Invented Here

Opening theme music. Inventors are special people. They see the world differently than the rest of us. Rochester has been drawing those special people from its beginning. Samuel Hopkins moved here soon after receiving the very first patent ever issued by the new United States of America. He was followed by men and women who have made the planet a better, faster, tastier place to be. They were women and men whose sharp minds and keener visions have kept the Flower City blooming with ideas and innovations. We also have the mindset that has grown out of the last century that Rochester can fix any problem that we have, that we encourage invention; we encourage people to try and fail and then try again; and finally to succeed. You might be surprised at what and who have succeeded. You might be very surprised at the incredible variety of things that were invented here. Why do you say something is as all American as Baseball, hot dogs and American Pie? Our claims to any of

those are a bit suspect. But using that logic, why don't we say something is as all American as Jell-O? It, at least, was born here 100 years ago, an odd food given life by a man with an odder name. Pearl Wait - interesting man - had um grown up in this area, was in his early twenties - had started with a lot of funny patent medicines. Um I think he was just looking for a way of making a little extra money. And had come up with some headache powders and some cough medicines and laxative teas and things, and for whatever reason he decided to try a gelatin dessert. Let's back up for a minute. Gelatin wasn't a new idea in 1897. I mean if you boil a chicken you get ... and you let that broth set, it gels. And it's actually from the collagen of connective tissues in any kind of animal. Before 1897, most people didn't eat gelatin, not because they were disgusted by the ingredients but because they lacked the time and money. It was a carryover from Victorian times when you had a cook that would prepare this food. It took

so much preparation. You had to strain it through jelly bags. You had to buy expensive sugar and flavoring and colorings. It wasn't something that you know the average housewife was going to start with and make, and so it really was an elitist food. So Pearl Wait invented a way to bring a little more jiggle into everyone's lives. The trouble is Pearl wasn't much of a promoter. He looked for someone who could sell it. He found Orda Woodward, an already well-to-do Leroy businessman, who took Jell-O off of Wait's hands for $450. Woodward was looking to expand his line of food products which included a coffee substitute tantalizingly called Graino. He was producing Graino and then he was producing a cereal called "It." You could have It for breakfast. It was cornflake like. Jell-O was not an instant success. Woodward's plant engineer, Enro Nico, helped revise the recipe. He had no answer for the public's lack of interest. At one time there was so much jello in his factory that he offered to sell jello for $35 to Nico, and Andrew S. Nico turned it down and said "No

he wasn't interested." It was, hopefully, the biggest mistake of Nico's life. The public, of course, did warm up to jello. By the depression, you could find little boxes of lemon, orange, raspberry and strawberry nearly everywhere. They added lime, which everybody thinks is an early flavor. They added lime in 1930 and that was sort of the kick off for a lot of salad recipes that jello - I mean the question is Is it a salad or is it a desert? You know when you bring your Jell-O dish to this the church social do you put it on the salad table or do you put it on the dessert table? (Other background voices) I guess it depends on what you serve it with. No, I don't like it to be a salad. It's definitely a dessert. Well, it's a dessert. It can't be a salad? It could be. Or you could have it both if you want. I like it both. Either one. Dessert. What is it? Oh dear God, I don't know. Breakfast. It's a dessert. Right? It's a dessert. Ugh. You'd put cabbage in jello?

Jello's makers seem to weigh in on the side of salads when they introduced a celery flavor and, later on, an Italian salad flavored jello. Those weren't terribly popular but they at least made sense. Jello is a food no matter what the course. But what was somebody thinking when they introduced a flavor traditionally reserved for beverages? We have boxes of coffee jello here in the collection, but it never made to the national market. The brown flavor that was one of the seven fruit flavors at the time was chocolate. And it wasn't a pudding, it was a Jell-O And we've kind of simulated it. We use a Knox gelatin and added some chocolate flavor and it is made with milk but it's shiny and jiggly like Jell-O. And not like a pudding. Strange stuff. Though no stranger than some of the other things Americans have chosen to do with Jell-O. Jell-O actually in the very beginning and some of the recipe books actually had people adding alcohol you know like wine to their jellos. Well, what about beer with Jello? I haven't tried that yet that's someting I haven't tried. And the most

disgusting thing you've seen done with Jello? A bathtub. A bathtub full of Jello? A bathtub full of Jello - grape Jello filling a bathtub. Jello wrestling. We tried that in Leroy in our sesquintennial party. They didn't really like it too much and wouldn't supply us with enough Jello to do it, because they just think that it's an inappropriate use of a food product. It's to eat, not to play in. And if Jello is a food and an athletic medium, can it also be art? I was thinking it would just be gorgeous to have multi-colored cubes, one-foot cubes of jello. scattered around a white room that was air- conditioned to about 50 degrees. You'd walk in and these Jello cubes would be like slightly jiggling and the whole thing would be lime and strawberry and orange. Zoe's original concept has changed a bit. Well this is the mold for the 3 foot - for the cubic yard of Jello.

And ah it holds - it's 216 gallons of Jello. And I would give you the pounds of Jello and unflavored gelatin, but that would be revealing my secret. Zoe was Jello deprived as a child. This project has helped make up for lost time, particularly when an early test with a six inch cube (that's a gallon of water) exploded on her floor. That was the first time I realized that something could go wrong. But it's fairly benign. I mean the worst that happens is you get covered in sticky goo and it's Jello you know. Is there always room for Jello? Always, always. That's true? Yes, that's true. There's always room for Jello? Always, always. Do you know this man? Along with millions of people around the world, you probably do. You've just never seen his face or heard his name. Edward Savage left his native Minnesota with an electrical engineering degree and moved here some time after the

turn of the century. He worked for the Shinola Company where he invented a key that would open the top of a can of shoe polish. That simple invention revolutionized the shoe polish business and helped Shinola sell millions of cans. But that's not why you know it. You probably don't know him for inventing a safety razor, a fire extinguisher, a gas gauge, a typewriter spacer, a check protector, or a candy forming machine either. You know Ed Savage because of some ducks, a donkey, an elephant, a mouse and one fabulous dog. But that's getting ahead of the story. First, you need to meet Herman Fisher, Helen Shelley, and Irving Price. Fisher tried but failed to buy the Rochester toy company that he managed and start his own company in East Aurora, South of Buffalo. Fisher had the ideas; Price had the money; and Shelley (whose name never made it to the company's sign) had the marketing genius. As good as they were together they needed help building a toy company from scratch. Especially when they were building during the Great Depression. Evidently, they got they bought ideas from different toy designers in the area.

And that's where Ed Savage comes in. His home, now a bed and breakfast on Dartmouth Street, no longer has any reminders of the third-floor room where he did his sketching or of the basement workshop where he worked late in life as something to amuse his grandchildren. But there's good evidence that a wobbling, squealing pig when he was just thirty-two. Whatever the reason, we have to call Savage the best all around toy inventor in the United States. This was the cover story for Mechanics Illustrated in early 1939 when its reporter wrote that "Contrary to popular conceptions of inventors, Edward Savage is a practical man not given to crack- brained schemes." And there's nothing about his manner, dress or home that suggested to the writer that he was in the presence of the most nimble-minded toy inventor in the country. Mr Savage evidently was a toy designing genius because it just happened that he designed and invented the first toys Fisher-Price did and also the most popular toys they ever did.

Savages first major successes were walkie backie back up toys which included Going Back Mule, Going Back Bruno and Going Back Jumbo. More popular still were the popup critters. A written history of the company say the critters became critical to Fisher-Price's future as they took the country by storm. Lofty Lizzie, Stupy Stalky and Dizzy Deano and a special Tailspin Tabby sold by the millions. Tailspin Tabby is kind of different. It's a small little cat on a low platform and you pull the string and it dropped down and kind of - remember the push button ones? It was kind of the same theory. The problem with them is ... you don't find very many of them now because the string rotted and the beads would all be lost, so you don't find many. But that was one that in the early 1930s the mothers would come and pick up the parts in little boxes. We had boxes here. Take them home. At night the kids would put them together, earn extra money. It was the depression and that's the first little cottage industry in (unintelligible). That's how the company got started. Tabby was invented in 1927. The first toy manufacturer Savage approached with it

cast a unanimous vote. None of them thought it could ever make a profit. By the time of the Mechanics Illustrated article in 1939, more than three million American kids had one. And the magazine showed unusual foresight, when I predicted that one of savages newest toys, one that had just been introduced, seemed destined to ensure its creator immortality. According to the article, Snoopy Snipper is another character who suddenly has the fame and may make a fortune for his creator. Its mechanism is so designed that as the dog creeps along, its rear rises and its nose scrapes the ground. The idea has captured the imagination of a toy-minded public. These Christmas purchases of Snoopy have already netted its inventor eight thousand dollars in royalties. Putting that in a current context is difficult but it's safe to say that had Snoopy been born today, in less than a year he would have dragged home well over $50,000. Instead he took off like a star in 1938 black and white. He went through four different changes, four different size changes until you get up to

the 60s where they were stumming. They made millions off Snoopy. Background voices. Do you remember that dog? I sure do.I I've got one in my living room. Oh that is Snoopy and all my ... Yes, I just love him. You probably don't recognize this toy. Every inventor as a stumble and this angry Donald Backup was Savages. Toy companies don't like to make angry toys. They like them to be user friendly so they don't scare little kids. Angry Donald was one of the - either only two or three toys Fisher-Price ever made that was angry, mad, and he is ferocious. He's mad and they they didn't do that after that because the kids were scared of him. But that makes him worth probably more than any other toy in the museum. And we don't even have him he is so rare. There's probably much more to tell about Edward Savage. But a quiet genius died a quiet death in August of 1947 as he closed in on his seventy-seventh birthday. His obituary runs six paragraphs. With it, Ed Savage faded promptly from view,

Or at least his name did, his inventions. All those beads and bobbing heads and floppy tails live on. This is a story that may confirm what you've always suspected about dentists, namely, that beneath that pleasant exterior lies a cruel monster who lies awake nights dreaming up new ways to hurt mankind. What you should get from this through this though is a story of an inventive patriot who just happen to be a dentist. It's a story that goes back to the darkest days of the Civil War. (Gun shots in background and sounds of war.) This re-enactment at Genesee County Museum is as faithful as one would want to be of the First Manasses or the First Battle of Bull Run. Washingtonians made the event a picnic until they realized that a battle that wasn't grand and glorious, but brutal and bloody, was coming right at them. It was the first hint too of a war that would pit new and deadly technology against old tactics.

Rifles shot straighter and farther making the massed infantry charge an almost suicidal slaughter. Cannons were also rapidly improving. Their biggest limit was the time it took to reload and that's where Josephus Requa enters the story. You might remember his great-great granddaughter, former county clerk Margaret DeFrancesco. (Female voice) I've been following this since I was 12 years old. There was a tiny article in a Peter Tague-type column when I was in sixth grade and it made reference to a newspaper article from a fellow in South Carolina who made reference to the gun. Well that was it. I was hooked. Margaret's great-great granddad moved here with his family in the 1840s. He was briefly an apprentice to the renowned gunsmith William Billinghurst. For reasons that may never be clear. Requa was soon swerved into dentistry. DeFranceso doesn't find this switch odd at all. There's a lot of fine detail work in gun making along with crafting teeth and not just filling them, but it's. It's the

tinkering aspect. It's the mechanical kind of thing. So, no, they're connected. Requa was approached by Albert Mack who hoped to make some contribution to the Union cause. Mack wanted a new weapon. Requa took the problem to his old mentor, Billinghurst. Together, they made a bit of largely forgotten history. It was the first practical rapid fire gun ever made. It was pre-Gatling, pre-machine gun, and the concept was a very strange-looking contraption, 25 rifle barrels laid side by side and they all went off at once. The clip held all the cartridges and they were all loaded in, and then it was set off and so it was pretty formidable for the times certainly. Making it and selling it were two very different things. Requa traveled to Washington in the spring of 1862 and promptly got an icy shoulder from the general in charge of looking at new armaments. He'd probably seen so much of the stuff That it's like oh, here comes another one. And so my great-great grandfather went to

Abraham Lincoln who wrote him a note and said "General Ripley, please see Mr. Requa first 1862 A. Lincoln. The second trial convinced all of the white people. As many as 50 Billinghurst ______ batteries were ordered. Captain Mack's company set off with some of them to New Orleans. That's where some of the problems began. Among them, the crews discovered that moisture of any kind rendered the gun all but unusable. Still, when it did work, the results were eye opening. (Female voice) Because it required three men to operate it at a hundred-seventy-five to two-hundred-fifty shots or so a minute. They figured that was pretty effective because you'd have to have a whole pile of guys with a whole pile of rifles to get off that many shots. Official records are a little fuzzy on precisely where Requa batteries appeared. They were almost certainly used to guard bridges and rivers. They were at the siege of Port Hudson in Louisiana. They may have been used at the battles of Cold Harbor in Petersburg. They were definitely in on the effort to reclaim Charleston. Notably, they saw action in the battle made famous by the movie Glory.

Requas were brought in AFTER the Union suffered heavy losses trying to capture Battery Wagner and Sandy Rise, not far from Fort Sumter. (Battle noises in background.) Requa batteries were quickly ignored with the end of the Civil War and the advent of the more efficient Gatling gun which curiously,coincidentally, was also invented by a doctor. That doesn't make it any less interesting for Requa's descendants. It's kind of a kick because we've been around in the in the community for a long time and to know that that he had um a direct impact on the Civil War and had an active role in it is it's pretty interesting history, and it's nice because it's your own. Today. Even for avid Civil War scholars ______ Requa is not the first name that leaps forward on the list of Rochester's civil war heroes. Patrick O'Rourke, who died in a valiant charge of Gettysburg, has that honor. But upon his death in 1910, the newspaper gave fairly short shrift to Requas 50 years of dentistry. It noted instead Requa's role in developing the world's first rapid fire gun. No one will ever know if that choice

would have made him proud. (Female voice) I wonder. Probably. I mean it must have been ...um... This is one I wish we could go back and sort of walk around the streets of Rochester at the time and just kind of observe what people thought and said and how he was viewed. Getting from here to anywhere in 1860 usually involved horses. Trains and boats had obvious limits but a horse, a horse could go just about everywhere. 1860 is the year 14-year-old George Selden overheard his father talking with a friend. Henry Selden seldom made bad errors of judgment. He would later become a federal justice. That was AFTER he helped represent Susan B Anthony at her historic trial. But on one day in 1860, Henry Selden and his friend agreed that a self-propelled road vehicle would be impractical, if not impossible. George silently disagreed. The need for a horseless carriage was amplified in 1870 when hoof and mouth disease crippled Rochester's horsedrawn-transit system. Only four out of every 100 horses was fit for

duty. Selden, now a patent attorney, began to experiment. He did most of his tinkering in a barn off the family holding in what is now Grove Place. Selden quickly gave up on steam but did make and run an engine run by a mixture of laughing gas and kerosene. By 1876, he knew that the only answer lay in an internal combustion, compression-type engine that used a liquid fuel. Experimenting wasn't cheap or easy. His diary from October of 1877 notes the dozen patent suits he was supposed to be paying attention to. The following day he wrote in frustration. "If I ever get a road wagon, it will be by accident." Selden's brother begged him to quit. The draftsman he hired to make his drawings laughed at what he had been given and said Selden was spending his money like a FOOL. He proved everyone wrong the next year with compressed air chambers made from boiler pipes and a secondhand flywheel. He took his jury-rigged engine to a machinist shop. A flame was lit, the fly will given a sharp turn, and then there was an explosion. It was followed by more and faster explosions. Selden's engine,

arguably the first internal combustion, engine worked. And that is when the trouble started. George Selden was considered by a lot of people to be an opportunist. He took advantage of something that nobody else saw at the time and when I say nobody else, there's the road wagon or the automobile that we know today. And ah George saw it. he had a vision and he saw it, and he applied for a patent on it, and after several modifications to it, he was granted a patent in 1895. These engines are the great-great grandchildren of what Selden received a patent on an 1895. He was the first to visualize and build a light, compact, internal-combustion engine. The Selden engine operated on the braking principle. It was a two-cycle engine with six cylinders and a closed crankcase, the latter being the only true original invention contributed by Selden. He was the first to bring together all of the things we now know in an engine and with a clutch, foot brake, muffler, front-wheel drive and other features, all of the elements needed for a successful road machine.

Sympathetic biographers say Selden promptly ran out of money. He applied for a patent, stalled a bit, and was lucky enough to finally get it in 1895 when the rest of the world had woken up to the possibilities in an automobile. Others see a man who shrewdly manipulated the system until desire caught up with technology and poised himself to make a financial killing. (New male voice.) Ah that's the way I read history Yeah. I think that's correct. I think I think he dragged his feet waiting for the time when it was going to be to the best monetary advantage to him. But not a bad idea. Very good idea. There's people doing that today. Americans quickly discovered a love of cars. In 1899 there were an estimated 5000 motor vehicles in the United States. By 1911 that were 210,000. With financial stakes that high, enemies arrived and court battles are fought. He had a stranglehold right on the whole automotive industry in the early 1900's. They all paid royalty to Selden and his cohorts. He had some people ....

The electric vehicle company in Buffalo was part of it. They are paid. Ford got on it. The other side in this case belonged to a young upstart from Detroit named Henry Ford. His company writes history this way to protect Selden's patent he formed a powerful syndicate licensed selected manufacturers and collected royalties for every horseless carriage built or sold in America, attempting to monopolize the industry. Hardly had the doors been opened at the Mac Avenue factory, when Selden's syndicate filed suit against the Ford Company which bravely had gone in the business without a Selden license. Ford fought back. The reason being that Ford challenged this invention that Selden had patented had changed so much over the decades that he didn't feel that it was any longer the same patent and Ford won. Despite the loss, Selden went on making his own line of cars and trucks. His car cost twenty five hundred dollars when it was new. There was a few accessories available for it, but not too many.

It was particularly noteworthy because of the fact that you could buy three Ford cars for the same price - for twenty five hundred dollars. And there was ... it was sort of basically an assembled car but Selden built his own bodies in his factory in Rochester. It's got a 50 horsepower engine and it has a what they call a scuttle Cowl design underneath the windshield there that comes back to protect the occupants. It is called a straight line fender design and you can see from the fenders that they are on on a straight line. It is a powerful car. It has a hundred and twenty-five inch wheelbase and it is very nice riding car. Ah ... Selden was reaching into the upper-middle-class market - not quite on a par with Packard. Selden cars and trucks didn't outlive their founder by much. The last one came off the line in 1932, ten years after George Selden went to meet a different maker. He left behind for Rochester a large "What if." What if he

had won that final battle in Court? We might have been a captive of the automobile industry today. Who knows. But I am not sure that would have been a healthy thing for Rochester. We have such diversification and so many creative ideas in Rochester. I think we've done just fine. What do you owe the grade-school dropout who neigbors called "the laziest boy in town?" Better to ask "What does the world owe Seth Green?" Rochester has honored him by naming a street and an all-but-unseen island after Green. When he was a young man, he used to go to the island which is now called Seth Green

Island in his honor in Rochester, and he'd study the fish and he didn't want to go to school. Ah .. he was fishing on a stream when he decided to take a break and climbed up a tree and looked down in the water and saw some trout spawning, observed them - the two fish build what we call a red nest, lay the eggs, fertilized the eggs, buried them in rudimentarily with their tails, moved on. Saw another fish come up and eat up the eggs that they hadn't buried sufficiently and thought "Boy if I could take those trout eggs and put them in a protected environment, we'd have more fish. And that was really the germ of the idea that got him going. There are historical conflicts about exactly where Seth took two days off to observe spawning. Whether it was Canada or the Genesee River doesn't matter. The grade school dropout could not have known experiments with propagation began before the birth of Jesus Christ. He would not have known any of the scientific factors that limited their success. He did eat a lot of it by the seat of his pants. He just experimented and he just very intuitively

knew what to do. No one here in the US had even tried to propagate fish artificially. Some people in France had worked on it. Seth was not aware of what they were doing. Chinese have been breeding goldfish for centuries. But something of this scope and magnitude had never really been tried before. It didn't happen right away here either. Catching fish here and across the lake helped pay the bills in the early years of Green's adult life. He later in life purchased a fish shop on Front Street along with his brother, and he was known for being a very peculiar man lost in thought walking down Front Street just staring ahead, and people would say hello to him and he would not acknowledge them. Lost in a fog about his ideas. Seth Green was 47 when he finally took the step toward realizing those daydreams. He looks southwest of Rochester to a place the Seneca had known for centuries, a place capable of producing up to 8000 gallons of water a minute and where year-round the water temperature varies only slightly. Well, in 1864 he purchased this property and

started the fish hatchery here. And he was really looking to reintroduce fish into the wild to try to build up stocks which had been depleted from overfishing and habitat loss. Green began his experiments with trout. Trial and error soon led to a 90% rate of success. There were so many tiny trout that Green had to keep separating them with a feather. News of his work spread quickly. Four New England States sent for Green to help restock shad in the Connecticut River. Despite often fierce opposition from commercial fisherman who misunderstood Green's mission, Seth left behind 40 million new shad. And in 1870 New York State saw the wisdom in what he was doing and purchased the hatchery from him and turned around and made him the manager and superintendent of fish culturing. By then, Green's fame had spread across the opening continent. Well on the West Coast they remember him best for introducing a introducting a shad to the West Coast which is now quite a big fishery.

He did that by transporting fish on railroad cars to California. He had to be able to keep them under certain temperatures and constantly keeping them with cool water, so he would go from one car to the other and taking all of their water from their drinking fountain and bringing it back to the freight car where he had his fish. And finally when one of the conductors spotted what he was doing, he tried to stop him but when Seth Green took him into the freight room and said "This is what I'm doing. Look at these fish. They need to be kept cool. We're going across the desert." And in those days it would take a very long time in order to cross the desert. This is the ah1860s, 1870s. So the conductors actually began to help him by bringing in the water and keeping the temperature just right. Coming back he brought back the California Trout, which we now know as the rainbow. He also was instrumental in helping bring the brown trout from Europe to the United States. Seth Green, the laziest kid in town, literally wrote the book on propagating fish.

We're still doing a lot of the things that Seth pioneered, as far as the methods for stripping the fish from their eggs and fertilizing them, water hardening the eggs, incubating them. Some of the mechanics have changed but the basic principles are still the same. The hatchery started by Seth Green in 1864 is still going, strong providing thousands of trout to areas streams and likes. Without this, without Seth, this might be a much lonelier place to live. Well right now, fishing in New York State is a multimillion dollar industry and we can ... we have figures to show that the hatchery system is contributing millions of dollars of New York State economy every year. This is about pride. Upstate New York has plenty of heroes, plenty of men and women who gave their last full measure of devotion. We have several holidays to want to honor our patriots and patriotism, several chances not to be cynical about what Samuel Johnson called "The last refuge of a scoundrel." Mount Morris's place in this doesn't lie with nearby

battles or natural beauty. Mount Morris belongs thanks to a native son. Francis Bellamy was born in this house in 1855. Childhood gave way to college at the University of Rochester and later a job at the popular magazine,Youth's Companion. America then was being swept by a fiery brand of nationalism. It coincided with the four hundredth anniversary of Columbus coming to the new world. Bellamy's boss, James Upham, started a program to give flags to schools. Thirty thousand schools got a flag and a subscription to ?use? Companion. When you paid homage to the flag before 1892, you said "I give my hand and my heart to my country." Bellamy and Upham wanted something snappier. Bellamy told his boss "You write it. You have the time." Upham shot back "No, you must write it. You have the knack of words." Bellamy locked himself in an office coming out two hours later with some now familiar words. (childen's voices - "I pledge allegiance ...".

Bellamy thought American schoolchildren will be better off with allegiance and pledge rather than bow or swear. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America. That's not what Bellamy wrote. His original line was simply "to my flag" thinking "my flag" made the pledge individual and (children's voices) "and to the republic of which it stands ...... " "I forgot it" "One nation under God indivisible ...." Francis Bellamy would have stopped us right there. He must have felt the nation was under God but he never put that on paper. Congress, under Dwight Eisenhower, made the addition in 1954. (Unintelligible words by children) Bellamy had considered the slogan of the French Revolution but tossed out fraternity as too remote and called equality a dubious word. Liberty and Justice rang true. (children's voices) I pledge allegiance to the flag ... of the United State of America and to the Republic for which it stands.

one nation under God indivisible with liberty and justice for all." Thirteen million American schoolkids said that for the first time October 12th, 1892 and despite a legal challenge by James Upham's children, Bellamy's story has a happy ending. Ike himself proclaimed Francis Bellamy as the one and only author of the most famous pledge in America. If you're not a member of at least the boomer generation, you cannot remember when it was a startling event for women to burn the brasiers in public protest. Those who were witness to the Great Depression may still recall rising anger over prescribed skirt lengths. Both were reactions to male dictates over not just fashion, but women's roles in society. Women never designed the clothes they wore or the undergarments and I mean at one point at the height of fashion in 1890 women could have as much as 90 pounds of pressure on them. They did pass out. They did pierce orchids. I mean they bled internally from what they wore.

Which leads to Seneca Falls of the 1840s. New reformative ideas were an important cargo brought here by the Erie Canal. In the midst of that intellectual cauldron, the Chamberlain family welcomed a new governness, a tall young woman named Emilia. When she first came, she was a teacher. She was a teacher and got more involved in temperance and reform activities and she actually started her first newspaper which was called a newspaper about temperance and then the newspaper became more of a women's rights newspaper and what was really the first women's rights newspaper of its kind. It was published here in in ........ Temperance, which would hit its peak 70 years later with Prohibition, was the first passion of her young life. Amelia Bloomer believed that lips that touch liquor should never touch hers and wouldn't let Dexter, her husband, toast her on her own wedding night. She seem to be very

concerned about the role of alcohol in the family and the effects it was having on the family. children and women and so she talked about the the negative effects of alcohol and tried to talk about how you could change society for the better by limiting the use of alcohol, which is what the temperance movement was based on. It would not be remarkable today to see a wife and her husband echo activities at work. It was remarkable for Dexter Bloomer, editor of the Seneca Falls Courier and local Post Master, to have a wife who helped at the post office AND ran her own monthly newspaper. Why he did so was a matter of some debate. I think Dexter was like most of the middle-class gentleman of the times. They gave their wives their little picadilloes. It's really hard to say. You know we don't want to try and take our value system and place it in the values of the 1840's, but he was very supportive of her. He was also the postmaster here in town and one of the things he did was he um You write say aloud Amelia bloomer to also work in the post office. So this gave her access to a lot of people

and they say, in fact, that she did a lot of her writing or getting information for her stories by being in the post office which is really like the central part of the community, the central area that everybody would come and talk. Two events and three women helped widen the Amelia Bloomer's focus and cement her name in world history. One of the women was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, also a Seneca Falls resident, who said of her neighbor "There is one bright young woman among the many in our Seneca Falls literary circle to whom I would give more than a passing notice." It is likely that it was through Bloomer that Stanton met her eventual friend and equal giant in the movement towards women's rights, Susan B Anthony. It was in the earliest years of that struggle that Stanton heard about an interesting new fashioned idea from her cousin, Elizabeth Smith Miller. What happened is her father was a very physically fit, active man and had taken his daughter to Switzerland to climb mountains and what not. And if you know anything about the dress of the 1840's, a woman an average woman from seventeen up, could have as much as fifty five pounds of clothes on.

And um that wouldn't be real conducive to climbing mountains and in Switzerland there were lots of rest areas, sanitariums. Not what we think of padded rooms and whatnot but genteel places where you went to drink the waters. And the women at the sanitarium wore these harem type pants that tied around the ankles and Miss Smith wore them in Switzerland to climb mountains. Bloomer saw the outfit and liked it. So she really latched on to the idea, started wearing them, liked them so much and so many people inquired about them when she wore them on the street that she published the pattern um because she would get lots of letters saying what about this. It was a change and as you know a lot of people are not happy with any kind of changes. There was a lot of political cartoons talking about how women would try to take on the same roles that men did because they now were wearing pants.

And the local children would hide behind fences and um they made up a poem and it went something along "High ho in wind and snow. Mrs. Bloomers are all the go. Twenty tailors take the stitches so the women could wear the britches." And they would make fun of her if she paraded in it. Stanton, Anthony and Blumer weren't the first women to see the wisdom of not wearing huge heavy dresses or being bound in the unnatural bone of a corset. Sarah Grimke wrote in 1837 "So long as we submit to being dressed like dolls, we can never rise to the stations of duty and usefulness." But it did take Bloomer to give the answer a name. And for a brief comfortable moment, legitimacy. It was a fight that still echoes in our speech today. If a woman is straight-laced, she is rigid and proper. The flip side then and now lies with women who maybe loose. They accused Stanton of having maybe loose morals or not being a good mother because she would leave her children to go places. And obviously all the men reformers who where speaking out in favor of abolition had to leave their families,

so there was a double standard. And that's one of the things they also talked about in their articles in the Lily was that women and men should be judged equally and treated equally. Men still had a very firm grip on the world of the 1850s. In that world Bloomers flared quickly and then in perhaps just a decade, just as quickly winked out. Even Stanton eventually gave up though why is also in question. And she finally quit wearing the Bloomer costume because she said people paid more attention to what she had on than what she had to say. It was her father who made Elizabeth Cady Stanton STOP WEARING them. He said she looked ridiculous and shouldn't wear them anymore. Amelia also stop wearing bloomers as she followed her husband steadily westward. In other clothing she, continued to work against slavery, drink and inequality. It's a story you probably didn't hear in school. Amelia Bloome, along with a lot of other women, like Marianne McClintock and Elizabeth McClintock, we don't know their stories because traditionally history has only talked about politicians who are almost always men men or wars that men were involved in, and we don't hear about things like newspapers being started by

women. And you might ask if that story had been told, what difference it might have made. Amelia's writings encouraged women to wear clothing that made sense not clothing that hurt or damaged on their way to fulfilling an odd sense of fashion. But they haven't even realized that today (laughter). So sure, I mean I think it's more important to realize that women took charge of their own fashion. Right. Oh. What do you know about Xerox? The story of Chester Carlson and Joe Wilson and the evolution of xerography is a good one.

One we'll tell you about in the future. But before Xerox was Xerox, it was Hey Lloyd and before Hey Lloyd helped Chester Carlson transform his wonderful idea into the machines that changed the world, it was a company that was alreading making copies. In 1935 Hey Lloyd bought out the company that made this, the Rectigraph. Its inventor moved here to be next to the emerging giant of photography, Eastman Kodak. The year was 1906. If you believe in astrology the planets had to be ?a Linus or? 1906 because you had Recordograph incorporating in Oklahoma City and moving to Rochester in 1906. You had Hey Lloyd incorporated in Rochester in 1906. ?in? the inventor of xerography Chester Carlson, was born in Seattle Washington in 1906. Xerox has been drawing inventive minds ever since. Fast forward to the 1960's and 70's. Three decades and more than 100 patents ago, one young man heard the call from downstate New York. ...... (unintelligible) worked here at Xerox for 35 years in their R & D works and

through various developments. As xerography matured and grew more and more prominent in the marketplace. Joe Mammino seems to be a quiet, modest man who will likely be embarrassed by that description. Meeting him, you might never guess that he's helped Xerox change your life. Well, I've invented what one would call the film - much like one uses in the camera. We call them photo conductors. I've invented various - ah inks that show up to be the material you read, to form the words, giving them color, not only in black, but in the first colors that color copying that was introduced back in the early 70s. Mammino shares a number of patterns with Santokh Badesha, whose journey here took a bit longer. Santokh grew up in India, got his Phd in England, learned more and taught at RPI

and then heard about Xerox. The thing which actually fascinated me about Xerox was the openness, , the freedom, which they promised, and I cherished that for many years. I still cherish it. Most of us don't have a degree or three in Chemistry. Most of us will never be voted inventor of the year. And that means most of us will never have the problem of trying to explain what we do at a dinner party. That's not easy, as you know, if you try to to tell your grandmother what you're doing, or your 11-year old son. Um, in industry, normally, and when you work, problems are complex but solutions normally are very easy. Here's the easy explanation. When Joe Mammimo came to Xerox, making copies relied on the material called selenium. Once selenium's hazards were known, Mammino and Badesha were charged with finding a better way through safer chemistry.

I've worked on processes - that is how do you put these things together - how do you make them - that is different and more environmental friendly? They both use solvents, for example, and so they use an environment that's a "no no." My charter was basically - come out with the processes, modified materials which are environmentally friendly, and I was able to do that. And that _____ you see over there has that material. (unintelliglbe due to accent) If something is a carcinogen and, for example, one of the solvents which we use and we use to use at Eastman Kodak used was methylene chloride, is a bad chemical. But if you replace it with some alcohols, ethanol, methanol instead of the chemical, it's much better on a scale a much better chemical. It's a relative thing. There are good

chemicals also. So they have cured all the diseases that people have gotten. In the time Joe and Santokh have been here, the goals set for them haven't changed. They're still looking for better, faster, safer, more efficient, cheaper solutions. The inventive process surrounding that has also remain unchanged. You do get ideas while you are driving from home to work. I don't remember getting ideas ever and in the shower because I'm I am always in a hurry to rush back here to work. But, at least in my case, ideas have come when I was deeply involved with the real problem solving. Yes, you are throwing different bits and pieces together, you have the right answer the right question posed to you. Maybe the question, as you ask it is not really what you meant to say. The upside is that

you will make suggestions sometimes which they haven't heard. You will make silly suggestions And you may think that it's embarrassing, but a lot of times the experts haven't found those things. And and if you are successful, obviously you know you made a difference. Between them Joe and Santokh have more than 200 patents now or pending. But despite all the years and all those patents, the excitement has yet to fade. No, because the next one has always been the exciting one. It's not what's been done and how great it was, or successful. But what's the next challenge? What's the next one going to be like, and where's it going to come from? Let's mix it up and, if you're in Rochester, this is the place to be. Rochester, after all, is home to the company that has made the distinction between propellers and impellers. The impellers are used in this industry for mixing up liquids or liquids and solids and liquids and gases. You go to the

grocery store and you pick a bottle of something and it's mostly liquid, it's probably been mixed in a tank with a shaft and an impeller, something to mix up or blend different constituents of. Dr. Ronald Weetman is a person you'll want to thank. These bubbling tanks are part of the process he uses in determining how to mix up just about anything better. The technical explanation is somewhat difficult but the bottom line is by figuring out how something acts under certain solutions or conditions Ronald Weetman can help make an impeller better and faster. In other words it could be pushing against the head of liquid that's has a lot of density and in an aeration system. It could be suspending solid particles. It could be used in a - what we call a draft tube - to suspend large particles. It could be used in a highly viscous material.

Whether or not you understand how or what Weetman does, the rest of the world has seen the benefits. These tanks have helped improve the pharmaceutical, waste treatment. food and many other industries. It's important enough work to employ not only hundreds of Rochestarians, but a patent attorney who gives his full attention to the creative process. We are something like a catalyst or something from Greece that greases the wheels of this invention both from the viewpoint of encouraging vendors to come up with new things and encouraging management and capital to be invested in new items and new products. So we've all worked togethe. In the in the final analysis. we've done fairly well here and this company has maintained jobs, has expanded products, has won all kinds of awards for their new products in this field of mixing. Martin Luke Asher has been at this for 40 years. This is a period that seen tremendous change in the business of intellectual property. The government fee for taking out a patent when I came into the business was $30

and now it's $1,200. So before you even get off the dime, you're paying close to $2000 to Uncle Sam. Every other country in the world has a similar stack of fees against you. So what the problem is for the independent inventor is to get the backing. I do deal with some independent inventors and I always come to them and they say I say ask them "Do you realize that only 1 out of 100 of you will ever get back your investment. in the patent?" With those odds for inventors in the late 20th century. It helps to have someone like Martin Lukacher and a major corporation behind you. And here we've gotten protection we've effectively been the leader in this business, in the mixing business and people have stayed away from our types of impellers. They've gone back to the old propellers and other

weird combinations and that's why we stay ahead and that's why we've kept employment up. But let's go back to the inventive process. Here's a secret that's not so surprising. When Ronald Weetman, discoverer of ways to makes just about anything faster and better, wants to get a new idea, he doesn't necessarily nestle behind a computer. One popular place sometimes I go is ... since we're dealing with fluids, I sometimes have to solve these problems like go into a swimming pool and try to see the flow, how it affects me when I'm swimming, and how that would affect the mixing process. What I do is internally try to solve the problem and I take a bit of information here and a bit of information there and, hopefully, sometimes in the middle of night ... you know you sort of think, yeah well that's sort of the answer. Being an introvert type thing people, don't really know how I come up with those sometimes, but it's taking

information in and then trying to sort through options. Ah and it's for me it's helpful if I'm sort of walking or thinking and not being distracted, plus sometimes I run into people when I go around corners that way but .... For those of us who will never have one patent hanging on a wall, much less more than a dozen, it's difficult to imagine the feeling that comes with such recognition. Well, it felt really good. It's something that I really enjoy doing, coming up with new ideas, and obviously and in having it used, which is even more rewarding. Kodak is out of this world. No, that's not shameless, pandering just the truth. Here's how it got there. It's a story that goes back to when Pong was considered a space age breakthrough. "Thirty years ago electronic cameras were very very different than they are today. They didn't have solid-state image sensors so they used tubes and these tubes were

much larger than the small image sensors of today, use a lot more power, the cameras were bigger, batteries bulkier, they streaked when you went across bright lights. Well, what what changed was the semiconductor revolution and this is been driven by computer chips and memory chips but image sensors have also benefited from the silicon-based technology, and now now the chips are very small and are built on a very small piece of silicon and light comes in and hits the surface and forms a little charge, an electron that is held there, and the more light that comes in, the more charge you have. And it's like On a picture you might color some boxes in white and you might color some in black, but you can get an image by reading this out and then putting it onto a TV screen or a printer." This clean room facility is the result of Kodak's entry into a solid-state imager program in the 70s.

What began as a research and development project, came with an almost immediate focus on future uses for Kodak cameras and scanners. "R&D, research and development, means a lot more than the joy of research. Sometimes it starts that way. But ultimately for a company you'd like to have the invention show up in something that people can use and benefit from. The inventors would like payoff, too. Inventors like to see their inventions in useful products. They don't want to just see it sitting on a shelf." The development of newer, smaller, faster, better sensors has led to changes you can see nearly everywhere. Cameras available commercially have them. Scanners in many industries have them. And now there's a little machine parked on our angry red neighbor with them."The way the Martian Rover Sojourner was able to see was with solid state image sensors, these were used to guide its way in. There were two of them so they could see in stereo just like your eyes see in stereo, looking around and

helping the person back on the earth guide it to where they wanted it to go. Then in the rear there was a color chip that would actually be taking images that were sent back." The use of Kodak's chip signaled a change in philosophy for NASA. "With the new ... Many of the new space shots, instead of spending millions of dollars on custom chips, they're finding that the chips that have been developed such as we've developed for commercial cameras can also be used for things such as the Mars space shot. And for a couple hundred dollars now they can buy a chip and build a camera. This means that they can launch multiple space missions for the same price as one." How does it feel to have a little bit of you, a little bit of Rochester on Mars? How do you think it feels? "The tremendous amount of pride seeing the pictures come back from Mars and knowing that those pictures were taken with chips that we made right here in our facility in Rochester, New York is pride for

everyone in the division. Everyone." For many industries the key words are looking toward a brighter future were "bigger and better." That's not true for Kodak and the rest of the sensor industry. "Those first chips were hundreds of picture elements. These define the size of the unit sensor on the little boxes you have on the chip. Today we have chips that are 16 million pixels or picture elements. The thing that's happening now is the technology is inexpensive enough that you can have cameras in your own home that you can afford and this includes cameras such as the DC 50, the Kodak DC 50, which is a still camera, get prints right off your computer or the DVC 300 which can be used for still images but also can be used to take video images and send them across the Internet and be able to send your images real time moving images to other people."

Who knows? Maybe you'll be using one of those chips in a camera in person on Mars some day. Farfetched? Well we once thought Pong was pretty exciting. [Music]