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On February 25, we knew that Coria Pino was going to take her oath as president of the Republic of the Philippines. It was a historic moment. I mean, it had been a climax of everything that we had gone through the last week, the last months, the last years, the last decades. And it was hard to believe that a person that we had supported for president, a choice that we felt was the choice of the majority of this country had taken her oath of office. So help me, God. The Filipino woman is born of ancient and modern times, of determination and descent,
of religion, history and myth, of literature, of stories that have tried to capture her spirit in words. It is the telep, pert girls dancing with abandon all night long in the cabaret, and fleeing in veils to hear the first mass at dawn. And always, up there above the crowds, and hot dust, the mountains, and the woman sleeping in a silence mighty with myth and mystery. Or she was the ancient goddess of the land, sleeping out to thousand years of bondage. But when at last she awoke, it would be a golden age again for the land.
No more suffering, no more toil, no rich, and no poor. ura v. Kup... Oh, thank you very much. On August 21, 1983, my children were living in Boston, my husband had left 8 days ahead of us to come back to the Philippines.
It was at around 2.30 in the morning. When my oldest daughter received this telephone call from the Kyoto News Agency, and she was just so shocked to hear them asking her if it were true that her father had been assassinated in the airport.
And moments after that, we received calls from UPI and AP, but we were all still hoping against hope that the news wasn't correct. But I think after I got the telephone call from Congress Manshin Taro Ishihara of Japan, he more or less verified that indeed my husband had been shot and my children had to accept the cruel fact that we had lost my husband. And that assassination became for us the symbol of the complete arrogance of the Marcos dictatorship that they felt that they could get away with something so brazen at killing him,
in an airport which had been cordoned off by thousands of soldiers and where there were Filipino and international journalists on the airplane. And pass it off as the work of a lone gunman who had penetrated that cordon. We almost felt insulted that they thought we would swallow such a story. I wish to vigorously deny all of these rumors and I appeal to our friends in the opposition to help us maintain calm, peace and terror during these hopeless times. The news was flashed on television, but I felt so terrible. I felt so bad and I told myself, oh my god, they did it. They made good their word because I remember email the Marcos and Marcos were saying they didn't want Nino to come home because they said somebody would assassinate him. And I said boy, they did it. They made good their word and I really felt some terror and a lot of pain right here in my belly.
They lived in a cluster of islands in the South China Sea long before the strangers came. When they were created, the first man and the first woman sprang together at the same time from a single stock of bamboo. An ill-tempered bird, jealous of the man's beauty, dropped from the sky and pecked at the beautiful man. The strong woman sat up quickly, pulled the bird's tail. The bird flew away.
The islanders believed that when a woman died, she would come to the Black River. There, she had to cross a bridge to reach the other life. Only a man who had loved her could help her cross the bridge. In life, a woman took many lovers preparing for the crossing. When the strangers arrived, centuries later, they named the man strong. The women were named beautiful, but without morals. After the assassination, what happened, too, was the outpouring of grief, of national grief, the lines of people going to the wake from the bridge to the port to no bodies.
But just lining up there to express the grief, nothing of these came out in the papers. During the burial, which was supposed to be a record breaking 2-3 million people. Not a word in the media. Again, it accentuated the total control that Marcos had over media. We had to find our expression of outrage in other ways. That was when all of these protest groups were organized. Our determination to get more and more people involved was done through very mild ways of protest. We would hold religious processions. We would walk around Makati and people would be throwing confetti at us. Everything was just done in a very non-violent way. Women priests lived in every town on the islands. They called themselves Babalans.
Babalans, they healed the sick for told the future. They were judges and finders of lost things. They performed religious ceremonies and rituals of harvest, birth and death. They were learned and disciplined women. Together with the men, they ruled the islands. When the strangers arrived, the Babalans were banished. But their spirits lay deep in the women, waiting. There was a small group of us. I think we were seven or nine to start with.
In a way, I think all of us were awakened by the assassination of Ninoi that we could no longer just go on with our daily lives. I was an executive in a finance company at that time. I was the president of a finance company. And yet I felt that all of this would be irrelevant even to my children, to the future of our country if we remained in such a state. When we were first formed, Marcos called us a group of hysterical women. That came out in print, so that's a very accurate way for me to describe how he thought of us. One of the things that really triggered us into the streets was a very cocky statement of President Marcos then, about how he thought of women, Filipinas. He said the women should just remain in the home and in the bedroom and not get involved in politics, in serious affairs of society. And many of us, not just the professionals among us, the housewives especially, felt very insulted and at the same time encouraged to come out and speak out.
And so many of us went out into the streets, we led many of the Marches, but there were more women than there were men. And many of us didn't have our husbands and our sons in tow yet. But that is not to say that there were no men there. There were many brave men with us too. What I believe is that, if anyone wants to challenge, please try to suit this country better. In 1521, a Spanish fleet landed on the southern tip of the southernmost islands. There, by the shore, they celebrated mass and went into battle.
They stayed almost four hundred years. The conquistadors called the islands Las Islas Filipinas after their king, Philip. They arrived bearing gifts of faith, language and morays. They rode home to their king about the Babalans and the beautiful, but immoral, women of the bridge. Estos naturales de estas islas no tienen ningún tiempo ni lugar dedicado para hacer sacrificios ni oración. The natives of these islands have no priests to attend to religious affairs except certain or women who are experienced witches who keep the other people deceived.
These priestesses utter prayers and perform ceremonies to the idols for the sick. They believe in moments and superstitions with which the devil inspires them. The women are beautiful but unchased. They do not hesitate to commit adultery because they receive no punishment for it. It is considered a disgrace among them to have many children. For they say that when the property is to be divided among all the children, they will all be poor and that it is better to have one child and leave him wealthy. The women encourage their own daughters to a life of unjustity so that there is nothing so vile for the latter that they cannot do before their mothers since they incur no punishment. When they marry, they men are not concerned whether their wives are virgins or not.
They love their wives so dearly that in a case of a quarrel, they take sides with their wives' relatives, even against their own brothers and fathers. The conquistadors turn their backs on the women of the bridge and forever change their role as the equals of men. As the marches became more and more risky and violent, they asked us to maybe go up front, take the front lines, until one rally in Quezon City monument, where it was actually asked to be in the front because we were very sure that the military was going to be there, not only to disperse us but perhaps to throw tear gas, that rally turned out to be really one of the most violent.
Well, the water cannons after ride became part of the course, but in that particular rally, they opened fire and they started to shoot at the demonstrators and then we even saw rocks flying from the runs of the military towards the demonstrators and we even saw a rock fall on the face of one of the boys beside us and just smash his face completely. It was scary and it became even worse when we had to disperse because we had to turn our backs and start running away and the thoughts came into my mind, are these people going to shoot because our backs are turned now? So you begin to imagine that your head's going to fly or you're going to get them bullets
through your heart, it was very scary. We wrote a letter, an open letter to President Marcos and we informed him that the country was really already going down the drain and that a lot of people felt that we had to change, we had to end the dictatorship, open up again of country, we signed our names and I think this was one of the first times that people actually had the courage to sign their names to these open letters and so it was so unusual that the only protest newspaper at that time which was called Malaya or Freedom, headline our letter and I remember very clearly the headline of the newspaper was, we men lash out against FM, if I didn't know Marcos, I think we were such a large organization but our names were all printed and of course we were afraid because we couldn't just be picked up at any time, they were picking up people right and left but for some reason he didn't, maybe he saw, I know he was asked about it at some
point or he or Melda and their response was, oh they're only women. Well I understand the opposition has been asking for an election. In answer to their request I announce that I am ready to call a SNAP election perhaps earlier than eight months, perhaps in three months or less than that. If all these childy claims to popularity on both sides have to be settled, I think we better settle it by calling an election. At the time he was confident with a huge machinery that he had, he had the military, he had all the resources, the finances, he was sure that he could put this machinery into work and win the elections at all costs. So it was like bravado on his part to call elections and then we found ourselves with
a campaign in our hands because Koryakino was urged to run. Koryaklara did not have her father's Spanish eyes, she had her mother's island eyes, large, black, shadowed by long lashes. She lived between the covers of a book, a literary creation held up as an ideal. Her hair was fair, her profile classic, her nose neither sharp nor flat. Her mouth was small and wind song, her skin fine as an onion and white as cotton. Locked up in a convent, she learned to obey her father, cast down her eyes, pray the
rosary, be pure and look on all men as devil incarnate. She learned to embroider a little, to read a little, to write a little and to faint at the mention of a beloved by name. She sat by windows and looked forward to the joys of heaven. For the women of the age, Maria Clara did not languish in the pages of a novel. She was flesh and blood, she was the epitome of all feminine virtues. A young Filipina of the Spanish era had three choices. She could take the veil, drift into spinsterhood, or she could marry, serve her husband and bear many children.
Gabriela Silang was flesh and blood. She left the convent and married a rich and educated man. Diego Silang was a rebel, a leader in the fight for independence from Spain. In 1762, he was betrayed and assassinated. Gabriela grieved and stepped in front of the army that Diego had left behind. She became Henerala, the fiercest fighter among her troops, liberating town after town from the Spaniards. It was said that Gabriela had supernatural powers. She gave her men amulets to ward off evil spirits, to protect them from bullets and blades. She was the most wanted person in the Philippines. A year later, Gabriela was captured and hanged.
But the Philippine people kept her alive as the spirit of their struggle for independence. At that time, I really was hoping that the opposition could unite behind one candidate and this is not me. But as time went on, a number of the presidential candidates had made known publicly that they would only withdraw from the race to give way to me and to nobody else. And without wishing to pass judgment on the qualities of other opposition candidates, I hereby affirm my candidacy. Over and above that, I think what was uppermost in my mind was that I was thinking that if I did not accept the challenge, then years later, or maybe even days afterwards and
if our candidates had lost, I would be asking myself, was there something I could have done and which I turned my back to? So this was something that I felt would be very difficult to live with. Some support my candidacy say that if I am elected, my role will be that of mother of the nation. I am honored by the title, but I am campaigning to be president of our country. It is in that capacity that I shall serve and as president, I assure you, I shall leave. If elected, I will remain a mother to my children, but I intend to be chief executive of this nation.
I intend this well to be the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the country. Among my relatives, I found that my women relatives were more, shall I say, more aggressive. I suppose one man explained this to me that, well, I guess this was the excuse that women have fewer responsibilities than the men because the men have to earn a living, but anyway, whatever it was, I found the women really giving me their full support in all levels of society from the very rich to the poor. My main support really came from the women. In 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for a sum of $20 million.
When the Americano came, he was a big million of a different nature. The Americano opened schools for Maria Claras and encouraged her to speak her mind and told her, independence of character was greater than virtue. The Filipina responded immediately, attaining political suffrage years before many of her western sisters, despite the men's protest that women's suffrage would lower the birth rate. For the Maria Claras of the day, it was only a costume change, from convent to Hollywood. The Americans were surprised at the familiar women who would meet them as their
friends. When I first stepped off Pier 7 to be greeted by a delegation of women, all selected as the most modern examples in the entire clan. I was delighted. But shortly I would discover that their chief criteria for modernity was to be able to change smoke like Betty Davis, to wear slacks like Catherine Huckbird, and to be able to mix and serve a cocktail like Murna Loy, whose films they never missed. Their housemaids imitated their mistresses slavishly.
The men and women of the Philippines took this newfound character to heart. On July 4, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed an independent democratic nation. The Philippine people elected Burdenand Marcos as the sixth president of the Republic. President Marcos, not satisfied with two terms of office, prepared for a third, calling for a constitutional amendment. The Philippine people, uneasy, began their protests. In 1972, unwilling to relinquish power, Marcos declared martial law and suspended the Constitution.
Together, Burdenand and his wife, Imelda, formed a partnership. The longest-running conjugal dictatorship in Asia. And I remember they asked him, Ferdinand, now that you are president, what is my role as your first lady? And his answer to me was as father and president of the country. I will have to build a stronghouse for the Filipino people, and you as first lady make it a home. Okay, I'm in Musician, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of the Philippines. My wife, you are the first lady, I'm the Republic of the Philippines.
My wife, you are the first lady. We need to see things as they are in reality. We do not operate in a battle. My opponent, grossly simplified, when she reduces the context world of politics, into a manikian battle between good and evil, if she truly believes the caricature she has made of me, then she is dangerously naive. If she does not, if she is just making rhetorical points but one for course, then she is done
as sincere as she pretends to be. He had many things to say about me, and one of them was that as a woman, I had no experience, and I said, yes, that's true. I have no experience in cheating, in lying, and in killing my opponents. I guess I'm one of those very fortunate people that has been blessed with a great deal of faith. Without faith, I guess I would have given up a long time ago, I would have been in despair and the situation perhaps would have appeared just so impossible and so hopeless that I would just have either withdrawn to myself or just turn my back to all of these other challenges. Well that election day was a very chaotic, very tension-filled 24 hours.
I would say it was the greatest moment of fear that I had in my life. The country was going to vote against the dictator, and the dictator had put mechanisms in place not to allow the vote to be counted. It's as simple as that. Actually, from the first moment, something was wrong. From the first moment, you could see all the forces of power against us. You could see the intimidation and the violence already creeping up. The minute I reached headquarters, I got all kinds of phone calls saying they're not letting us into the polling place. They are filling the place with guns. They are flying voters in the area. The local officials are menacing us. What can you answer? You say, stand there, stay there, do what we have to do. We knew we had been cheated because many of us were right there from the beginning of
the elections to the time when the certificates of canvas were brought to the Batasan Pampansa. So for example, in San Juan and Mandeluyon, which is my district, we knew at the end of the counting that Koreakino won in our district by a very, very slim margin. After the Batasan Pampansa, Marcos already won in our district. So we knew we had been cheated. We didn't pursue on to the resolution 799 to proclaim Ferdinand in Marcos as president-elect and Arturo Telentino as the vice president-elect. So we were studying our options. Should we go into the hills, have a government in exile, should we start civil disobedience, et cetera. What we decided on was to have a victory celebration, to just say we don't believe the results of the Batasan Pampansa. So we will declare Koreakino, our winner, our president, and we would do boycott.
We would boycott all of the products of the crony business establishments. Well starting with my fellow opposition leaders, I think they were aghast and they were saying, you want to call for a rally and I said, well, as I have been going around Metro Manila and when people see me, they shout and call out to me saying, Koreak, what else do you want us to do? And so I think that it would be best if we tried to call for a rally and if many people come, then it's a sign for us to continue in our fight against the dictator. Of course we were all just so overwhelmed with the kind of response that we got. We went home late at night with a kind of heavy heart because when we were getting ready
for bed that we got a phone call from friends and they said the latest is the computer programmers of their own government monitoring team had walked out. They walked out because they saw that the results were being tampered with. That changed my spirit right there in those two seconds because it reinforced what we knew, that the people knew who had been elected and who hadn't been. We are scared. I'm not going to know what to do next, we don't know what to do next but we just felt that we had to do something and we did it and I know. They can kill all of us here, we are all gathered in this building and in this camp.
We don't have to consider President Richard and DiMarco as of now being a jury constituted orthodox. Thank you gentlemen for taking my photograph, this may be my last appearance for you. Cardinal Sien had made a call on the radio that he wanted prayers and fasting and to watch closely what was transpiring at Edsa and that we should give support to Secretary Poncin Riele and General Ramos. It was an innocuous statement, give support. It didn't ask us to go there. So a group of us urged Bishop Baccani to please call the Cardinal and make his call a very definitive call for physical support. Our two friends, Mr. and Riele and General Ramos are in danger. Together with 250 soldiers, please go to Edsa and form a human barricade.
If we wanted to finish this and say one hour, we could but it would be a bloody affair. When the helicopter started to fly down at dawn, we knew that Marcus was not going to hesitate or during these helicopters maybe to shoot or to bomb. But apparently we were wrong because he did have that little bit of Christian or human left in him and he didn't want a bloody massacre. I guess he knew the whole world was watching and he was very cautious about that.
Radio played a very, very important role, keeping people aware of what was happening. Once media was almost entirely controlled by Marcos, radio was our only little window. So everybody could bring out and were instructed to bring out their little transistor radios and get a feel and get instructions as to where to meet, you know, how to get together. I remember once a newspaper reporting that it was a funny revolution because the women were armed with rosaries and with a rosary in one hand and with a transistor radio in
the other hand, nothing else to protect them. And I guess women brought their children because of that point in time. We were doing this not so much for us but for our children. We felt that we had had enough 20 years of Marcos and we didn't want any more of this type of scenario or dissituation for the future of our children. This was around 5 o'clock in the morning and all of a sudden from the horizon we could see a group of some 5 or 6 dark looking helicopters and we said to ourselves, oh boy, this doesn't look good. And we could hear the sound of the sea corkies, I mean, this sounded like, you know, we were in the war zone and I remember my husband Louis telling me, well, Tracy, this is it. And he sounded like we were going to be hit or bombed out by the helicopters.
And then they passed over us, which was a very chilling moment and nothing happened. A few seconds after we heard a very loud cry and apparently it was really a cry of joy because the sea corkies had landed on the camp and we got the message that, oh, the sea corkies and the air force are with us now. They had orders to strafe us. They probably figured this was not the right way to hit people like dead ducks and they landed instead. And I guess some kind of, we call it a miraculous event to place. For the sake of the Filipino people, I asked Mr. Marcos to step down now so that we can have a peaceful transition of government. I call on our people to rally to camp Avinaldo and camp Krami in a show of people's power and solidarity with General Ramos and Minister Enrique.
I am president, I was proclaimed by the only constitutional body that can converse and proclaim the winner in the presidential election. So why should I step down? I was on my way to Radio Bandido, but I figured I should find out what's happening in the TV station so I had something to report on radio. And when I got there, the rebel troops were already firing at the government station positions. Finally, the government troops gave up their position and allowed us to enter the TV station. We found ourselves there with this television station and said, well, let's go on the air.
Good afternoon. You are very proud to bring to you the first three broadcasts from Channel 4. The people have taken over and we promise to bring to you the news as it happens. We would also like to call on all the concerned artists of the Philippines who have at one time or another appeared in this station. We are calling on you to come and join us now for this free broadcast. Let us bring to the people the truth as I was waiting for the cameras to roll there. The feeling was so personal that the historicalness of that moment was lost on me entirely. It was only after the initial broadcast when a production assistant rushed to me with a little slip of paper and I read it that I realized, oh my god, this is going out all over the world. I have a brother who lives in Virginia and he had managed to get through the telephones in Channel 4 and said, send this message. The message was, dearest Ma'an, we love you, we're very proud of you, please comb your hair.
We knew the dangers that they would try to retake the station but we also were excited by the fact that here we were on television and we were taunting him, we were telling him you're no longer in control. We were also making plans already for taking my oath of office for the following day. In fact it was really scheduled for the 24th except that by the time the lawyers had finished drawing up what my oath would be, it was getting dark and I told them, I don't think it is safe for the people who will be coming to see us to go there when it is dark. So I said, why don't we just hold it on the 25th and that is why I guess for the first time in Philippine history you have two people both taking their oaths of office as president.
I think an hour or so apart, I took my oath ahead of President Marcos. The two oaths taking were the height of surreality as far as we were concerned. It just showed the divisive state that we were in in the sense of the good and evil that we felt had divided our universe. I picked her inauguration that morning when I rushed to the studio, I told Johnny Manahan who was directing the show, I have the tape of the inauguration of the new president of the Republic, he says, good, he says, Russian, I don't know how you're going to get yourself a seat in that set but just get in there grab a mic, he says. And when they're ready to roll, announce it. So I rushed in and there were so many people on the set now, you know, analyzing what was going on outside.
And I was trying to get myself a seat, nobody was paying attention to me. So when the camera was angled to somebody else, I slipped in and I literally had to push my way on the couch to get a seat and grab a microphone from one of the other, one of the other panelists there. And I had to wave at the camera man to say, I'm ready, I'm ready, you know, focus the camera on me. People were staring at me watching up too. And at that point, I announced we now would like to bring to you the inauguration of the new president of the Republic of the Philippines, Corey Aquino and they rolled the tape. What we did not know in the studio at the time was that on another channel 9 and 13, they were telecasting live from Malacaniam and Marcos was there waving at the crowd and he was about to give his inaugural address. And at that precise moment, just before I announced Corey's inauguration, the snipers of the rebel forces killed the transmitter of channel 9 and 13, blacked them out. So people who were watching that broadcast switched to channel 4 and it was a precise
moment, I would say, president of the Republic of the Philippines and Corey Aquino came on. So the perception was that Corey and the rebel forces were in total control and I think that the morale booster for the rebel troops was tremendous and more people went out in the streets, more people supported Ramos and Andrile. A lot of people started to get sick, especially those that didn't live around Manila and had nowhere else to go to. We were distributing medicines and then at about 9, a little bit after 9 o'clock at 9, came this announcement on the radio for everyone to stand by and we were thinking,
now it's this for real, has he finally fled or has he been killed or captured. And then the news came that they had left. The Marcos has left this country. Has president Marcos left the palace? He's left the palace. Yes, that's correct. Has he left the country? I don't know, but he's no longer there. So Mrs. Aquino is now the ruler of this marriage. We couldn't believe it. There was jubilation, there was shock, there was great relief, there was a true feeling of liberation we had done yet. It was like an exorcism. I felt that I had reached a certain terminus of my life. You know, that I had reached some kind of a watershed, that everything that I had done in the last three, four years had finally culminated in something that I was happy to accept.
Well, the fateful night of February 1986, just as my late husband, president Marcos, and I, after all, rockets had been with airplanes and helicopters attacking the palace. And we were coming down of the palace. And he held my hands and said to me, you melt up this issue or fault. And I said, why afraid? Why is it my fault? And his answer to me was, it is your fault because you gave me a heart. Now he said, I will keep on, all my life now, I will keep on saying, Ferdinand Wip, not like a woman, you cannot defend your people like a man. Because you gave me a woman's heart, a mother's heart.
And you have inflicted me, he said, not only to do what is right, but to do what is beautiful, the ultimate end of any given man, for it is a reach of God. This was for me a sad and a most happy moment. And as I look back on that fateful night, the greatest and the shining hour and moment of mark was on that night when he had a woman's heart, a human heart, where in he became total, where in he saw what was beyond, what just was right, what was beautiful, godly and love. It was a choice between save your people and save yourself, he opted to save the people. And that is love and that is the spirit of a woman.
He got out running, he got out in a hurry, he got out suddenly, he got out, you know, because the world was caving around him, because the country that he owned showed him that he was no longer the owner, the mood of violence and anger that engulfed Malakanyan shortly after he left, surprised even me. The people in the palace were very angry, just like a real angry, almost crazy mob. I was a little frightened walking around there, because it seemed like at any given point this mob could have turned into a real anarchic group of people. I guess it was 20 years of pent-up emotions all being allowed to free themselves at that point.
We had been waiting and waiting for Cory to make her first statement as president of the Republic. When a general around us walked in saying, Mrs. President, everybody is dancing in the streets, you know, people are so happy. She says, oh, yes, all right, let me take this statement. Good evening, the United States Ambassador Stephen Bosworth has informed me that Mr. Marcos and his party are now at Clark Air Base. The law agony is over. We are finally free and we can be truly proud of the unprecedented way we achieved our freedom. We have courage and we have determination and most important in peace. When Ambassador Bosworth called me at night of February 25th to tell me that President Marcos had already been flown to Clark and Ambassador Bosworth was asking me if it was
possible for him to go to Pawai, Locos Norte. And I said, is President Marcos in a very serious condition and is it in danger of dying and Ambassador Bosworth said, no, I don't think so. Well in that case tomorrow, first thing, he should fly on to Honolulu. Well I guess that's when I knew I was president. When my permission was being asked if the dictator could be allowed to stay or to go on to Pawai. I have been on board with my young boy.
I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy. That's the story of my life. My life is full of the king and the young. The extremes of the truly happy and joyful things in life and also the truly sad things and painful things in life. It is really a life of agony and ecstasy. I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy.
I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy.
I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy. I have been on board with my young boy.
I have been on board with my young boy.
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Program
Spirits Rising
Contributing Organization
Center for Asian American Media (San Francisco, California)
AAPB ID
cpb-aacip/520-f18sb3xw53
If you have more information about this item than what is given here, or if you have concerns about this record, we want to know! Contact us, indicating the AAPB ID (cpb-aacip/520-f18sb3xw53).
Description
Program Description
Spirits Rising is a moving, evocative and timely program about women in the Philippines and their epic journey from pre-colonial priestess to president of the republic. Myth, literature, news footage and interviews with President Cory Aquino, Imelda Marcos and prominent individuals who facilitated the "people power" movement are woven together to portray a powerful matriarchal Malay identity that is as imperative to the future of the Philippine nation as it has been throughout time itself.
Created Date
1995-00-00
Asset type
Program
Genres
Documentary
Subjects
Aquino, Corazon Cojuangco
Rights
Ramona S. Diaz, 1995
Media type
Moving Image
Duration
00:59:00
Credits
Producer: Diaz, Ramona S.
AAPB Contributor Holdings
Center for Asian American Media
Identifier: 00002 (CAAM)
Format: U-matic
Generation: Master
Color: Color
Duration: 00:59:00
If you have a copy of this asset and would like us to add it to our catalog, please contact us.
Citations
Chicago: “Spirits Rising,” 1995-00-00, Center for Asian American Media, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed March 28, 2024, http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-520-f18sb3xw53.
MLA: “Spirits Rising.” 1995-00-00. Center for Asian American Media, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Web. March 28, 2024. <http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-520-f18sb3xw53>.
APA: Spirits Rising. Boston, MA: Center for Asian American Media, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-520-f18sb3xw53