¡Colores!; 1301; A Commitment to Peace

the pa production of this program was made possible in part by a grant from the corporation for public broadcasting and the national educational telecommunications association fb ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha

ha ha ha ha ha together dr ewy yes on august sixth nineteen forty six among the ruins of hiroshima survivors of the rules for scrutiny we're reading they carried signs that read no moon in the case against syria by the time it finally be reborn as champion cities next year miriam miami named joe ocean this august sixth should be remembered for having to establish world peace he's terrifying weapons abroad of the revolution and as a result of the finely tuned in new

hampshire starting life and the our and crying of war and establish true peace across the world the man instrumental in unleashing its atomic power was troubled by his conscience in a grand vision j robert oppenheimer's on new weapons evolving intimate atomic monster pure puny he also saw it's nineteen fifty three the question isn't dropping an atomic bomb killed or injured thousands of civilians is that correct answer as many has turned up and question how many were killed or injured hamstring seventy thousand question that you have moral scruples about that answer terrible ones best images of support of a copy of a german nuclear bomb on hiroshima and it would make no sense at all on question why can't sing

the target is too small one nineteen forty six nuclear weapons involved at an astonishing pace how inspired physics inventive engineering top fantastic weapons into reality along quickly evolved into a sleek sophisticated web now many times the destructive power of where we're to be released in a single afternoon we were never this was a time of emergency workers and the united states built a formidable nuclear arsenal to stay that are coming in the seventy years of the cold war deterrence and eisenhower defined as taylor

the other reviews ninth can happen because of a longing to imagine killing millions of people with weapons of this sort would worry me those were doing all three years as this thing could go either either way in theory nations would relate to each other was for every change the funding for the war years a comforting about personalities

ideologies old fears and new visions unlocking secrets of the universe event compared to find peace the first non war related atomic test or even a veil of secrecy everyone wanted to study this phenomenon at her implosion bonds almost identical to fat man dropped on like a second defeat of nineteen eighty two we're two warships mae and bank was a symbol of the first test their detonation the target at the center of his guinea pigs because the battleship nevada for aerodynamics bombings by almost two miles it sank only five ships

you're twenty one you're tired of a spectacular effect tossed about like police nine ship sank crossroads is not significant for its development of atomic weapons it's real impact lives elsewhere it awful destruction of hiroshima mega second catalyzed new fears around the world a silver has denounced the atomic bombing was a repulsive act of cynical anti humanism stalin probably atomic bombs are meant to frighten the nearest writing a strategic balance with the us would not dominate soviet arguments over the control of nuclear weapons broke out united states and to abolish itself crossroads ended

now intensifying one or crossroads significant because it was the beginning of the next time consoles as well because there's a great risk well unfortunately the world doesn't necessarily think it's a white pilots and since we're the only nation never actually use these terrible things it's not surprising to from the soviet from the russian perspective and the perspective of the russian scientists it was a very necessary thing and they were just this one innocent people and that didn't seem to grip once i don't think anything in congress about iran developing weapons and talking peace they think the general idea of talking peace is best done from a position of strength not weakness

operation sense don't think the united states atomic proving ground only an elite a toll in the marshall islands interrogated by the fbi has personnel are asked to swear they were not communists the washington times before so they don't want them world war three at the heart of the communist revolution was the belief that the destruction of the capitalist system is crucial for the development of society the floods of blood and i gave birth to modern genocide against haven't followed picking hammer and sickle to news i'm interested in all the great ones soviet official estimates gotten rid of almost twenty million russians some into moscow from ukraine nikita khrushchev found life in stalin's inner circle called an insane asylum in you know during the war the russian military

tactics were essentially not to worry about the tax code for that they would be willing to you know twenty million other people feel that they can beat us or your world domination the scars robot mats sandstone like the beginning of weapons evolution theaters that promised a bigger bang theory delivered the x ray carries video delivered forty nine point three it's been three old red berries predicted news david levinthal the chairman of a newly formed civilian controlled atomic energy commission

was more sober he said i dont object at all that the job was being done well that there should not be even a single token expression a profound concern i regret that we are engaged in developing weapons directed against not discriminate destruction of defenseless men women and children bothered me cooperation is going to probably in nineteen forty eight soviet forces took control in czechoslovakia on film with a twin on june twenty four with lockheed was really in june nineteen sixty nine the communist forces attacked south korean leadership and strategy considers into outright aggression expecting the soviets to join the fight the us faced a national emergency truman said he would take necessary steps to remedy the situation saying that includes every weapon we have air force secretary

in october the first air raid shelter signs appeared in new york city and a bill clinton's revival under atomic intent to distribute and there but will salas and martin o'malley early fifties maybe within forty six are some of stranded caving and dictating bombing russia once a month we're limited stockpile well we thought you know all we got to do was get rid of their industrial capability just keep them on their knees interesting that people who who've thought this were people who had ancestry in czechoslovakia or hungary the border to the soviet union eric robson

and the significant atomic test to advance us nuclear weapons took place in northeastern classics than a soviet style one sent shockwaves through washington and not only were her footing with something for german nuclear trigger edward teller would get his chance to build the russians that's what happens in washington what we do which is a decisive defeat these two players impressed me about the soviet war was how they were able to accomplish all that they did considering a mess the country was in at the end of the war the devastation it's just that that is

always amazed me in intellectual and persuasive regional advisory committee to the atomic energy commission oppenheimer was concerned that caught the imagination of congress in the military they're really angry covering the communist threat that the h bomb created a piece called full of dangers in court there's agreement in legal fair maid i cannot be confined in a military becomes a weapon which in practical effect is almost one of the genocide a desirable piece cannot come from such an internet is an evil thing considered in any light ours ours concern if it could be done it would be done in a just know it had no understanding of the rationale people who said no

because they had clearly no control of what anybody else could do and we clearly we're still concerned with the russians very much in the cold war and it was clear that that if this were a technical possibility he would be the next step so it i just didn't understand why people oppose this or what i don't understand this more ethical and people shoot each other with bullet army's kill each other with bullets with flame throwers and i see no difference and just you do more at one time i think the war is morally wrong any killing anybody at all truman made the final call he agreed with the joint chiefs and even going and saying we've got to have it for bargaining purposes with the russians preferred term and

voters agree that we need to go white in play poker i'm i mean i'm too tight i can stand losing anything money or any competition or gay marriage or it and play poker i don't like bluffing which you have to be able to do to keep a successful poker player your reaction and there's also the site of remarkable because of injury he's shia in nineteen forty one the legal for me so how much equal to the sun few hydrogen

atoms resulting court and a colossal release of energy end quote tammy determined one grand the deuterium converted to cd is one hundred million times more powerful than a gram of chemical explosives and eight times stronger than the regime to thirty five and the judge just something very old a fraction of an ounce and cure human trillion isotopes of hydrogen derailed away from the center of an atomic blast just any effects of extreme radiation tests in chinatown says recent incidents i mean twenty five trillion i didn't test issues in boosting

smaller deuterium intriguing was placed in the quarter notes on a double the items the results of greenhouse gave a new optimism to creating a super animated seller confided to an observer that anna we talk would not be big enough for the next test oppenheimer had concerns about the age funding our salvation in a letter to meals boy he wrote it may seem curious do you think in this country have been so slow to recognise her elaine i truly hope and our great danger not display the show yet so is also due

to serve in some sense that you know you were no understatement says this is the onset and they're all surprised that those statements when i say things like that myself i say there are other definitely the position i finally came to when i was working for eisenhower is that maintaining peace through certain rituals suicide is just not an acceptable way to the wind of the future although striking progress was made in fusion it was a great pessimism about building the summer reading at their more nuclear fusion reaction record setting off an atomic bomb ten years pass mathematical calculations of unprecedented complexity we substituted bradbury was less than enthusiastic some workable design was and realized los alamos resources riders will be put into further development of pigeon wings dionne

journalist the us as the biggest contribution was first person present the person out and from insisting that this happening and he was the person expressing optimism that said you know if we try and we can do it richie intensely on the astronomical calculations sanders altman sought magnitude of problems to help the human calculator johnny funneling month and university of princeton created the world's first computer its job to help create a hydrogen bomb one of the problems were a retailer we used to say he had a bomb of the week after promising designs teller was stumped i knew it and so did everyone else alone working hard on using one vision bomb to pull on another for efficiency had a breakthrough it's why force was describe going

to the room of the house and see in stereo that would do it it didn't work it's really a different scheme and changed the course of history colliding on lew's idea plus the experiment tethers seized upon a workable design radiation implosion would be the answer bradbury gave authority those who could get the job done teller would not be in charge of building super frustrated resentful teller left for los alamos sunni would work with your hands to start a second weapons lab university of california radiation every jury and there lee you have a love hate relationship with our new sunday june it is the greatest than they were on the next day i really think he's a dream

the push to build up a stockpile accelerated weapons testing us to jangle inaugurated the model for tests in nevada republicans effects this is the korean conflict is testing the politicking almost nonstop the fraction of the money do you how long he was

mike was listening to the nineteen eighties a treaty could bring the ruling party staying on ej how radio signal from the us as sisters because the ocean environment continues inserted into the high explosives that might vision primary like two seconds in twenty ten mr paul houghtaling listener the sound gets extreme radiation flooded radiation channels and instantly converted the polyethylene lining into a plasma asthma pushed the x rays and the uranium temporary surrounding the liquidity and instantly melt and pushed into the city ross says he's been told to

proceed citizen kane it was that

scary scary part was just worrying whether you're going to be a big event is held by the twenty some miles away and yet here and seem to be growing and growing and growing the mushroom cloud skyrocketed in ninety seconds it reached fifty seven thousand feet in two and a half minutes it passed one hundred thousand feet after five minutes the cloud crested at twenty seven miles it's damp measured eight miles across and a toppled over a hundred miles there's about one thousand times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima now we're all very happy very elated successful and that all londoners come home right away and get home we'll start doing something else there are the obvious thoughts

oh no you know we knew the writer adds we did the river the russians in other words well to you know very it's a great pity the internet to be impossible so you know so you can have weapons as time goes on i'm afraid more and more people in government positions of authority really want to appreciate the magnitude of the potential devastation they're a present nuclear weapons can inflict on on any country or any city and enjoy a way that you can really from the furnace into their minds is by having them witness a large field dramatically the heat who really made true believers out of them that the war is not the answer to any dispute what's important about it about all of these nuclear weapons

is not how they looked they look spectacular whenever you go to proving ground or test ground is or was done in a way so as to guarantee that it will be safe you see the spectacle let you suffer no pain so it's pictures of hiroshima do that with these crowds are like in the water there were many bodies lying everywhere will scuttle the destruction of the city was so expressive

the league sasha this is the senator is inscribed on it is please raised peacefully but we will not repeat the evil mike leigh so to speak j robert oppenheimer not longer have access are

say in the nation's nuclear secrets tortured over recent testimony and supportive teller the committee revoke his security clearance oppenheimer's early communist associations an architect of the hearings the ultra conservative head of the agency it was wooden strauss society in yemen a realist and no pacifist oppenheimer saw the short term need to build more bombs at the self confessed destroyer of worlds was undergoing a revolution of thought oppenheimer he'd come to conquering his conscience the interest of war and modern technology ironically up and i'm his dismissal occurred as new voices saw a way out of the growing

nuclear arms race in his final state of the union address of nineteen fifty three truman warned quote the war of the future could extinguish millions of lives in one blow to destroy the very structure of a civilization such a war is not possible policy for rational man end quote it's an arms race to the next few minutes to a soviet expert at their first meeting on august nineteen fifty three the eisenhower administration at the soviet union weapons production reached unparalleled success eisenhower wanted to inform a weary world that the us was also injured in peace increasingly he saw it his duty to inform americans the consequences of nuclear war and felt everyone would support arms

control if they understood the danger is pivotal and three key speech he wants to sit in tone for the us and the united states pledges before in and we thought well it's speculation to also a comic the miraculous inventiveness a man shouting the beginning to his death a consecrated to his life it's baloney for secretary he said i couldn't sleep for several days when i became convinced that you could never possibly lose these weapons i was able to sleep again and february nineteen fifty six party countries

convene it was momentous khrushchev and the us to begin changing the war with a catalyst was unknown to anyone really engaged these systems are images in history and in that position he was in charge you can let the first time in history that people who make those decisions are as much interest as the four soldiers disembark to go fight there a war despite these remarkable event khrushchev and eisenhower had vigorously pursued more

sophisticated nuclear weapons any show of weakness and the other would take advantage of the eisenhower secretary of state john foster dulles cook a fearful doctrine of massive retaliation deterrence was still the weapon of choice for waging peace well he operation tesla museum into the dry fuel and smaller the first to roll through the nose in which first rival redefined nuclear weapons the fireball beyond what anyone all

right ravel was a runaway three miles out what jack semen in the bridge crew of the uss baroque of song was unimaginable recovering from the supernova slash science they stared in all and heart visit the black and orange cloud roared across the ocean dropping bright red fire the quiet of the bridge was broken by a prayer heard over the radio which in the palette of an observation plane we just witnessed the mushroom cloud she asked his altitude of fourteen thousand feet or her system said it was a religious experience personal view of the apocalypse and the reason when i we had wrong cross

section for the week we didn't know that there was an end to every action within seven equal to about one thousand hiroshima bombs bravo was almost changing wind patterns in a surprisingly high yield spread fallout over fifty thousand square miles marshall these islanders thought to be safe received substantial exposure before evacuated fishing that in the expanded father was twenty three members of the japanese fishing vessel to look the dragon we dusted with a strange cry tears for nearly three hours the crew returned home see clearly

sadly on september twenty three his funeral was later reportedly in japanese on one third of the entire population signed a petition to a nuclear weapons testing and was enshrined in a tokyo park in the park a stone monument is inscribed with the korean missile test to ensure or at least make sure that i and the last victim i'm not very sympathetic toward them today even i had a lot of my classmates were killed in the pacific here and of course

well the war department during that time showed some of the atrocities that the japanese had committed a day where they don't play by the rules and so whatever i've always resented this hiroshima business that they celebrate every year years later it doesn't matter to me like my re shot up it like to want to forgive or forget you babe initially individuals including linus pauling bertrand russell moorman cousins and citizen organizations are considered by the administration to be the dukes of communist agents the door to the white house was closed to them they believed it soon public concern became critical fears of radioactivity poisoning the

atmosphere were widespread and civil defense a little pub the continents i in nineteen sixteen a sitting group of mothers took charge of the protest against nuclear testing marc turner that year at nuclear testing and refusing to take shelter island has proved to be the largest civil disobedience action in american history up to that time the following years some twenty five turn the dance tradition even though we are we are we stumbled and phil in and what india early on by the time we have an operational capability it would have been much better accuracy then have the throw weight and couldn't quite the yield that they had opted for women and letterman you can only you can

only kill a city so bad they're actually putting the lead bomb there was no holding back from nineteen fifty five to nineteen fifty eight was stable us nuclear weapons infrastructure it's been a piece be the pain pills daring way that we can only nuclear lives in a converted into a nuclear weapon was tried it was very secure mean the buildup certainly went to numbers

absurdly ireland because the soviet missiles like sausages as khrushchev bluffed behind the soviets and missile technology on the missile get mentality spur tremendous ever missile delivery systems along with developing compact implosion of isis means dakota device we'd only one thousand seven hundred pounds and everyone point one make it and this has also turned to defensive war for air to air and ground air missiles weapons designers were perfecting their art intercontinental ballistic missile north thirty minutes from anywhere in the world so you've got the elements surprised if for some reason that you didn't want to continue the

war bombers could be called back that was an advantage for craft a disadvantage for the missiles and they want to watch them you are committed fishburne by nineteen fifty seven the us nuclear weapons facilities operated at peak efficiency within literally being discussed and slaves watch as many devices as possible for test range operation against this in nevada abortion hart had one of thirty five tests in the pacific to the missiles destroying deep into the heart of russian test centered on missile and submarine launched ballistic missile warheads and high altitude

contests to study anti ballistic missile defenses were you seen our religion or device and w forty seven dollars organic was a design breakthrough sixty five to tell you it was produced from a divisive mission in diameter fourteen inches fifteen inches and wait on a hundred and sixty five pounds when in nevada project to perform thirty seven low yield component has held underground to reduce fallout easy in a second to eisenhower sent to gain control of the us built up in nineteen seventy but his job and eisenhower fees and a lot of the pollution parent raised to oblivion europe said the hearts of technologies invented a true new cd and they get it that simple phrase with any horror stories about an imminent threat to our very existence as a nation

even promptly offered a thousand and one technical alliance anyone who did not immediately agree with your assessment of the situation and have failed to recognize the necessity proceedings which with on the development introduction of their solutions are said to be unable to understand the situation and try to put the budget ahead of survivor it seemed as if the pursuit of expensive and complicated technology isn't in itself might very well become an accepted part of america's way of life for a moratorium the administration we were talking about whether that whether or not the russians were achieving and i said in my judgment there is no evidence of the russians protested john koen says that's trees and we wanted the mission if

you track defense budgets and you'll see that they would form for nuclear weapons will say that they go up and don't know coronation conflict that confrontation but in coordination with pump priming the economic policies that put in some blocks into the economy some people have jobs so they know and i think that's a very serious because the rest of our lives eisenhower infamous depending on again off again commitments tory month testing creating a real optimism to both sides but eisenhower invite khrushchev to the us but arriving in september nineteen fifty nine the visit was a success eisenhower palms to visit to russia after the paris summit in june of next year there were no real hopes of the us and

soviet signing a treaty there were interesting only for east nineteen sixty eerie powers you can spy plane shot down over russia demanded an apology some fields christie who's difficult to use at least it streamed into the mood to more than the scenes colossal fifty inherited a failed eisenhower responded to the parisian new beautiful out thirty two billion to this wilderness it underground in nevada area

it was just in the decision that says we didn't even let you use a unique solutions coming on people have a russian were astounded by the rise of both countries creating and testing more and more weapons hiroshima me or how my role both leaders for an end to the escalation fearing the worst that particular time very sweet

german aircraft large aircraft british aircraft battalion aircraft jupiter's juno says turkey khrushchev had secretly plays nuclear missiles in cuba were seeking balance he thought colt was high time the americans learned what it feels like to have our own land and our own people threatened involved gang with an eleven hundred mile range the messages could reach ninety ten million americans estimates show that more than half would die you just to the next chapter president kennedy for unanimous joint chiefs that on a military strike is deadly felt that comes the world into a nuclear nightmare kennedy set up a naval blockade hundred nuclear bombers went on twenty four hour

alert and troops were ready for thirteen days the world was on the edge of the unthinkable kennedy proposed a secret deal to christians in the us would not invade cuba at any time i would quietly remove missiles from turkey the tension was unbearable khrushchev was reduced to basic instinct he trusted kennedy and remove the missiles jeff green standard saying in order to save the world we must to treat given that the cuban missile crisis and seven protocol the quitter knowing the curtis when they had everything we had in the eroded ready to drop on his country of their submissions sweet so your nerves good nurse at the height of the crisis when he was willing to suffer humiliation and eventually

lose his position of power but we treated rather than the leaders of both sides but israel will judge it we do not know make every effort to do that our whole why action and the way to begin my fellow americans let us take that first step that i think we can step back from the shadow of the war and he got away at the end of that period a thousand miles or even more really going to me in this land at this time felt the first that air air the evolving weapon nation of the festivities in the complex was coming into

after having the road on the edge of nuclear armageddon a test ban treaty was finalized in moscow on august nineteen sixty three quote do racial end quote under water in outer space its origins in the greek consumed nato's define that pleasing the treaty did not ban and i'm going to look at their ss twenty five years ago over there oh there's no way we can stop work and that was a real breakthrough in a new respite from this notion that one's nation was your narrative form develop more nuclear weapons and now finally there was a breakthrough torn arms control and toward peace

honored with the ad season legal family were killed and i had a security clearance we see you were going you responded i think it is just possible is to charity some courage for you to make this award today that would seem to be a good older read for all our futures and hammerstein died of cancer in those close to him say he died of a broken heart the fifties and sixties was that that we were building up our power our ability to project power and force do was steadily increasing again on national security was steadily decreasing as measured by the simple fact that other greater damage to us year by year grater grate i was one of a

group of people i reached that conclusion and i still feel the city that's the that's the fundamental problem with national missile defense it's not that there's a morally reprehensible what kind of criticism effective if we really knew how to do it i would support the idea but its reach a solution is really a political problem i think the nuclear weapons have prevented war a small question that with the formation of nato the backbone or nato in the early days what are nuclear weapons in europe and that stopped the soviet aggression which if it continued somebody was going to have to convince a lot of the actions of all these

probes way in which they were successfully able to live with a lama without having to actually resolve hezbollah's time and if where we're using to find a solution or really have been possible because of the kind of prejudice we believed that there was a limited amount of energy in the world today turning to high explosives and that you could actually more than your neighbor and therefore prevent with the discovery of how to release essentially a limited energy matters ordered that change the equation so the prejudice to call it that that it was possible to prevail in the war and that changed everything we have

been giving instructions to keep building this thing and then this thing unless than eventually into something bad mr jock would maintain the peaceful on unintelligible or maybe now so it's okay nice young turks to it