712 Second Generation Arts / 806 Latin Americans in Communications; Images/Imagenes

It. Be both. Bilingual and cross-cultural. A subway ride between the Bronx on a body or between Manhattan and more follows many ethnically diverse community. Likewise. The story of second generation Puerto Ricans is one of intermingling soaking in a rich diversity and very distinct expression. It is also the story of people caught between two cultures. Puerto Rican you have American American yet Puerto Rican. There's an increasing segment of the Puerto Rican population who have been born in the states they're different from those born in blood. They combine two of the big city with a romantic mellowness over. The bright color blind to the tightness of his feet

in the air and caught between two cultures. Creating one of their own. MICKOLUS amore. He's a second generation or a real accomplished writer. Mean. For a reason. Being a member of the New Jersey State Council on the order. Of the. Second generation we all like your work. It's reflected in my. Work and to see it symbolically. The way we incorporate system survival here with the church with the language which we've adopted with the way we try to retain. And accommodate. It's a question of accommodation. In order to survive.

So I speak of survivors. All the characters that you develop in your writings. It's those are these Wyman's these those are. Those are the people that manage under tremendous hardship to accommodate themselves to the society. They don't just endure. You know they manage. They find ways to Puerto Rican society. Is incredible. It's got its own particular culture. It's it's it's special. It's just comedy. Well many generations have done that for us. First of all we're quite different for many reasons. We're citizens. To begin with which is a fact that a lot of people forget your racially mixed presenting. And. They

go back and forth to Puerto Rico very often a plane ride team one team coach can come here we come a day and make it back and forth movement should be like in more work simply written work. There's a book called New York which is takes place in the lower side. Of just one block when the street might miss some of the missing. People missing and others knowing that they can never go back there. This same crazy urban environment which in itself is a balance of justice and my view is that. It's their community. It's very interesting isn't luncheonette some 30 guys in poetry cafes.

What are those. Conditions that makes the second generation. Different from first what the situation is. The second issue here is the letters because those are important aspects of the life of the second generation. Well. The formative years. Of the second generation take place here not in Puerto Rico. And. It's a question of surviving in an anglo saxon culture. And being grown up with a very strong. Puerto Rican on the onsen home language the food the music the values leaving the house going out and facing. An Anglo-Saxon society. You can't possibly be the same as your mother. Of course is also a generation difference in terms of years. But. Basically

that's it. Would you say that the reality. Is so different from what I would say there is that we can exist almost in a schizophrenia. World not only the Puerto Rican and Puerto Rico because of a political situation Puerto Rican here yes because were really members of a Latin American family and yet we were Anglo Saxons living here with Anglo Saxons I don't mean that we are but we're existing within that culture. My language of survival is English. What I do with it. Depends on what's valuable to me what what I feel is the. Matter in life. What. Is important for me morally and in human

way of thinking universal language. It doesn't matter and English could be Japanese. You still communicate. What is it. So is this second generation reality. Reflected in the city in the heart of the second generation. It's a fusion for example. You see it in the art you see in music you see it in the writing not as much as I'd like to see. I'd like to see more writing but the realities are that. When. We don't awaken to trump of the morning and the tropical sounds we don't live. With the same value that our mothers and fathers live we live here in a different setting. In my particular case it's New York. You're being a very special place anyway.

But. You would see in my descriptions oranges descriptions of the fact that we're saying hey this is this is mainland USA. This is a different. Reality. From the one back home. And. The color is different this sounds a different. Composition. Everything tends to be. That particular fusion of the Puerto Rican The Anglo culture sometimes. More easily sometimes badly conflicts. But it's there. So you would say that it's an art. Of conflict. Of. Any sort of a conflict themselves in a way in a sense it is is it's confusing. It's confusing. One thing at home when you go out there and shoot one another. To survive. It's hard

also because we're invisible. And visible in the media. I mean it was a church oriented site. We all see ourselves and we see ourselves in a manner that is. Unreal. Michael Moore is one of the few second generation artists who has been able to publish an expose her work. This is a very difficult thing to do for any artist especially those who do not belong to the mainstream of American society. However our second generation is full of power. Our next segment will show you exactly what we mean. It was written I am about my second generation Puerto Rican with no professional experience policing joy lobola. Something no big deal if one is not a virgin

and wears white wedding dress and. What they. Did. Do. Something wrong in wondering white is trying to fool me. Moms very cheeky. It's a sin to marry if you're not pure wait. What does purity have to do with this whole business climate. I was supposed to be so beautiful and so dirty. I. Talking. Like this. Not the truth. It is the human spirit is Dresher and that you it. Now you tell me that it makes no difference if one is not a boy. Just look I just don't think that a woman should have to wear a sign on her wedding day saying she's a virgin.

Besides I don't think it's anybody's business. It's the family business who has dedicated third time to make a decent person you portray the Virgin Mary by wearing white on that face. So is her business to look modern. I don't think the Virgin Mary has time to go check on all the non-virgins that are married in white every day. I think she has anything things to do. Cheeky. I think you're forgetting everything mommy has taught it is cool to people it was happening now but one shouldn't give up family traditions you know. Oh goody goody. Come to me with that trash because I don't make the Virgin Mary cry. Yes. That's it. You should be proud of your sister. Do you have for example of one you are carrying on our tradition.

This table is so beautiful. What's up with all of this. What makes her a perfect example. How do you know Carmen was a virgin when she got. To be. She was a virgin you wedding. Yes yes. Oh yes. Everything turned. So beautiful.

That's. The prettiest wedding in Jersey City. That's me virgin. You say that one time. And I'm going to put you out here. I do that. Oh my. God. I love. That. Since. She kicked. Your sister wasn't a virgin. Her veil will be tilted to the side. That's right. And not deal with that yeah. But all of them you know. Do. You remember. Marvy So our lease on your father's side of the family. She tried to hide the truth but she was

only fooling herself. Everyone knew how much shame you brought to your father's family. Of. Course everyone knew she was five months pregnant. What do you expect he was killed. Well I guess she was in this because you were a girl. If you. Doubt About Me you and Angel could you or your husband or say anything just so. That's where you're wrong. Puerto Rican may have preferred to bring a virgin to the altar. Not sure of the women lawyer you end up bringing money. You know what you're talking about. You're talking about 30 years ago. I'm talking about now to day. Talking about Baso lasted just two days. I hope you are not trying to get married. No that's what sparky.

Nobody she probably will still make a part of the cup. Maybe yes maybe I will like you. You know we just don't know nothing about your own qualities. Coffee. Get caught you have to do what we're talking about. Look all I'm saying is that it's one's own business what she wears on her wedding day. And what I'm saying is that only a virgin could have the honor to wear white on her wedding day. So that's pretty neat to have. To speed up the wedding. Is that why you got married when you were only 16 Oh not.

I got married the size of your father. Why didn't you wait to get 20 21. Cause we were ready then for one have sex. Let me talk to you that way. Shut up. I'm talking you. What she is. When we got married we were ready to start a family. In other words you were married to me. Yes. That had to do with it. This is on the.

Loose. So what happens to a girl nowadays who's 16 and strives for an education. She should just keep going to school of course. In the meantime I'm got to go around right here every time she feels the need. Right. If she's a decent girl she won't feel the need. She said the school feel need. Common people will not no one is about you and you know you just like your father you got no respect for your family or your spouse. Would you be the one to bring shame to this family. What's the big commotion. Can anyone get any sleep around here. Give us Sabiha say so

often you saw me bring up your sister. We. Do have free back to so what's morally right and to help you. Out. Now your sister told me that everything that I told her is wrong. All right. Kiki what's your problem. No problem. All I said was that it made no difference if wasn't a virgin it was a white wedding dress. Don't tell me you let me go get over to my idea. What do you think of the Papageno all of a sudden. Look we were just having a conversation is there anything wrong with that. No but we did. You're both going to get it. The way she's talking I won't be surprised if she really did. And why are you talking crying. I'd be surprised if you were. Writing.

A. Book thinking mommy fashion. But that doesn't make her wrong and you right. Whether you agree or Puerto Rico today or 30 years ago is always going to be respected. Anyone who wants you to forget your upbringing or your identity that identity. That's all we have that we can call our own here with a needle. You have nothing to worry about. I'll never forget again. The term. Do you think Mommy will marry me. I have my bridesmaid with white tuxedos and the black one. It

can. Be. Just to to it. New York is in charge of these things which is. We got a lot of museums. We have few. Places where culture is being made. But in New Jersey even though New York is just a person we were willing to fight more than just a city. I don't want to walk that way. If that doesn't include the city in Jersey or why can we get up in New Jersey. Work is. We in any sort of. My first term as the new york has always sort of been a head. Of pretty much any other place in the United States anyway in years decades ago. We are confident the world is Paris and other places in Germany now it's

been more it's been here for quite a number of years. So that in itself would give impetus to any movement there. That's one thing I think also that in my experience in New Jersey there's a greater fragmentation because of all the different towns. There's a greater fragmentation and there's an end even if it's possible and even weaker political system in Jersey for the Latinos or the Hispanic. I think these are major factors when you look over the years and say comes of yours did you see any concentrated effort to develop a or are you saying that there's a lot to be done in terms of. Somehow developing that expression of opinion. Well. I really feel there's an enormous amount to be done. I unfortunately couldn't stay

since I'm not going to be in New Jersey. I couldn't remain as a member. I think that if there's an effort beginning. I would be curious to see who takes my seat. I would like to see someone representing the Latino throughout the state. I was the only one that was there. At that time and I have recommended several people I. I just. Feel that it's very important. There is no representation on the council and I have in the short term that I was a council member. I didn't see any great change but I think an effort was beginning and an effort could be. Made depending on what a council member is. Whoever the council member is a job and

not an easy one. You say that I really don't I hate the question what do you mean when you say what we say is I say you use this to say something else. Well it would depend on your work and it would depend on how badly you wanted to do it. If you want to go to law school because you could make a living as an artist I wouldn't know what to say to you. Good luck. If you wanted to work at your art then I would say that it's how talented you are. I think you can be enormously talented. I would say that talent is only 10 percent of what's ahead. Ninety percent is hard work. Perseverance and the ability to have faith in yourself.

I look. At me. We have seen what second generation already hard. We have concentrated mostly on the written word what artists are involved in all art for. What they need is more exposure and the realization by our community. That art is an important part of our lives. Our artists meet our support. We create our reality. At. The.

Ya. Ya. Ya. Know somebody. Ya say. Oh. My God. Help. Me. Day. No lie. See.

Ya. God. Know what he. Said. Next. Oh.

The. Ship. I went for the big push. I went into the plaza of the town. It pushed me. I went to the big city to someone they pushed me. Pushing me. Give me your poor your huddled masses yearning to be free. Yes

I'm William Lewis Gaddis and this is TV theater in 1966 here at Bell Laboratories and the Bobette invented a solid state memory that never forgets information stored in it. Even when the electricity is turned off he called it magnetic bubbles in the following film. Bobette recalls events surrounding the invention of magnetic bubbles and describes their significance. This is the fifth in a series of Bell Labs films called communications milestones. For many years the progress of science and technology has depended heavily on our ability to store and retrieve information. The communications field in particular relies on memory systems which retain data in some form that can be recalled later. In recent years an entirely new memory technology has been invented and developed

a technology that promises to fulfill many of the basic requirements of our ever expanding need for information. The man who holds almost all the basic patents on this technology is Andy Baalbek a Bell Telephone laboratories in Murray New Jersey. His field of endeavor is quite literally a new domain and scientific application. It is the field of magnetic bubbles. Magnetic materials have been used to store information for a great many years you're familiar with that with the memory bar in magnetic tape. For example the tape used in this cassette information is stored in a collection of very fine tiny particles to read the information. And this tape is then pulled has a reading ahead. Now contrast this with what we do in magnetic bubble technology. In this case instead of using the collection of fine particles we use a very precise magnetic layer and it is in this layer that our bubbles are located.

Bubbles are tiny magnetic domains regions of reversed magnetization within the magnetic layer. Present bubble devices use bubbles that are 120 at the width of a human hair and future devices bubbles will be even smaller. The presence or absence of these microscopic bubbles shown here in slow motion represents coded information. By applying forces to the bubbles. The information can be moved freely and quickly in any direction through the magnetic medium in the mid 1960s. All of this was only an idea but was this idea really practical. Was there any material available to actually do this job. Well on March 22nd 1966 a meeting was organized to discuss the problems that were associated with Hobel materials and included in New Orleans were many scientists from the Bell Laboratories in particular people from the materials research activity were present after a discussion of some magnetic materials

that was Dick Sherwood off from the group said I know the material that you want. This material is isn't always right. I've been working with these for now for a couple of years and I see domain's in these the domains are easily moved about. They should be just the thing you need for for your mobile devices. The only record that there is of this historical meeting call by many of the birth of technology is found on this looseleaf sheet of paper. It really isn't very much. There are a lot of scribbles. There is one key scribble here though this is the magnetic bubble. This is probably the first written version of a magnetic bubble domain. This is something I intend to keep for as long as I'm around the laboratories anyway. Why do we call these domains of bubbles. Well if you look into a microscope which is another way of seeing the bubble domains they look like bubbles. You can make them dance about just like soap bubbles so to speak you can run that dry conditions up and down change their size and if you like you can even collapse when it was only a matter of time before

bubbles move from the laboratory and went into manufacture. And our Western Electric facility in Reading Pennsylvania magnetic bubbles fill a void in the memory technology spectrum at one end are mechanical devices such as magnetic desks or tapes which are rather slow and subject to mechanical wear and tear but are relatively inexpensive in terms of cost per bit of information at the other end are solid state devices which are extremely fast but are more costly in the metal or magnetic bubble devices a new class of solid state devices that are relatively low cost like the mechanical devices. But they are closer to the other solid state devices in their speed of access to information. It's like the difference between the horse and buggy and the rocket ship. There's a big gap in between and it's magnetic bubbles that help bridge that gap. There's really nothing unique about what bubbles can do. You can do anything with a bubble you can do in any other way. But there is a collection of other aspects the bubbles which make them very useful for

example. They are invisible solid state. The information is stored is entirely nonvolatile. By this I mean that if you have information stored in the device and you lose power that information is still retained or sustained bubbles are being used today just to store pre-recorded operator's messages throughout the Bell system. They are also being used in text editors and seismic recorders and also in some machine aid equipment and future applications that could find bubbles in the handheld calculator for example would be very useful to the average citizen that can find bubbles in space vehicles and the back. No one ever calls and Andrew is a device engineer in his 30 years at Bell Labs. He's been awarded about 120 patents and about half of those are in the field of magnetic bubbles. My most satisfying patent had to do with the use of Garnet's as materials for use in bubble memories. Sometimes the patents really come from frustration. You work on a problem. And oftentimes you don't really understand what the problem is or really what the

goal is that you're trying to achieve and you take these ideas and you flip flop them about and all of a sudden something clicks. I'd say inventing it is pretty analogous to the problems that the pioneers in faced as they traveled eastward or westward or across the country going from the East Coast to the west. They traveled along and a covered wagons and what have you and they reached obstacles and they had to make decisions some turn north some turn south some paths led to dead ends in inventing this is more or less this way. You go along and you work. There's a lot to do. You try to work out ideas some lead you down blind alleys but occasionally you come across the nugget I guess like the suburbs finding gold and then you have an invention. You have to work hard. It's toil and trouble you don't get to these results and you do work. Recently Andy bow back announced another major breakthrough in magnetic bubble technology. One that would permit the contents of a 700 page book to be stored in a bubble memory

one inch square. The bubbles are shown in slow motion. The present method uses coils to move the bubbles about in the new method. We apply successive layers of conducting sheets and sandwich these on to our bubble material. As a result we can drive these layers at very high pulse rates and move the bubbles about at extremely high speed. We can gain about a factor of 10 the speed over our present devices. This means that we can get data into a bubble chip and get it out in about one tenth the time. The patterns we use in these conductive sheets which are just many many arrays of very very tiny holes are extremely simple to fabricate. We can pack many many more of these into a given area that is weakening the storage density. Today we can store about 10 million deaths on a square inch. So with the speed and the increased density It's sort of like taking bubbles from from the propeller driven airplane into the jet age.

It's real rewarding. It's sort of like working in the garden. You you work hard you find something that comes up and people come around and they admire it. They say oh my what a beautiful garden. And that makes you feel real good when I work on something. I'm pretty well convinced that that thing will work and I push real hard to show that I am right. Luckily Bell Labs is the kind of place that supports that kind of perseverance. You may borrow this and other communications Milestone Films and video tapes from the audio visual library at Murray Hill called extension 6 5 0 4. This has been TV theater. Have a nice day. All. Of devices that you've just

seen have one thing in common. They're controlled by a miniature electronic networks network so small that anatomy cannot be seen by the naked eye. I'm talking about a fantastic new generation of micro-electronics like this tiny chip. Was a time when philosophers argued the question of how many angels might hit on the head of a pin. Defying the laws of physics and reason. Well today if we take the liberty of equating angels with transits we can make a case for the existence of a modern kind of miracle like putting seven thousand transistors on Ron in significant and by the time I hear you say that number would seem to run. You. That's quite an accomplishment as you'll see. But you ask Who cares how many transistors can be squeezed into tiny pieces of Hempseed. How does that affect me. Let me assure you

it is one of the most significant ideas of our time. It will affect changes in what we do from day to day. In ways we're only beginning to see and understand imagine. Being able to store the entire contents of an encyclopedia on the languages of all the people on earth to make a thousand decisions all order. All that power exist in Silicon crystal this man made him get. This basic ingredient is found in ordinary sat. Next to oxygen. The most common ingredient on earth. The secret of turning Santa crystal to those incredible iconic

miniatures called Chips is available to anyone today. All you need are the best engineering brains and people who are willing to risk tens of millions of dollars to finance this technology and years of research and development effort to make it work. Much of the work is done in clean rooms like this. The atmosphere in there. Is more still on an operating agenda. B B B C D D D D D D D D D D. Even. When you consider the highly complex designs of the new circuits measured in thousands of inches you can see why the tiniest speck of dust becomes a boulder blocking a narrow road. T T T T T T T

even silicon wafers go through a series of trees each of which changes the building layer upon layer of personality e.g. a. Single wafer finally feels a hundred chips teach a miniature complex of thousands of components and circuits. There's a curious paradox here. It gets increasingly difficult to make them. Yet they are less expensive. The reason for this is the steady advance of new techniques for packing more and more components into the tiny bits of the name of this amazing drinking game. Your solid state technology they are to be integrated Microcircuits incredibly efficient and reliable yet operating at

speeds moving toward the speed of light around the world at all as. Well it happened in 1947. Three Bell laboratory scientists in a lab. Something like this one. Achieved a remarkable breakthrough. They were able to send a week emmetropic also this tiny metallic device. Admittedly it looks rather crude but it may be a signal amplifier. And switch. Up to that moment. The big vacuum tubes in the old family radio had been doing the same thing without much change for many years. You had this scrap of metal. Only a fraction of the size of a radio you consume demimonde amount of energy. Practically no I reacted much faster than they accomplish this. We look to nature for the answer. When we understood what nature was doing we could control it because that device transformed electrical

resistance. Inventors called it. A transistor. The word that's come to me was the radio once meant something more. It was the foundation of a new technology. Micro-electronics you in the world of technology. There are occasional milestones that have special significance not always apparent at first when this happens. Our lives begin to change. The transistor was a special milestone. It has changed our everyday way of living just as electricity did just as the automobile do justice. Air travel shrank our world. Soon after its invention Bell Laboratories made transistor technology available which help spur the phenomenal growth of electronics industry. In 1951 the first

transistors came off the production line in this Western Electric plant. Just consider the complexity of what's happened. Since then. To fabricate the equivalent of a single wafer containing a hundred chips. The way it was done on the early transistor days would have taken an experienced worker. Working eight hours a day. Ten parts to assemble. Tens of millions of terminals and solder joints. Your fantasy. There was not enough material people in the factories in the entire world to satisfy our needs today. The fact is modern chip technology can serve only operating power and human resources. Precious raw materials as well. Microchips being made here today are so complex that

sometimes called computers on a chip. Correctly that microprocessors but they do behave like miniature computers combining many digital circuits. Memory logic functions. That they have a calculating power of a wall to wall computer of 20 years for. The. Microprocessor is the brain of modern that iconic system and can be programmed to do the most complicated job. It will store information coming in to the quickest way to carry out instructions and let you know when a job is done. Our world has gone digital. We turn on what the budget was cut off from the Saral. An electronic pulse or no cost was that.

The. Microprocessor reacts to commands that come in the form of electronic signals moving out and switching strings of at blinding speeds all the zeros and ones. That. 18000 transistors and that chip design locked and sealed and silicon connected by pathway is as intricate as a street map of a great city. What you're seeing is just a tiny detail of a chip about the size of one of the fly's many eyes thousands of locations where information can be stored. This one is some large

some 10000 times. But why such emphasis on miniaturization. Is smaller only more people. Were. Chip designers are thinking small and smaller story because they do they want more chips to gain speed but they've got to shrink the distances between circuits. They can do that faster denser more efficient results. We have to think smaller because we're stretching our range of information communications wise to the limit. We're an insatiable race of Gullivers with little cue from the world of technology who it has been said that since the end of World War 2 the amount of information generated by our

society doubles every seven years. Daily copy of the New York Times for instance has as much information as the educated individual of the 16th century. Absorbed in a whole lifetime. To live in the 21st century therefore will need vastly different tools and instruments. And we're beginning to discover the strange. Diminishing architecture of the micro-world. Even the common telephone which has been with us for a hundred years now. Is evolving into an ideal instrument for the electronic age. More and more like a computer terminal. These two buttons in fact are reserved for computer communication and other far out users that even my generation will live to see in our homes. Who are tied into the bell systems electronic network. We have a powerful tool for exchanging information.

And microprocessors are being introduced into the network itself are increasing its capacity to move information. We knew we. Were just beginning to feel the effects of a micro electronic revolution. Ready for all the applications to come. We have to wait for these students who've grown up of calculators and computers to become the engineers of the 1980s and 90s. To for.

The transistor explosion of the 50s broadcast a some of the innovations that we have seen pure science fiction to most people 50 years ago. And we can see the microprocessor chips. Becoming the transistor of our entire. World. And what's beyond. Scientists are looking into DNA trying to get a deeper understanding of how living things transmit genetic traits. Nature stores and transmits information in ways that make our present technology seem primitive. Perhaps in that direction. Lies the next breakthrough. They look to nature for the answer. When they understood what nature was doing. They could control it. It