Anatomy of a Revolution; 10; Types of Revolutionaries. Part 1

note now the proposal is a scientist make much use of the concept of an image the image we americans have of our country the average europeans have of our country the image of man as himself the image of those have him no i suppose the term revolution is called up some saw that image in the mind of almost everyone united states presence i think david is usually a lie certainly the american newspaper or magazine cartoonist who makes use of images of no merely

metaphorical sense has long been in the habit of drawing the revolution is as a disheveled why died unshaven ran a reindeer or as an obviously feel in this conspirator or bomb thrower i feel sure that from the beards along to fidel castro's followers many americans concluded it wants that here was a very dangerous and irresponsible jar is empty this conclusion is of course by no means holy roll in every revolutionary movement there are individuals or come close to this cliche or stereotype of the irresponsible while and of course the revolutions in those would buy or they're always such in any great society have very different images and self righteous back in the thirties the young of social consciousness in this country saw the revolution's this as a find sturdy steel worker simple

clean living class conscious and corrupted or the bad ways of capitalist society and nicely self educated as in this from the new investments it is clear that ordinary quiet law abiding conservative home loving and respectful full do not usually ride at conspire against the government would take to the bush in the room a bank is but the tiny on real image the conservative house and the revolutions and beyond real image the revolutions have evidence has of himself this seems to the historian to be a wide range of it was to the potentially call real persons i'm going to try to sketch a few outlines of a type quality or social psychology of revolutions but i was one knew that the reality is always more complex and more subtle than the average that indeed it takes all sorts to make a

revolution in the great society at least as many kinds of to make a stable society first of all however i should like to revert to the old problem of how true is that common notion that the bulk of the revolutions are always from the bottom of the social economic pyramid of society that insured revolutions are the poor rising against the rich and the wealthy do get tired that is a draw ein that suggests that these are indeed the disreputable rising against the reputable this is one of the scenes from one of the wilkes riots in eighteenth century england wilkes and south of the upper classes was one who took the side against the king from him half of wilkes barre pennsylvania whose name i'm sure that at least until the russian revolution of nineteen seventeen the people who carried

through the work of the revolution not just the leaders about whom i shall speak shortly but the followers we're essentially what we americans understand by middle class with an actual sprinkling of song upper class person's the english puritans even the radical independence was certainly not rattle dispossessed poverty stricken for the most part it was solid farmers tradesmen like socially economically much like those of their kind who came and settled new england the french revolution is that even the radical jack is as i think i showed objective labor study published in nineteen thirty the jacksons an essay in the new history we're rather more middle class than go i will not

here for you with the statistics i managed to work out from surviving tax rolls of seventeen eighty nine and membership lists of jackman cups but here is one sample for forty two jack and cups sampled all over france during the most violent or radical period ninety three ninety four when if ever the poor or the proletarian should have been in a majority i fall and fifty seven percent middle class judged by professions and other signs about the taxes they pay thirty two percent working class of like eleven percent essence and many of the workers and the peasants appear when you work in the archives to have been relatively well they were not the poorest americans know the rubble of america wells the deserving and the undeserving poor the ragged bow stupid

american did not make up the majority of the french revolution is even if many historical play's historical novels tell you baby i need not hear quite without irony insist on the fact that the bombs did not make the american indian nationalist revolution it's like ours the irish the polish young gary in nineteen fifty six and many others clearly enlisted a cross section of the whole society from rich to poor from the educated to the egg actually of course marxist theory that's at the leaders of the proletariat initially at least with the bourgeois or better after all mark's himself was a bourgeois and a phd in the party it's

been but here is my favorite example is from the negotiations impressed with the us in nineteen seventy nineteen eighteen and has a course and useful when the first russian delegation was sent to that town to make the germans and negotiate peace it included as samples of the proletariat achievements of the revolution one specimen each sale or work or aunt beth the president is sick no doubt by malicious an amazing working class to have distinguished himself chief levi's interest in the lakers law anyway when the negotiations really got going after the recess the russians dropped their ornamental sailor sochi and work or doesn't were represented by men of course not the social equals of the high born germans opposite them but one suspects at least their cultural superiors hear in the news photo you will see them just gone from his death

let them and your brass highly visible but you can see by a cap its lady lady boss dick button down beat sen kyl she was somewhat neurotic lady bolshevik well it made a reputation and the bad old days by shooting victims the old fatah leaders as a matter of fact even included two distinctly oh upper class or a noble are actually its jerseys skee ball and teacher and they rushed their does remain the problem of the revolutionary crowd tomorrow the man and often when i'm doing the work often dangerous and dirty work of actual violent

revolution in the streets dr cates some marxists hold the cliche that in the revolutions in the modern world before nineteen seventy these crowds were in fact impulsive poor and downtrodden proletarian who's or deliberately used by the bourgeoisie to do the dirty work of overthrowing the aristocrats then left in their measured by the wicked bourgeoisie we've got what they wanted and we're going to share it with the protests there's a tiny element of troops and as cliche as i attempted to say there isn't mostly ships but it's not even a half truth about attendance are by definition you can say that nice respectable prosperous middle upper class people don't rush lab to say out in the street break windows impacts there's no doubt but riding in boston in the seventies sixties and seventies street fighting in paris and seven the nineties some of the english riots and seventy and above all the eighteenth centuries do you show the participation of what

we can call them another cliche the dregs of society and yet there is ample evidence that under certain conditions normally respectable people will join in a mob and behave indecently there were still active varieties right in boston who roughed up appalachian roots and friends of the negroes in the antebellum days of the nineteenth century for by no means all boston was then on the side of the ancients the subject revolutionary crowds is fascinating and i can only skim it here unfortunately but i should however like to call your attention a very solid says recent study the quality in the french revolution by an englishman with a french name george root that was the route that concludes in this interesting but rath

but the pejorative descriptions of crowds given by historians hostile to the french revolution today for instance calls the takers unless do you quote drags of society and it's fabulous subjects the snare words are unfair french revolutionary crowds according to rw day rally pillaged scene of the made up lively of them their neighbor the solid are concerned class i cannot go quite as far as business degree day who says the eighteenth century writers were actually making use of the only weapon which flapping union organization except in weapons strike could help him advance this status report is but i don't think it's clear the revolutionary clouds do not deserve the snare words the conservatives and lavished on the once more objectivity is hard and we all loved translator our

emotions into strong language sometimes language shifts have been the emotion as some of you remember how in the course of nineteen forty two forty three in the war the bandits tito in yugoslavia became for us in the west the patriarchs and freedom fighters while the former freedom fighters of the conservative ohio which became bandits and state the whole subject of the psychology the crowd is still not really understood the social psychologists sociologists to keep working and we need to try to understand what drives groups those are what's more we know to use the figure speech i frequently used to move from orderly marching or listening or other ritual behavior the violence to a kind of explosion or something the right are using the right tone and words in the right place and situation can set off this explosion we

cannot act because they foresee the process because we do not understand that we don't know that sometimes upper class middle class respectable people can take full and disreputable part crowd files witness for instance the rioting by europeans in algeria and the nineteen fifties and the nineteen sixty some of which you can see in this striking fill the leaders great and small from the generals to the platoon commander is a non comes of revolutionary groups i use the notary offices as allies not of course literally are more readily studying the na the nameless many of the crowd is but the leaders to make an astonishing variety which does not bear out the cliche it's not even the cliche which has the revolutionary figure person now adjusting to society before the revolution let me choose a

simple list i hope they can at random and not great most of which will be familiar to jon hamm than john milton sam adams john adams paul revere george washington thomas jefferson the marquis de lafayette thomas paine the hubble don't go on spiro you got a regular looking at she joanne lennon trotsky mussolini hitler there was mounted on ob la la salle fidel castro may happen down this list contains the names of titled nobleman solid business but one professor of history successful lawyers planters commissioned officers journalists cafeterias a skilled war and loss and of course some professional revolutionaries

some clearly have been failures in their role society now adjusted in some senses deserving the kind of description conservative columnist in our day like give up among german nazi leaders despite seems to me especially numerous but some even the nazi germany on the other hand were already established and successful man in the old society someone with an interesting tie the misguided superior the man born at the top but sympathetic to the people at the bottom somewhere rich some were poor more when the point i'm trying to get out with this great revolutions of the great society is so complex them us from the start enlist the aid of a very great variety of individuals moved by a great variety of motives they're always in such movements hard workers and

spectacular sincere devoted to the work needed to keep any kind of society go they're always idea of this is broaden the special circumstances to positions of responsibility not normally there is there always of course disease psychopathic at normal individuals who come to the top in larger numbers proportionately and certainly often require larger real powerful only briefly in times of revolution this last book the disease revolutionists does indeed exist and even american liberals who dislike the conventional american conservative insistence that revolutions are mostly nasty people ought to be honest enough to admit the existence of this tie i shall give concrete examples sharply mr hoppe for instance my point is now but these are not typical

revolutions if there is such a thing but nevertheless some kind of ordering of this variety is it possible isis start with broad general type quality one subject is always when one deals with real human beings to shadings variations of all not a simple sack of rigid pigeon holes in which every revolution is has to fit perfectly this classification i'd taken the interesting book of that philosophical san francisco longshoreman in his off moments eric over which he calls the true the lever here it is in a paperback edition and a fascinating look at it study of one kind of revolutionary type of a very pretty job according to mr hofer revolutions can be divided with three so it's first the man of words to prepare for the rupture in my terminology the

intellectuals who deserve the volt there's for instance man familiar to you all you're using the thomas paine we've already mentioned wreath a man again but the particulars so the agitated the great impact that dear madam word sure the courtney's gorky was the last of the great russian intellectuals survived into the revolution has a silly name for this a matter of fact and finally of course nature when some senses was the intellectual of the nazi movement will it live he would've hated that second according to mr hofer there are the fanatics the fanatics who push the revolution onto its radical crisis its attempt to retake all humans on the pattern the fanatic mr ross ph again a familiar

figure who's face we've seen in the stock before the top students trotsky perhaps in many ways the most typical revolutionary if you're looking for a line revolutionary of genius and next and finally this novel there's a practical man of action the man of action contain the revolution consolidate its changes and usually turn out to be some sort of dictates napoleon bonaparte who ended the french revolution a man again clearly the man of action but amanda wirtz cromwell we see once more a much more ambiguous character but still very clearly a firman definite man of action and finally the man whom again we've seen before starring stallion along with violent off a second class man of action

and finally a man of action and china an enigma for many reasons we don't know much about the martinsville but a man who i think will go down in history as a very famous revolution got plastic cage mr hofer himself it was you would not insist on fatigue all revolutionary leaders perfectly and i do see a few of his first got a man of the written word a great near great thinkers but on even in part to pay for one thing most of the precursors i'd get before the revolution really bright sound voltaire died and seventeen seventy eight nearly twenty years before the parole live very little longer russo once more live very little longer the street then i've only one of them live in the resolution been extremely interesting none

of them they all died before seventeen eighty nine the greatest buyers of the russian revolution all the way from marx back in the eighteen forties russian writers like ericsson in the later nineteenth century the novelists where almost all death by nineteen seventy four he alone perhaps of the first class still alive but for another thing these intellectuals aren't men of action they're usually not even good arts and the men of action on the other hand even the fanatics are rarely top notch thinkers though some of them like to regard themselves as such as indeed it led a hitler stalin himself trotsky wants more guns near is belonging to all three categories but his gifts as a thinker were robbed of those of the historians the essayist they were not those of the regional philosophic creative thinker as for

instance box but the other two appeals to hold those categories the fanatics the man of action around the more likely to run to get tired or to pigeonhole lenin and trotsky i'd say were both have headaches while but both had real administrative and manipulative skeel says here is one of the few remaining photos by the way in which they appeared again this is a photo that no russian could legally see unless of course you were in the inner circle or they try to forget trotsky cromwell shirley at that is fanatic who feel that's not just a raucous beer remains to buy my nearest to a pure malay but i must admit that he still has french admirers who think of them as a skillful state's ruling only by wicked reactionaries and fairey well you saw and suggested business that offers three weight classifications is it heats up in are

proposed in the rest of this and in my next talk to sketch a quiet and systematic type polity of revolutions drawn mostly from the english french american and russian revolutions of novelty i sure feel free to choose from it's not my first time this is the man of the spoken word the arts or a man absolutely essential to the revolutionary process but rarely one who can be put in this that offers group of creative man of words the reports it is for most of these arguments ivan no means original think it's they have a gift the tone of voice a personality something that gives them their often fearful power the move their fellow man in masses the german sociologist bader called is something terrorists a good if somewhat pedantic durham from the

greek root i suppose basically suggesting rates or giving grapes or even lobbies in our biblical translation charity patrick henry of course when you see here in this dignified pose with our most famous partner but we had a number of them don't go with the origins of the french the abo a very sensible man three for the russians is there is a whole group of relatively moderate georgian man chicks are among the best known was very telling and of course rescue himself lucky that all around revolution it was no mean are there for the seventeenth century revolution that was of course the puritan preachers rather than the artist who did the necessary stirring up of the many but we got to get a better example when hitler himself look back in the moment here in these failed us

i think you realize that you do not need to understand him any logical sense what he's been saying my guess is that if a german audience that this is a risk the whitest in arabic what is turismo in one time and place is often just because something repellent in another time and place i'm prepared to admit the tv and radio of all the essential demands on this topic the art store but i will not for a moment ago the way of so many of my colleagues and say that modern technology has done away with i hope you get a quotation marks my voice this revolutionary time i look for a moment that castro i guess if we can have a videotape of clay on the

athenian demagogue of two thousand years more ago he would look and sound like ask you know the arthur given a bad name the rabble rouser is essential to any revolution he may or may not be otherwise gifted as a politician gifted to solve things you a long and by the way within a defined revolutions was a rabble rouser but also a successful politician to give the devil its do some to accept that but my impressions that many revolutionary are here's your own bands the russians are telling were not very gifted otherwise will work in fact very bright so much then for one key to it are his personality of course is on the fast ms arthur you must be in any revolution next time we should go to another dry until next time anyway

i'm speaking the peak this this is at a national educational television