Imagenes Latinas/ 806 3rd World Communivaitons/ Tape number: UC60-1352; Images/Imagenes

Not the one at least one of the few most successful international ventures ever undertaken. We have as Ambassador Ryan Hart said one hundred and four members of our organization each participating on an ownership basis and operating a very successful system which provides satellite communications at an ever decreasing cost to its members. As a private company I think Comsat is misunderstood even in the United States and certainly I could not expect those from overseas to be very familiar with how. This strange entity created by Congress and yet being a private company operates. I was struck a month or so ago when I was sitting with a very high U.S. government official. And he responded to the fact that we had had some advertising on television recently. And he said why would a government agency buy advertising time on television. And I had to explain to him that we were not a government agency. Last night at dinner some of the questions that I got with respect to Comsat Intelsat

would indicate that some people in other countries are still trying to find out just what this organism organism does. Well we work very closely with the State Department as we have gone around to establish. Working relations in various countries. This has been a very successful endeavor in that we now have as I said 100 in four countries who work with us to bring the benefits of satellite communications to the world. Do the government representatives and the Comsat representatives have the same function as we go to contact these people in other lands Well obviously the answer is No. We believe that the proper role for our State Department is to create a climate in which we can work. They have the contacts through governmental channels. We establish the contacts through the telecommunications entities and together we find a way to bridge the gaps of misunderstanding and arrive at working agreements. We believe that the proper role of Comsat in this

arrangement as we believe it is for any private. Institution. Is to design the system to operate the system to continuously innovate. Within the limits of the technology and to make sure that the services are expanded. And as many ways as possible and as many ways as make economic sense. At the same time we believe that the advantages should be made available. To those who do not have an well developed communications infrastructure and therefore the rates that are quoted through Intel's. Well look responsibility. Why don't they do something for the shareholders. I would like to be able to get these two groups to read each other's mail. Well the age of satellite communications now spends almost two decades. The Sixties. Those of you who are old enough to remember. Well recognize

that is the decade of Great Expectations. We were all sure that. With our knowledge of technology with our knowledge of how the economy should be. Organized. Almost anything was possible. There was a war on poverty and everyone would eat well all the rest of these things could be brought about. We thought we had all the answers and we could fine tune the economy to avoid recessions unemployment inflation and all the rest. And then in the 70s we saw how naive we had been in the 60s. In fact it was unbelievable the turn around. Where originally we had these great expectations of fulfilling everyone's ideas of progress. And yet in the 70s people got very despondent. Not too much can be done we must damp down these expectations which people have an ever expanding economy. We saw tensions wars higher inflation. And calls for a new economic order. One out of the 70 is behind us and we are in the

80s. We certainly should be very mature about how all these factors interact. And yet I wonder whether we're there or not. As we look at ever increasing oil prices as we look at the heavy debt that be sets many third world countries. And higher on inflation more unemployment in the West. And the lack of trust that seems to permeate most of society. We wonder where are the answers. And I ask myself frequently how can this be happening in this age of ever expanding communications. Everyone knows that communications is a good thing and everyone knows that satellite technology is a good thing because it makes communications more readily possible among people all over the world. If that is true. Then why is it not bringing about more peace and tranquility in the world. I wonder if we must accept that communications is not only a solution but it is part of the problem.

As we find out more it doesn't necessarily mean that we have more understanding. It does. An order. As well as an economic order. Well I'm still an optimist in the midst of all these problems that I mention. And I'm not ready to throw in the sponge. I believe the West's policy of open communications. Is the proper policy. And yet it is in conflict. With the philosophy of many parts of the world. Somehow we have to learn to live together. The big problem in my mind is to decide when we should accommodate. To other peoples desires and when we should hold firm because the. Essence of what we're talking about is too important to us to give up. Making those judgments is one of the most difficult things we have to deal with. I wonder if I

viewpoints are irreconcilable forever. I believe the answer is No. And yet I don't think any of us can point to the obvious reasons why it must be yes. So we must approach these dilemmas that we face with goodwill. But tomorrow. You can decide that there is a certain frequency spectrum which is useful for communications today. And tomorrow you can open up a new piece of the frequency spectrum and get more capacity. Time after time in the last 50 years we have told ourselves that we had saturated the communications. Spectrum and capability of our country in the world only to be shown that we were wrong. When someone opened up a new domain. This is a very good time to be in communications because things are changing so rapidly. Every time that we've said we had fully loaded aka capacity. Someone

has come along and invented a new way. To expand that capacity. In the satellite field for example we were told that there were only a certain number of slots up in the sky where you could put a communications satellite. Yet shortly thereafter we found ways to put them closer together. By making a better antennas after that we went to a still higher frequencies so that we could put two satellites in the same place one on one frame say one on another. Then we came up with spot beams so that you could direct the energy from a given location location and space in one direction and put another spot beam. Operating in another direction. So we've multiplied our capacity 100 times and 100 times over. And I don't think we're at the end of that yet. Lasers and optical fibers give us a whole new dimension of communications technology. Which when coupled with satellites well open an almost infinite new possibility to us. In the United States we've grown to.

Pull over it. Which give us great knowledge of the weather. Farming conditions. Many activities mining and so on. Where greater knowledge is necessary for these natural resources to be exploited. The US policy again is an Open Skies policy. We believe that satellite should be allowed to fly anywhere we go ahead and fly them and we take the data and make it available. To anyone who wants to buy it on a worldwide basis. And yet I am not sure that we will ever reach agreement among all parties that that is the right way to go. Many countries feel that the country which is being overflown should have a right to control information which might be key to its own development. We must find a way to resolve this and I think that much more dialogue is needed on this Subject because it is

a very thorny issue. Which will not be settled overnight. And which an arbitrary position on the part of any one country is not constructive. I don't believe that we in the United States have the final answer to that question. Well as I look at it most of the impediments to exploring the technology properly are political. Such as in the case I just cited. There is a great need for a government and private sector interest. To find creative ways to exploit the. Pollutes many forms. The sharing of ideas and emotions. The very web of society. Only through an open communications system. Can we begin to hope for a stable world order.

The alternative is National tribalism economic Protech Sion ism. And social isolation. Each of which feeds on ignorance of our common needs and the prospects for meeting them. How can we build a universal communications structure. We face the hopefulness of future promise as well as some stubborn problems of current reality. The promise is that for the first time in human history. We have the active prospect of building a world information system. One which will provide a full range of information resources and communications channels to every part of the earth eventually reaching everyone.

If we put our minds hearts and the energies and resources to the tests. We can do this before the end of the century. The opportunity has been given us by these spectacular advances in communications and information technologies during the past generation. As a technician. I found these advances awesome if not intimidating at times. Only recently I was able to add a new. But the telephone grid looks to be the one basic element in where all communications development. The significant new factor these days is the stepped up pace of telecommunications expansion in the Third World.

It was only a few years ago. That over a half the world's telephones could be found in North America. That ratio is changing fast. A recent survey has indicated that the growth rate for telecommunications expansion here has leveled off at about 6 percent per year. However in the Middle East it is growing currently at a 12 percent annual rate in Asia at 6 percent. And at almost 10 percent. For other third world regions such developments set the agenda for this conference a new chapter in where all communication is unfolding. It will not be good enough simply to act. Rather as your conference title suggests. We must

anticipate these changes. Simply to react. Rather as your conference title suggests. We must anticipate these changes. The reality of course is that we are still far from the goal of adequate communications. The pace has speeded up in recent years but it is still an even. This is true even in the United States. Although we have almost universal telephone telephone service and other extensive networks. There are still pockets of inadequate service and of course this is a chronic problem in most developing nations of Asia Africa the Arab world and Latin America.

The measure of how far we have to go can be summarized in a few statistics. That in black Africa for instance there are fewer than five telephones for every 100 persons. Are that the level of computer power. In the third world countries with over three quarters of the world's population is less than 10 percent of the total. Clearly a major part of your agenda agenda involves addressing the reality of these conditions and the need to alleviate them. There is of course no single all encompassing formula for doing that. Further during the third and fourth years of the grant. It is

hoped that what is learned from the model created here can be adapted to meet the varying needs of developing nations. Telecommunications is still an elite function in most of these countries. The measure of our success in the coming years. Will be our ability to marshal adequate communications and information resources for the isolated majority in Asia Africa the Middle East and Latin and North America. And the US. Well our severed societies together. We in this society have come to recognize. Developing countries among them and between the developing and the developed world. Yes. There are still obstacles to be overcome. Most countries do

not have a clear idea of their needs. Hopefully new UNESCO's programme can help in setting out realistic plans for strengthening their capabilities. Financing as always is another stubborn problem. Assistance from governments and international lending institutions has its place but most of the tens of billions of dollars needed to begin to complete a genuinely global communications system. Will have to come from other sources. This calls for a hard look at the economics of communications and information resources by the governments concerned. Working with the industry and with financial institutions both the local and the international levels. Another continuing. Determined American policies and actions in the wider

field of world communications. Similar debates are taking place in other countries. How do we fit these diverse overlapping often contradictory national approaches into a world system. It will not be easy. But I hope for precedents that can encourage us. One of these is the long history of cooperation in the International Telecommunications Union. The oldest United Nations agency. Which has coordinated global technical requirements. Another hope for president. Is these spectacular success in developing an international communications satellite network. Intelsat. The system is owned by one hundred and four countries which generate

95 percent of all work of communications. Intelsat circuits are currently responsible for over 60 percent of all international communications traffic. A third president is regional cooperation and communications in our own hemisphere. We have to tell they always yes. Communications Group. Elsewhere. Is kind of tell in Africa. Cept in Europe. The RCN Communications Group in Asia. And the Arab telecommunications organization which is planning its own regional satellite system. These are important indicators of our ability to meet global challenges in the Communications and Information feels. But there

are other trends pointing towards a restrictive approach to these needs in ways that would limit the prospects for an open world information system. Censorship and other forms of repression. Are not new in the communications field. Until now. They have operated largely at the local Our national level. Usually because ruling elites believe open communication channels are a threat to their power. The new attempt to limit communications development and information flow is different. It stems in most cases from the best of intentions. It has taken the form of proposing international standards which

would paradoxically put restrictions on information flow in the interests of bringing about a better balance in this. The logic was a free loan. That should push us in a positive direction. They each have their place. Our goal should be the prospect of human fulfillment. Of allowing everyone. In the phrase of Ralph Waldo Emerson. To yield that peculiar fruit. Each man was created to bear. Your conference will help identify the barriers to fulfilling this hope. But it should also clarify the common purpose of providing wider access to

communications and information resources by each and every person. As I noted at the beginning we have reached the technological point where such networking can be completed by the end of this century if not before a century ago. One of our great national poets what Whitman. Echoed this sentiment in two questions that are. But I am nevertheless most grateful. For Carl Norden Strang's frankness. Word that all other champions of the new world information order. Had traced its providence Providence so candidly. One of my commission colleagues. During those endless meetings we held in many parts of the world. Of the McBride commission. When I pressed him.

For a definition of the concept he wanted us all to embrace responded. I grant you it is not a perfectly definable concept. But that is one of the problems with it and the rather crucial problem from my point of view. I have always found it difficult to embrace a concept that defies definition that somehow goes against the grain. Or used to. With men and women trained in the scientific method. I'm bound to agree with Jim Halloran. That rhetoric no matter how fine is no substitute for hard evidence. And that what we need in this debate. Is. And I quote howler and now more evidence more facts more substantiation and fewer dogmatic assertions. Political slogans and

doctrinaire statements. You will find the McBride report. Whenever it is published. And I must tell you that three members of the McBride commission had a drink in Philadelphia last night and not one of them had seen a copy of the final report. You will find in the report. Not a few slogans and doctrinaire statements rather more than I had bargained for. And from my point of view too little fresh insight or evidence. You may not be aware. That from the very beginning of its work in December 1977 the commission was told that its mandate expressly ruled out new research efforts. We had to make do with published findings. This was UNESCO's decision and we commissioners were bound by it. I would caution you therefore not to expect blinding revelations in that final report. You will find in it remarkably few of those concrete and practical measures that we were

once asked to propose. And you will also have to contend with the fact that the report as a whole is written in a very special language which I can only describe as flawless. You know I skis. It is much too long. It is repetitious. It is flawed by crude dichotomies and not a little political sloganeering. But having dropped that let me add that there was no substantial disagreement within the commission. On the central point. That perhaps two thirds of mankind is in present circumstances deprived of access to modern communication and that a great deal needs to be done to bring these peoples of the poorest developing countries into contact with one another. And with the great world that lies beyond their national horizons. There was as you might expect. Less

agreement about the historical causes of the imbalance we all deplore. And about the remedies that might be prescribed. But I would submit that Americans. Who have talked so much and done so very little. About reducing their own dependence upon say foreign sources of petroleum. Ought to understand. And I would argue also support. The aspirations of many in the Third World to reduce their dependence upon foreign sources of information entertainment instruction. How then does one go about reducing dependence. Is it by calling for war against the old order. Is it by closing National Front Here's two ideas and information and commerce with the rest of the world. I think not. They answer the only constructive answer in my opinion. Is a series of measures national as well as

international to increase the capacity for effective communication at every level within nations at the level of the individual. A community of the larger polity. And of course among nations. Let us remember however that this will be a large and vastly expensive series of undertakings. Even if generous assistance is forthcoming. From those advanced industrial societies including but not limited to our own which can best afford to help. It seems clear moreover that the constructive task of building infrastructure and institutions will demand the commitment of massive resources on the part of the developing countries themselves. I have never. Been able to accept the idea of the developing nations will somehow strengthen their own

capacities to communicate. By blocking and trolling or tearing down the capacities of others. What I think the hour calls for is construction not destruction. Now the McBride report for only short comings comes down hard against censorship. Against licensing of journalists. Against information autarky. It stands first square for multiple channels of information. For access to countries and to unofficial as well as official sources within them. It recognizes the worldwide need for more authentic information not news alone. Flowing from nation to nation. And it has some very useful things to say I believe about the shortcomings of the present rather incomplete system of world communication. Which some would call an

order. And others call an amalgam of disorders. We have made a number of suggestions that can be helpful I believe in redressing the present imbalance between rich and poor countries between urban and rural populations in the developing countries for example by encouraging the creation. And development of national news agencies where they do not now exist. Recommending a high priority for radio. As the cheapest available means of leaping over the literacy barrier. Development of local newspapers no matter how primitive the format. In areas. Within the Third World. That is I think we are all aware of widely ignored by the metropolitan press of those countries. A major international research and development effort. To break the newsprint bottleneck. By following up unsuccessful

pilot tests of Ken UF and other sources of fiber. A growing wild in many developing regions. A system of preferential rates for third world users of international telecom. Experience. It is that the yearning for free expression is not an exclusive peculiarity. Of bourgeois liberalism as it is known in the West. I think the most moving moment in two years of my right commission meetings. Came when a third world colleague from a country I will not identify. Explain to us why journalism in his own country had become. The most dangerous and therefore the least popular of callings. He said to us dozens of journalists are giving up their work. Because they have discovered that journalism can be injurious to their health.

They have discovered and this is the important thing he said. They have discovered that printing the truth. Is far more dangerous than printing lies. That honest reporting can lead to prison and in some cases to death. It is I think a lesson a compelling lesson for all of us and it is a lesson from the Third World. Thank you. Which. This is vital to understand this historical background in order to understand Brisson the man and future challenges after World War 2nd approximately 50 countries

go together to discuss important international issues and information was one of the prominent on the agenda was a time Mr. Jones. So if I were to be granted one point and no other I will make it is there for a flow of information. But this 60 mark at the end of classical colonialism different Asian and African nation began to experience they are we to exist in goal always require the recovery of the must significance of national culture simultaneously like the American countries became aware to the problems created by increasing dependence. They increase in penetration of the US national corporation a lot that America. Has provoked a situation of neo

colonialism. We should not only significant effect of the economic development but also has a negative effect. The American political system. These come birds of opinion leaders are world countries to point out in 1975 that for the new international economic order to be successful is it. I would almost informational system approach to reality and current events should be radically different to the prevailing ones though obviously lack of equality in international formation demonstrated and then that particularly by the moment on no lying countries a news agenda in which the maior DE of the so were counted do not feel represented. Recent polls of the war front if you city Africa

not a Latino America nation have expressed their concern over the lack of knowledge of men of diversity. But instead of the recognition of cultural diversity we are faced with a spread of unknowns. I noted by a day of communication. From the speakers coming up the idea that this very important remark that the information about all constitute is good and should not be treated as a motion. By point now there are specific demand for the reform relation of an informational relation at the international level. The

country places themselves in a position which in a bit of lead to a confrontation with the dumbing down model. There were why expansion of capitalism that capitalism passive from his classic early stage to a new Does a nationalist stage market by the huge concentration of capital and technology of production and it goes to new markets. In relative terms. The communication industry has experienced a similar expansion Thus the search for honest struggle for new market also affected communication in the relation between other Thyssen and news which are to form of the message we use this saying namely

television screen or the page of a newspaper or magazine apart from a specific week will be included in a footnote. It is worth mentioning they weigh in with the main feature of this information model. Via that very fake a country whose culture is affected in this modern decision for information. The connection between events usually and facts are not presented in there. There say we must create a formal process to support their activities. We must open the door to office school and other

training than to the subject of communication in modifying current form of communication. Are the men and women of our society people who care and are aware of their benefits of a new information situation. All of us probably feel that when they are over information and communication will be radically different to what they are now. Nevertheless. We have different view on how to achieve that change. Some of that things will be different because technology will modify human relation and the relation between men and women and they might amend. Other thing that is not a question of having more more technology more communication

more are more and more of that. But the question is how to be more. We therefore can see there that therefore fundamental area which is required for they are the following decision to make information a public service that is needed to develop a new area of social right. To promote effective participation in communication. To humanize technology. Inside of this force big area we think in particular is the concept of information as a social good. I said I suppose that the information can see there as a product to market value. It will be possible to save information as a social service. Indeed

whether information is going to live by private enterprise over the mental institution will not be relevant information for everybody. It is created by the activity of Hindi well and social groups who I can see that are more or less important by others. Consequently the production numbers cutting off information involved and responsibility and accountability for what is doen with other responsibilities in this principle. The idea of new social ride coming up when the magnitude of the information and communication in contemporary society that constitute a legal challenge because they laid out a framework on how to define the right information is proving unselfish and communication as a social function require a specific law. We define the right and obligation adults involved. One of the main problem

is the rate of weather participation in almost all of the vellum and the program of active participation in the political orientation organization and form of communication is still remain to be solved about the naked but it's. Really mainly because important sector hold the increase of technology in first structure is a remedy to the bio information problem surveyed in the recent years of the social and political implied by the expansion of technological information safety and is increasing. It is now evident that the informatic computer technology and the creation of that ban have influence upon the growing more concentration of information. New technology increase their capacity for problems coordinated and efficient decision making telematics

design a type of future dominated by consent a decision center which we call the public and private life of India. We can foresee a future situation here which is home will be connected to a larger computer center. But the fact is that it will be connected to many computers that no make communication more democratic. Democracy is such sheaves through social interaction to join activity I join the search for solutions. Therefore Knology there be an essential tool for democratic communication already can constitute and used to induce to increase. I don't know what opinion this is the fundamental choice which must be made in order to decide upon the national or national and

international communications for their core indicate. Going from the only discarding card game from my friend drops of lintian I have not been able to understand divest in media elegy for you know. I just got to learn the Sangh to sell it because he wanted an organization that you represent the board's mission it has to reflect the viewpoint of the majority of the people. The consensus in New Mexico. And it has to be commended that one of the things that we discovered at home was then that it there are three concepts of the role. All

of the media in the book in the beginning. There is only one there and that's the best scenario. But later timed it the same way not ended. We began to concede that there could be three different viewpoints. The first of our viewpoint the second version with Parno the thought of are you having conceded that there are three different concepts of the role of the media. And this will be part of the report of the stock I'm confident we have now come to the stage of having accepted that it is a total viewpoint. What is the third of the board. I will not disclose the first we were born because I was brought up in an atmosphere of the first of order in your viewpoint. I was brought up in India and it was the model you do best and you did. But I would like to point out I've already heard words you're going to do. The concept of the role of the press in the thought of. We are in the position where we find

that our primary consideration the just how to survive as a nation. The delayed new forces are constantly attacking against the concept of national unity. So our first problem is as a region. Due to digital the managing director of writer in an interview that's a couple of years ago mentioned you said that if it is going to be if you are going to go do in an African country born yesterday and who says that you should have the same kind of freedom of the press in New York London and Paris got asking for the impossible the order of priorities among the developing countries are different they are the prior doozies sort of level existence and building up a

nation and ensuring the day maybe one meal a day. But they meant on your back and shows the road ahead. Having got that then you think of the luxury of other conceptions like liberty democracy and I would like to put a dissident in front of you. This proposition that in an affluent society highly evolved politically highly evolved society the who's abusing human needs have been satisfied those human needs are being polluted. I've tried to look at the central team in the

current communication situation in the third world to which other problems could be related. To get to that team we have to ask why third world countries are so concerned today about modern communications. The reasons are many. Firstly the 60s and 70s saw a greater investment by the Third World in mass media. Particularly in radio and television. While the use of mass media is by no means evenly spread in the third world and certainly not comparable to media use in industrial developed countries policymakers in developing countries are increasingly conscious of the many polity of use of media in achieving their goals. Lowering of costs but you clearly are transistorized radio receivers has resulted in the bringing of new layers of rural societies within the orbit of mass media services. It

has been estimated that production costs of such technology is being reduced at the rate of 20 percent per year. Secondly third world investments after several decades in social welfare measures such as education health services transport and nutrition have begun to have their results leading to an expanding clientele for the media. Just to give you one example. The first Indian five year plan of 1951 made an investment. One hundred sixty nine point five million rupees. And I give details of. The media situation over the last 20 years in India. Thirdly while this change is dramatic in the context of indigenous art third world social situations it is clear that there is a growing gap in media resources and services between the developed and developing countries. This

gap has in fact widened in the last two decades. Manufacture of media equipment and programme material is concentrated heavily in a few industrialized countries and I give details of a recent US corps survey about newspapers radio. Television. The use of satellite computer telephone telex and so on in might be even more significant is the monopole ization of the consciousness industry by the developed countries the poorer countries are the dumping grounds the captive market for program material. They have to depend on materials sold by these major news radio and TV production organizations to even keep their mass media institutions functioning on a day to day basis. Fourthly in addition to a new consciousness of the role of media in the internal context and the growing gap in media resources and facilities in the Third World. The third world is also another of out that

communications technology of the not so distant future will permit a new face of social experimentation which will not only affect the social and cultural fabric of industrialized societies but also permit the many people asian. Why in the BRIC countries does not but apps permeate to the higher Jillian's of news agencies and newspapers in the developed world increasingly does become apparent that this relationship of dependence on the major news agencies of the developing world is only a reflection of the economic dependence of the poor countries on industrial states. The less powerful or rich countries the more likely is it to receive a bad press. The third world recently witnessed a telling demonstration of Western power structures at work in the case of the TV

film the death of a princess. It is clear that this film will not have the right distribution that may have been anticipated at the time of its production. But with all the embarrassment caused by adverse reporting the third world country we genuinely has the interests of its people in mind. Cannot but support full freedom of expression both for its own press and foreign media. Given the internal contradictions in our own societies and the many problems of elitism lack of planning and inefficient implementation public criticism however embarrassing at a given point of time is much better than repression. The earlier we learn to live with criticism the better it would be for the egalitarian basis of our own society. We can plead for better understanding devise ways and means of getting our point of view out and complain when our problems are not viewed sympathetically but government control censorship and discrimination against foreign reporters is a mark of weakness not a strength. In the final

analysis. What is important for the people of the third. Think of the realities of political interests in the world. Just as magistrate followed the flag to the colonies. So did information. It would be idle therefore to expect a realignment of the information order. Without that impact the political and economic spheres. The third world which as adopted non-alignment has to seek a new order within these political realities. The first step therefore is to set up its own make any sums for the collection and diffusion of information among its own constituent units. That's regional information networks joint training programs and sharing of program material have to be encouraged while third world countries may be helpless and weak by themselves. They constitute an important political grouping which is now recognized by other powerful political entities. The task of the Third World effort is to strengthen its own resources and skills so that a genuine and

equitable dialogue with the powers that have hitherto dominated the political economic cultural and information fields may begin. Thank you very much. Do Freewheelin system in which people will not accept any equation as to which direction they should go. Imposes itself. So the centralization of media systems. And the government's involvement in the media in Africa is in fact where it has to be accepted. That it is aligned along with people I develop and because there is not much of an opportunity. And not only is there not much of an alternative. There are political and philosophical reasons

why this development is taking place. John we 70 Scheiber in his book looking at the media. Some of the politician form says that in many African countries they talk about the lack of press freedom should not be soo much the lack of freedom. As a lack of press. And that in many countries if the government were not to get involved with the mass media. There might be no mass media I told. There are a number of countries which do not have a daily newspaper because nobody can. And what we need and if you look at the political structure you look at the economic structure. You realize that many countries in Africa. With only one or two exceptions I would think and I do know would be more of an exception than any other country. Where the economic

system is such that there is no supperless. Of. Some of the demand and therefore advertising as a source of revenue to sustain individual newspapers is not there. And therefore the government would have to get involved somehow with the running of the mass media. And the media would also have to be used for political and economic development. But having said this. I must hasten to add that. This situation so file in many African countries has also been far from satisfactory. We have. Accepted we have to accept the principle. That the government involvement is inevitable. On the other hand we also have to be realistic enough to realize. That. The government involvement with the running of the mass media. Has not enabled people working in the media. To weigh very professionally and

give of their best to the people. There are people who see this total subordination of the mass media. To. Political governmental group. As what is called Development journalism. But there are various definitions of development journalism. When I think of development journalism My thinking is that it is related to news values and NEWS Perspectives. That if journalists are properly trained and I conscious of their responsibilities in their society even again in News 5. I only have to choose between. A story dealing with letters romantic adventures of some movie celebrity. And the actions of some humble fool in another developing country which might offer examples to people

there the choice would be if they have got the proper perspective as to the function of the media and society that this development perspective is going to be present. It does not mean as some people. Have tried to assume that it means that the watchdog root of the press should not be exercised by Pres within the context of development journalism I think we do believe and there are a lot of examples to prove. That if we intend to create more stable societies in Africa. And have a much more open society. Or brings out some of the weaknesses in that system which might enable us to take corrective action before the military took it upon themselves to liberate already deem the people from the left of these situations. So development then again it is and does not exclude a scrutiny of governmental activities in the developing countries. But there is no doubt that the media in developing

countries cannot. Play the same function. As they do in developed countries. It would be an abdication of responsibility. But sometimes when I look at some of the offerings of the media in this country I find them absolutely if you support afiq and I have a feeling that the I mean often I said it gives to people who vent to them from. Sometimes you look in other more serious aspects of life. It would be a criminal waste of resources in Africa to the world to the media for this type of happening. That when we come here and there is a will. Working professionally as they would otherwise be if the situation were different. But this question of perspective becomes very important. It becomes very important because. When we look at the media structures sometimes we might be able to understand. Why

things are seen from certain angles. While we do not see them from that particular angle for example it happens to be true that there is a lot of corruption in Africa. And that there is a second amount of my lack of ministration. But they didn't do it out used one tends to see reports which would seem to indicate. That the media source of weaknesses in the economic systems of developing countries is corruption. Forgetting that the basic structure of the economy. Etc.. That the inequities in fixing the prices of those primary commodities are perhaps much more important that one people avoid these reporting and look at things in a wider context and better perspective. The Mad be able to give a much better picture. Now there is a question of this death of a princess. Right now there is some controversy as to whether it should be should or should not be shown. But

when I look at this situation I look at it rather cynically. That Saudi Arabia has the audacity to ask that this be not shown. And how do you address it because it's an oil producing country. And it is an oil producing country and because it occupies this position it has managed to get godfathers and spokesman in this society who would not want the film to be shown to strew that there are other problems such really it is a question of perspective there complain that that's in these distorted factual inaccuracies and other things. I haven't seen the film. I would love to see it. But I think they have got some sympathy but this sympathy which is being demonstrated appears to me to be hypocritical because there are other considerations. I think the plea of Africans and when he said Well countries that not all of them may have oil. But all of them with one things about them to be reported from a more sympathetic perspective. Thank you

very much. Ah. It's hard to write for a number of reasons. First distinguish the nature of the audience the international group in particular. Second because of how important these issues are we have gone in one century from the beginning from an agricultural society to an industrial. And the figures now show we are becoming the Information Society of post-industrial. So the issues you are talking about are very important and the third reason is that I took the Metroliner here and we are very glad to arrive the station to take metal. I think nothing will. I'll try to very briefly go for a number of

of those international issues as I say from our from our perspective. I think the first government is a traditional one of spectrum. It is the backbone of the telecommunications system. All of them to our efforts depend upon the spectrum. We have just finished a 1979 Morecambe I believe in a satisfactory fashion. I say that because I think the spirit of cooperation of viewing things from a technical matter from a technical viewpoint continued in that war. But there were a large number of issues that were postponed the HSF issue the maritime issue the satellite issue. They have all been postponed to later conferences. They are has an extraordinary amount of act.