECT GENETIC MATCH FOR THE RECIPIENT. UNFORTUNATELY, THE RAT LUNGS SHE HAS GROWN AND TRANSPLANTED SO FAR ARE SHORT LIVED; THEY FAIL WITHIN HOURS, BECAUSE OF BLOOD CLOTS. NIKLASON ISN'T SURE WHY. IN FACT, THERE IS STILL A LOT SHE IS NOT SURE OF.

>> THAT MATRIX HAS AN ENORMOUS NUMBER OF CUES WHICH WE DON'T YET UNDERSTAND. BUT IT DIRECTS THE ADHESION AND THE SURVIVAL OF CELLS WITHIN THE LUNG. SO EVEN THOUGH WE DELIVER A MIXTURE OF CELLS INTO THE LUNG, WE FIND THAT THEY ALL GO TO THEIR PROPER LOCATIONS...

>> Reporter: IT WILL BE A LONG TIME BEFORE SCIENTISTS WILL GROW A BREATHING LUNG OR A BEATING HEART THAT COULD SAVE A HUMAN LIFE BUT MAYBE NOT AS LONG AS YOU THINK.

>> WHEN WE STARTED THIS, THIS WAS REALLY STILL CONSIDERED SCIENCE FICTION.

>> Reporter: ANTHONY ATALA IS DIRECTOR OF THE WAKE FOREST INSTITUTE FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE. HE'S BEEN AT IT FOR MORE THAN TWO DECADES. NOW HE AND HIS TEAM ARE WORKING ON ENGINEERING MORE THAN 30 DIFFERENT TISSUES AND ORGANS, BLADDERS AND URETHRAS, EARS, SKIN, MUSCLES, HUMAN LIVER TISSUE, AND EVEN A BEATING HEART VALVE.

>> WE KNOW THAT NATURALLY WHAT A HEART DOES IS IT BEATS ON ITS OWN. SO FOR US, THE CONCEPT OF RECREATING THIS IN THE LABORATORY IS REALLY NOTHING MORE THAN JUST RECREATING WHAT NATURE ALREADY KNOWS HOW TO DO.

>> Reporter: ATALA MAKES IT SOUND EASY. BUT OF COURSE IT IS NOT. HUMAN BEINGS HAVE THE ABILITY TO REGENERATE. OUR SKIN TURNS OVER EVERY TWO WEEKS, BUT HUMANS HAVE ALSO EVOLVED TO SEAL UP A DISEASE AND INJURIES WITH SCARS, WHICH KEEP US ALIVE AFTER TRAUMA, BUT PREVENT REGENERATION.

>> JUST BECAUSE WE DON'T REGENERATE, DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE CAN'T REGENERATE. IT JUST MEANS THAT WE DON'T.

>> Reporter: DR. DAVID GARDINER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE IS TRYING TO LEARN HOW TO MAKE HUMANS BETTER RE-GENERATORS BY STUDYING NATURE'S REIGNING REGENERATION CHAMP-- THE SALAMANDER

>> WHEN YOU CUT OFF A SALAMANDERS ARM, YOU CAN CUT IT OFF AT ANY LEVEL. SO, YOU CAN CUT OFF FINGERS, YOU CAN CUT OFF AT THE WRIST OF THE ARM OR THE ELBOW OR THE SHOULDER AND WHATEVER YOU CUT OFF THAT'S ALWAYS WHAT GROWS BACK. IT DOESN'T GROW BACK MORE, IT DOESN'T GROW BACK LESS.

>> Reporter: GARDINER WONDERS HOW A HUMAN WHO HAS LOST A LIMB MIGHT BE ABLE TO RECOVER LIKE A SALAMANDER.

>> WE DO IN FACT HAVE INTRINSIC REGENERATIVE ABILITIES JUST LIKE THE SALAMANDER DOES. IT'S JUST LIKE TWO ENDS OF THE SPECTRUM. WE'RE NOT VERY GOOD AT REGENERATING COMPLEX ORGAN STRUCTURES LIKE LIMBS OR SPINAL CORDS AND STUFF LIKE THAT.

>> Reporter: BUT THERE IS SOME PROMISING RESEARCH ON THAT FRONT AS WELL. LOOK AT THIS BEFORE AND AFTER VIDEO. IT IS THE SAME PARALYZED RAT. ITS ABILITY TO WALK GREATLY IMPROVED AFTER CELLS LIKE THESE WERE IMPLANTED NEAR ITS SPINAL CORD INJURY. AILEEN ANDERSON IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE.

>> AND WHAT WE KNOW IS THAT WHEN WE TRANSPLANT THESE CELLS, WE CAN RESTORE THE ABILITY OF ANIMALS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY TO STEP. WE CAN RESTORE THEIR ABILITY TO BE COORDINATE.

>> Reporter: THEY ARE CALLED NEURAL STEM CELLS. STEM CELLS THAT ARE IDEALLY SUITED TO REPAIR THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, BECAUSE THAT IS HOW THEY HAVE BEEN TAUGHT. SO NEURAL STEM CELLS ARE MORE SPECIALIZED?

>> NEURAL STEM CELLS ARE MORE SPECIALIZED, IF YOU PICTURE SORT OF A TREE WITH EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AT THE TRUNK AND ALL THE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT ARE RELATIVE TO DIFFERENT ORGANS LIKE THE BRAIN OR THE SPLEEN OR YOUR BONE MARROW UP IN THE BRANCHES, THEY BECOME MORE AND MORE SPECIALIZED AS YOU ASCEND.

>> Reporter: ANDERSON AND HER TEAM ARE WORKING TOWARD CLINICAL TRIALS TO INJECT NEURAL STEM CELLS INTO HUMANS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURIES. COULD THESE STEM CELLS ACT LIKE JUMPER CABLES? MAYBE SO.

>> OUR HYPOTHESIS, OUR WORKING PLAN HERE IS THAT THAT RESTORATION OF CIRCUITRY IS WHAT'S YIELDING THE RECOVERY OF FUNCTION.

>> Reporter: BUT YOU DON'T KNOW IT FOR SURE.

>> NOBODY KNOWS. HOW MANY THINGS DO YOU KNOW IN SCIENCE THAT YOU KNOW FOR SURE? WE THINK WE KNOW THIS BECAUSE IF WE TRANSPLANT CELLS AND LET ANIMALS RECOVER TO A STABLE BASELINE AND THEN WE SELECTIVELY OBLATE THE HUMAN CELLS THAT WE TRANSPLANTED, WE LOSE THE FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY.

>> Reporter: FRANCESO CLARK IS A BIG BELIEVER IN SEEMINGLY MAGICAL POWER OF STEM CELLS. IN 2002, HE DOVE INTO THE SHALLOW END OF A POOL.

>> AND I WAS COMPLETELY PARALYZED IN THE BLINK OF AN EYE.

>> Reporter: AT FIRST, HE COULD NOT MOVE A MUSCLE OR EVEN BREATH ON HIS OWN. OVER TIME, HE HAS STEADILY IMPROVED. THANKS TO A TOUGH REGIMEN OF PHYSICAL THERAPY, AND, HE SAYS, THREE STEM CELL TREATMENTS HE RECEIVED IN CHINA AND GERMANY, THEY ARE NOT YET APPROVED IN THE U.S. SO, AT THIS POINT, DO YOU FIRMLY BELIEVE THERE WILL BE A CURE FOR PARALYSIS THAT WILL DERIVE OUT OF STEM CELLS TREATMENTS?

>> ABSOLUTELY. YEAH, THEY'RE SORTING OUT OF MY MIND. I MEAN, I'M TALKING, I'M BREATHING, I'M MOVING MY ARMS, I'M WIGGLING AROUND, I'M GETTING STRONGER. IT'S JUST-- YOU WANT TO SAY IT'S A MATTER OF TIME, BUT IT'S NOT JUST TIME, THERE'S A LOT OF EFFORT THAT GOES INTO IT.

>> Reporter: SO, HOW MANY YEARS BEFORE WE COME BACK AND SEE YOU WALKING AROUND THE HOUSE HERE?

>> I'M PUSHING FOR FIVE YEARS.

>> Reporter: FOR REAL.

>> YEAH.

>> Reporter: LIKE ANY MARINE WORTH HIS SALT, ISAIAS HERNANDEZ IS STILL PUSHING AS WELL.

>> HE'S BEEN SUCH A WARRIOR IN MORE WAYS THAN ONE THAT HE DESERVES TO WHATEVER WE CAN GIVE HIM. SO WE'RE GOING TO DO ONE MORE SURGERY ON CORPORAL HERNANDEZ, WE'RE GOING TO ADD MORE MATRIX AND SEE IF WE CAN BUILD MORE MUSCLE FOR HIM AND MAKE HIM EVEN BETTER THAN HE IS TODAY. SO THAT'S HIS FUTURE.

>> Reporter: HIS GOAL FOR THE FUTURE: A RETURN TO COMBAT.

>> YES, I'M NOT DONE YET.

>> Reporter: WHY DO YOU WANT TO BACK?

>> WELL, I WANT TO FINISH OF AT LEAST A FULL TOUR, IF NOT THEN WE'LL JUST DO OUR THING TO THE BEST OF MY ABILITY.

>> Reporter: I AM LIVING, EXHAUSTED PROOF, HE ALREADY HAS PLENTY OF ABILITY, THANKS IN LARGE PART TO AN EXPLODING FIELD OF SCIENCE THAT MAY ONE DAY MAKE US ALL LIVE LONGER AND STRONGER.

>> Brown: AND IT'S SCIENCE THURSDAY ON THE "NEWSHOUR" ONLINE. THERE, WE LOOK AT IMAGES OF THE GIANT ASTEROID VESTA CAPTURED BY NASA'S DAWN SPACECRAFT AND BEAMED BACK TO EARTH.

>> Woodruff: FINALLY TONIGHT, IT'S SAID ONE PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS, BUT SOMETIMES ONE PICTURE CAN CHANGE LIVES. RAY SUAREZ HAS THE STORY.

>> Suarez: SEPTEMBER 1957, LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, THREE YEARS EARLIER THE U.S. SUPREME COURT HAD RULED SEGREGATED SCHOOLS UNCONSTITUTIONAL IN THE LANDMARK BROWN VERSUS THE BOARD OF EDUCATION DECISION. NINE BLACK STUDENTS ATTEMPTED TO ENROLL AT LITTLE ROCK'S ALL-WHITE CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL THERE THEY WERE CONFRONT ODD BY AN ANGRY MOB AND WERE TURNED BACK BY A DETACHMENT OF THE ARKANSAS NATIONAL GUARD. AS THE STUDENTS LEFT, ONE OF THE MORE INDELIBLE IMAGES OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA WAS CAPTURED. TWO YOUNG GIRLS, BOTH 15, ONE BLACK, ONE WHITE. ONE RESOLUTELY IGNORING THE HATE SPEECH ALL AROUND HER. THE OTHER SHOUTING RACIAL EPITHETS. FOR MORE THAN 50 YEARS THAT PICTURE HAS HAUNTED BOTH WOMEN. ELIZABETH AND HAZEL BRIAN. THE INTERSECTIONS OF THEIR LIVES IS THE FOCUS OF A NEW BOOK, ELIZABETH AND HAZEL, TWO WOMEN OF LITTLE ROCK BY DAVID MARGOLICK, A CONTRIBUTING EDITOR AT "VANITY FAIR". I RECENTLY TALKED WITH HIM AT ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA,'S BLACK HISTORY MUSEUM.

>> DAVID PAR GOLIC, WELCOME TO THE PROGRAM.

>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> Suarez: THE STRIKING THING ABOUT THE STORY ITSELF IS THE FACT THAT IT'S MADE UP T IS A MOUNTAIN OF ACCIDENTS. STARTING WITH THE DAY SEPTEMBER 1957.

>> ELIZABETH WAS SUPPOSED TO HAVE GONE WITH THE OTHER EIGHT BLACK CHILDREN WHO WERE DESEGREGATING THE SCHOOL OR SUPPOSED TO DESEGREGATE THE SCHOOL THAT BAY BUT HADN'T GOTTEN THE MESSAGE. SO SHE SHOWED UP BY HERSELF. AND THERE WAS ALREADY A MOB OF PEOPLE WAITING FOR THE BLACK KIDS TO SHOW UP. AND SHE, UNFORTUNATELY, HAPPENED TO BE THE FIRST. AND SHE WAS ESPECIALLY CONSPICUOUS DRESSED ALL IN WHITE, THE BLACK GIRL WALKING INTO A CROWD. AND THE CROWD FORMED AND HER. AND HAZEL BECAME PART OF THE CROWD. HAZEL WAS NOT A PARTICULARLY POLITICALLY ACTIVE STUDENT. DIDN'T REALLY FOLLOW WHAT WAS GOING ON. I THINK PROBABLY COULD HAVE TOLD YOU VERY LITTLE ABOUT BROWN VERSUS THE BOARD OF EDUCATION AND THE WHOLE PROCESS OF DESEGREGATION. BUT SHE FELL IN WITH HER FRIENDS THAT MORNING. AND HER FRIENDS WERE SORT OF RABEL ROUSERS. AND HAZEL JOINED IN WITH THEM ANDS WITH A BIT OF A PERFORMER AND WANTED TO OUTDO THEM. SO SHE HAPPENED TO BE RIGHT BEHIND ELIZABETH SHOUTING TERRIBLE EPITHETS AT HER.

>> Suarez: SO HERE THEY ARE. THESE TWO GIRLS, SIMILAR AGE BUT THEY HAD VERY DIFFERENT LIFE TRAJECTORIES AFTER THAT VERY MOMENT CAUGHT IN THE PHOTOGRAPH, DIDN'T THEY?

>> THEY WERE VERY SIMILAR BY BACKGROUND. THEY WERE THE SAME AGE. THEY WERE THE SAME SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS. EVEN THEIR HOUSES WERE VERY SIMILAR. THEY LIVED ONLY A FEW MILE AS PART FROM ONE ANOTHER. BUT FROM THE MOMENT THAT THIS PICTURE WAS TAKEN, THEIR LIVES TOOK DRAMATICALLY DIFFERENT PATHS. HAZEL ODDLY ENOUGH, HAZEL WHO WAS SO VOCIFEROUS ABOUT TRYING TO KEEP ELIZABETH OUT OF CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL BECAUSE OF THE NOTORIETY OF THE PICTURE AND THE FACT IT WAS BROADCAST ALL OVER THE WORLD, HER PARENTS BECAME FEARFUL FOR HER SECURITY AND ACTUALLY PULLED HER OUT OF CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL AND SENT HER TO ANOTHER SCHOOL NEARBY THAT WAS CLOSER TO HER HOME. SHE DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL AND HAD A FAMILY VERY, VERY QUICKLY. ELIZABETH ON THE OTHER HAND STAYED IN CENTRAL THAT WHOLE YEAR, I MEAN I TELL THE STORY IN THE BOOK ABOUT THE TERRIBLE ORDEALS TO WHICH THE LITTLE ROCK NINE WERE SUBJECTED THAT WHOLE YEAR, WHICH IN MANY WAYS WERE WORSE EVEN THAN THE MOMENT THAT WAS DEPICTED IN THIS PICTURE. I MEAN THIS PICTURE WAS A MOMENTARY THING. WHEREAS THE YEAR THAT ELIZABETH SPENT IN CENTRAL WAS REALLY A HELLISH EXPERIENCE BEING THROWN DOWN THE STAIRS, BEING, YOU KNOW, KNOCKED INTO THEIR LOCKERS, BEING SCALDED IN SHOT WE ARE. BEING HARASSED IN EVERY WHICH WAY, ALL WITH THE OBJECT OF TRYING TO GET HER OUT OF THE SCHOOL. AND I THINK THAT IN A WAY IT WAS AN EXPERIENCE FROM WHICH ELIZABETH NEVER FULLY RECOVERED. ELIZABETH ALREADY HER FAMILY HAD A KIND OF PREDISPOSITION TO DEPRESSION TO BEGIN WITH. AND ELIZABETH WAS LATER DIAGNOSED WITH PTSD. SHE HAD A TERRIBLE TIME AFTER HERR YEAR IN CENTRAL. SHE DROPPED OUT OF A COUPLE OF COLLEGES. SHE TRIED TO KILL HERSELF A COUPLE OF TIMES. SHE WENT INTO THE ARMY BRIEFLY FOR-- WELL, NOT BRIEFLY, FOR FOUR OR FIVE YEARS BUT WENT ON DISABILITY AFTER THAT AND WAS ESSENTIALLY OUT OF COMMISSION FOR DECADES.

>> Suarez: BUT BOTH WERE MARKED BY THAT DAY AT CENTRAL HIGH. ELIZABETH COULDN'T ESCAPE THAT SHE WAS ONE OF THE LITTLE ROCK NINE. A LIFE THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN LIVED VERY QUIETLY AND UNDER THE RADAR KEPT OTHERWISE PULLING HER BACK INTO THE SPOOT SPOTLIGHT, DIDN'T IT?

>> I THINK THAT'S RIGHT. I THINK THE PICTURE KEPT PULLING THEM BACK INTO THE SPOTLIGHT. BECAUSE THE PICTURE BECAME MORE AND MORE FAMOUS WITH THE PASSAGE OF TIME IT WAS THE KIND OF THING THAT EVERYBODY THAT YOU AND I BOTH SAW IN OUR AMERICAN HISTORY BOOKS, IT APPEARED IN EVERY BLACK HISTORY MONTH, EVERY ANNIVERSARY, THE 5th, 10th, THE 15th THIS PICTURE APPEARED. EVERYONE KNOWS THIS PICTURE.

>> Suarez: BUT THERE WAS A SHOT AT REDEMPTION FOR HAZEL, AND SHE TOOK IT. SHE REALLY CHANGED OVER TIME.

>> HAZEL WAS HAUNTED BY THIS PICTURE, NOT IMMEDIATELY, IT'S TRUE. BUT WITHIN A FEW YEARS SHE REALIZED THAT SHE HAD DONE SOMETHING TERRIBLY WRONG. AND I THINK THAT A CRUCIAL JUNCTURE IN THE STORY OCCURS, WE'RE NOT EVEN EXACTLY SURE BUT AROUND 19612 OR 1963 BY WHICH POINT HAZEL HAS A COUPLE OF YOUNG CHILDREN AND SHE SUDDENLY IS REALIZING THAT THESE LITTLE KIDS WHO ARE AT HER FEET ARE GOING TO GROW UP AND LEARN THAT THAT GIRL IN THE PICTURE IS THEIR MOTHER. AND SHE'S GOING TO HAVE TO EXPLAIN IT TO THEM AND WHO SHE WAS AND WHY SHE DID IT AND WHAT SHE HAD DONE TO MAKE AMENDS. AND SO IN 1962 OR 1963 WITHOUT DISCUSSING IT BEFOREHAND WITH ANYONE, SHE TRACKS DOWN ECKFORD IN THE PHONE BOOK AND CALLS UP ELIZABETH AND SAYS I'M THE GIRL IN THE PICTURE AND I JUST WANT TO YOU KNOW HOW SORRY I AM.

>> Suarez: YET WHAT IS VERY APPEALING ABOUT WHAT COULD BE A STORY OF REDEMPTION FOR BOTH OF THEM ENDS UP BEING A LITTLE BIT MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT. THE WOMEN BECOME FRIENDS, YET IT'S NOT ALL SMOOTH SAILING, IS IT?

>> 35 YEARS GO BY. WILL COUNTS, THE ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHER BRINGS THE TWO WOMEN BACK TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED AGAIN, FOR WHAT WAS SORT OF A PUBLICITY SHOT IN 1997 ON THE 40th ANNIVERSARY OF THE DESEGREGATION. AND THE PICTURE BECOMES THE BIG DEAL IN LITTLE ROCK. HAZEL HAS SPENT MUCH OF THE INTERIM YEARS TRYING STILL TO MAKE AMENDS FOR WHAT SHE HAS DONE. SHE HAS BEEN VERY ACTIVE WORKING WITH UNWED BLACK MOTHERS, WORKING WITH UNDERPRIVILEGED BLACK KIDS. BUT THEN THE MIRACULOUS PART OF THE STORY BEGINS BECAUSE THE TWO BECOME FRIENDS. IT ISN'T JUST A PUBLICITY STUNT. THE TWO OF THEM START MAKING APPEARANCES TOGETHER. THEY GIVE SPEECHES TOGETHER, THEY VISIT SCHOOLS TOGETHER. AND THEY DISCOVER THAT THEY ACTUALLY HAVE A FAIR AMOUNT IN COMMON. THEY LIKE ONE ANOTHER. UNFORTUNATELY, IT DOESN'T LAST. AND IT DOESN'T LAST BECAUSE ELIZABETH WHO IS AN EXTREMELY INTELLIGENT AND DISCERNING AND JUDGEMENTAL WOMAN, THINKING THAT SHE FINDS HOLES IN HAZEL'S STORY. AND HAZEL WHO IS ALREADY GETTING GRIEF FROM BLACKS FOR BEING INSINCERE AND FOR COMING FORWARD BELATEDLY AND MAYBE SHE'S TRYING TO MAKE A QUICK BUCK, BLACKS ARE SKEPTS CALF WHAT SHE'S DONE, LITTLE ROCK 9, OTHER PEOPLE IN THE LITTLE ROCK NINE WONDER WHO SHE IS AND WHY SHE'S DOING WHAT SHE IS DOING, AND CRITICIZE ELIZABETH FOR MAKING UP WITH HER. AND IN THE MEANTIME WHITES IN LITTLE ROCK ARE ALSO ANGRY AT HAZEL. HAZEL AFTER ALL HAS EMBARRASSED THEM FOR MANY, MANY YEARS WITH THIS PICK TAUR AND THEY THINK WE DID NOTHING WRONG. WE WERE GOOD KIDS. WE WERE GOOD HIGH SCHOOL KIDS. WE WEREN'T HARASSING THE BLACK KIDS. AND YET WE HAVE HER HUNG AROUND OUR NECK FOR 40 YEARS. SO HAZEL FEELS SHE'S GETTING FLACK FROM WHITES. SHE'S GETTING FLACK FROM BLACKS. SHE'S GETTING FLACK FROM ELIZABETH. SHE DOESN'T NEED IT ANY MORE AND THE TWO OF THEM SPLIT APART. BUT PART OF THE STORY IS THAT THEY DON'T FULLY SPLIT APART. AND FROM THAT MOMENT ON AND EVEN TO THIS DAY THERE IS AN INDELIBLE BOND BETWEEN THESE TWO WOMEN. THE STORY OF ELIZABETH AND HAZEL IS NOT YET COMPLETE. I MEAN THERE'S ANOTHER CHAPTER I THINK TO BE WRITTEN IT MAY NOT BE BY ME BUT TO ME THEIR RELATIONSHIP IS UNRESOLVED. AND INCOMPLETE STILL AT THIS POINT.

>> THE BOOK IS ELIZABETH AND HAZEL, TWO WOMEN OF LITTLE ROCK. DAVID MARGOLICK, THANKS A LOT.

>> RAY, THANKS SO MUCH FOR HAVING ME.

>> Brown: AGAIN, THE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS OF THE DAY: LAWMAKERS SIGNALED A DEAL MAY BE NEAR ON A SPENDING BILL AND PAYROLL TAX-CUT, AS THE THREAT NEW U.S. CENSUS DATA SHOWED ENDED TODAY AFTER NEARLY NINE YEARS.

>> Brown: ONLINE, WE EXAMINE HOW YOUNG VOTERS SEE PRESIDENT OBAMA'S CHANCES FOR RE-ELECTION. HARI SREENIVASAN HAS THE DETAILS. HARI?

>> Sreenivasan: A NEW HARVARD POLL SHOWS A PLURALITY OF THOSE BETWEEN THE AGES OF 18 AND 29 ARE SKEPTICAL THAT DEMOCRATS CAN HOLD THE WHITE HOUSE. LEARN MORE ABOUT THE SURVEY ON OUR POLITICS PAGE. AND FIND THE STORY OF A NON- PROFIT TOYMAKER WHO BRINGS KITES TO KIDS IN CONFLICT ZONES. THAT'S ON OUR WORLD PAGE. ALL THAT AND MORE IS ON OUR WEB SITE: newshour.pbs.org. JEFF?

>> Brown: AND THAT'S THE "NEWSHOUR" FOR TONIGHT. I'M JEFFREY BROWN.

>> Woodruff: AND I'M JUDY WOODRUFF. WE'LL SEE YOU ONLINE AND AGAIN HERE TOMORROW EVENING WITH MARK SHIELDS AND DAVID BROOKS, AMONG OTHERS. THANK YOU AND GOOD NIGHT. MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE PBS NEWSHOUR HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: AND BY THE ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION. SUPPORTING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND IMPROVED ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND FINANCIAL LITERACY IN THE 21ST CENTURY. AND WITH THE ONGOING SUPPORT OF THESE INSTITUTIONS AND FOUNDATIONS. AND... THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. Captioning sponsored by MacNEIL/LEHRER PRODUCTIONS Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org

>> THIS IS BBC WORLD NEWS AMERICA. FUNDING FOR THIS PRESENTATION IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE FREEMAN FOUNDATION OF NEW YORK, STOWE, VERMONT AND HONOLULU. NEWMAN'S OWN FOUNDATION. AND UNION BANK. UNION BANK HAS PUT ITS GLOBAL EXPERTISE TO WORK FOR A WIDE RANGE OF COMPANIES. WHAT CAN WE DO FOR YOU?

>> AND NOW, BBC WORLD