November 26, 2015 3:00pm-4:00pm PST

that can be armed and disarmed remotely, and live video monitoring from anywhere. Good evening. I'm Harry Street of Austin. Gwen Eiffel and Judy Woodruff are away. On the news hour tonight, France and Russia will coordinate their offenses against the Islamic State. Also ahead, a year after thousands were massacred in Sinjar, Iraq, the Yazidis are returning home. Plus, revisiting Plymouth were the pilgrims' economic migrants. It was capitalism from the very beginning. The intent was to prosper here in any way that they could, whether it was the fur trade, timber trade, or fishing. All that and more on tonight's PBS NewsHour. Major funding for the PBS NewsHour

has been provided by BNSF Railway and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, supporting science, technology, and improved economic performance and financial literacy in the 21st century. Carnegie Corporation of New York, supporting innovations and education, democratic engagement, and the advancement of international peace and security at Carnegie.org. And with the ongoing support of these individuals and institutions, this program was made possible by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and by contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you. French President Francois Hollande and Russia's Vladimir Putin

agreed in Moscow today to share intelligence in their fight against the Islamic State. And Putin said he is ready to begin coordinating air strikes with the U.S.-led coalition. For the third time in his many days, Francois Hollande met a counterpart to press the global effort against the Islamic State. Terrorism is our enemy. We know it. It has a name. It is the Islamic State. We must create this large coalition. This evening in Moscow, Hollande and Vladimir Putin met for more than two hours. Their nations, the most recent victims of the group's international terror campaign. Putin said he was now willing to cooperate with the U.S.-led coalition, which has been bombing the Islamic State for 16 months. We respect the coalition, found it by the U.S. And we are ready to work with it. We think it would have been better to form a wider coalition to start with. Russia began strikes in September to bolster the regime of Bashar al-Assad. It is hitting many areas in Syria, most of which the U.S. and others say are far from the regions

controlled by ISIS. Putin said a ground force would be needed to defeat ISIS and other extremists, a force that is already fighting. It is not possible to fight successfully against terrorists in Syria without a ground operation. And there is no other force for a ground operation than the Syrian army. Hollande said that the French would now begin sharing intelligence with the Russians for the air campaign. But he reiterated his position shared by the U.S. on a serious issue of division with the Russians. That is the role of Bashar al-Assad in any future Syrian government. The executive power must be given to an independent unity government during transition. In France's view, it is clear that Bashar Assad does not have a place in the future of Syria. For his part, Putin said it is up to Syrians to determine Assad's fate. Hanging over the meeting, Turkey's downing of a Russian war plane on Tuesday. The incident occurred in the skies

over the southernmost border of Turkey, adjacent to Syria. One pilot was killed and the second rescued. Russia maintains the plane was within Syrian airspace when it was struck by Turkish jets. And yesterday, the surviving crewman set as much from a base in Syria. Yeah, that is good to know. No, this is impossible, not even for a second. I could see perfectly on the map and on the ground where the borders are and where we were. There was not even a threat of entering Turkish airspace. But Turkey has flatly rejected those claims and said the Russian jet traveled more than a mile into its territory and ignored multiple warnings. Yesterday, the Turkish military released audio recordings of what it said were Turkish officials repeatedly instructing the Russian jet to leave. The fallout from the downing has been swift. Today, Russia's state-of-the-art air defense systems arrived in Syria with a range that

reaches deep into Turkey. And the country's defense minister said all military channels with the Turks have been suspended. Back in Russia, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev ordered officials to begin drafting measures to deepen that split. These documents will deal with the introduction of bans and restrictions on the activities of Turkish economic structures in Russian territory, restriction and bans on shipments of goods, including food, on works and services provided by the Turkish companies, as well as other restrictive measures. But in Turkey, President Erdogan, said any talk of severing diplomatic and economic ties goes too far. Are such approaches fitting for politicians to adopt such a stance? First of all, politicians and military delegations need to sit down and talk about this issue. And afterwards, the mistake should be mutually recovered. If we make emotional statements rather than doing this, it would be in fitting.

And Erdogan again condemned Russian airstrikes along the Turkish Syrian border, which he says are targeting ethnic Turkmen fighting against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Despite that warning, there appear to be more strikes today along that frontier. Amateur video showed dozens of people attempting to put out a blaze caused by an alleged Russian airstrike. Rebel groups on the ground said the target was a border crossing, and several aid trucks were hit. Russia said it is targeting terrorists in the region. We'll have more on this story right after the news summary. In Britain today, Prime Minister David Cameron tried to persuade parliament to back airstrikes on the Islamic State in Syria. The Royal Air Force is part of the US-led coalition hitting ISIS targets in Iraq, but not Syria. For more than two hours today, Cameron fielded questions in the House of Commons where the main opposition labor party is divided on action. We shouldn't be content without sourcing our security to our allies.

If we believe that action can help protect us, then with our allies, we should be part of that action, not standing aside from it. And from this moral point comes a fundamental question. If we won't act now when our friend and ally France has been struck in this way, then our allies in the world can be forgiven for asking, if not now, when? Cameron did say he would only put the issue to a vote if there was a clear majority not wanting to hand ISIS a publicity coup. Belgium lowered its alert level by one notch in Brussels today after determining there is no imminent threat of an attack. There was no immediate word what prompted that move, but authorities vowed to remain vigilant. Meanwhile, Belgium officials confirmed that an anthrax scare at the capital city's main mosque turned out to be a hoax. Investigators said a suspicious white powder in a parcel was actually flower. Security was on the minds of many this Thanksgiving holiday across the US in the wake of the Paris attacks, 2,500 police officers

lined the Macy's annual Thanksgiving Day parade route. That wound its way through the streets of Manhattan. But city officials said it was a precaution since there was no credible threat. In Afghanistan, US troops observed the holiday at NATO headquarters in Kabul with Turkey and all the traumings while pausing to count their blessings. I'm just happy to be here. I'm thankful for being alive and everything like that and having the opportunity to serve the Afghan people as much as we can here. Difference between here and home. Of course, I don't have my family here with me, but I'm so happy to be around my military family and the other coalition forces that we had created bonds with and everything like that. President Obama used this Thanksgiving message to appeal for greater acceptance of refugees fleeing the conflict in Syria. In his weekly radio address, he reminded Americans that the pilgrims fled persecution and violence when they came to America nearly four centuries ago. The president has vowed to take in

an additional 10,000 Syrian refugees over the next year. Norway began imposing stricter border controls today in an effort to limit the flow of migrants. Police and border security officials are now checking the identification papers of people arriving and leaving the Nordic country. The measures will remain in place for 10 days. Norway estimates some 33,000 asylum seekers will enter their country this year. That's three times last year's total. Boko Haram militants crossed the border into Niger today and attacked a village killing at least 18 people. Security sources said they arrived on foot in a small village in the southern border area of Difa opening fire on residents. The border area is rife with strikes because Boko Haram stronghold in Northeast Nigeria is just a few miles away. Back in this country, federal authorities are still investigating the fatal shooting of a black teenager by a white Chicago police officer last year and could bring additional charges. The officer was charged with first degree murder on Tuesday by Cook County prosecutors.

Overnight, there were more mostly peaceful protests with only four arrests. Organizers hoped for a large protest tomorrow on Black Friday along Michigan Avenue, the city's famous shopping district. Still to come on the news hour, the French seek a grand coalition against ISIS. The journey home to a city once held by the Islamic State, how economic shaped the pilgrims and the new world, and much more. We return now to Russia where the Wall Street Journal's Moscow Bureau chief Nathan Hodge was at the press conference with Putin and Alon. I talked to him earlier this evening. So Nathan, what sort of cooperation did these two leaders outline in the press conference today? For a lot of people, they might have assumed that France and Russia were already cooperating for the past week? Well, that's really been the question on everyone's minds here, because it's both Mr. Putin and Mr. Alon,

both said that they would like to see some kind of international coalition here, but none of the outlines have been clear. President Putin said that he could see a situation that they had agreed upon where there would be certain territories that would be agreed upon, where you can strike, where you can strike. And there also seems to be an agreement here to go after the oil industry or the oil trade that is one of the sources of income for Islamic State. So there seem to be two areas of cooperation here. But President Putin also outlined it or made clear his anger over the downing of the Russian aircraft by Turkish F-16 on Tuesday, saying that the Russians had actually been passing on information about the location of their aircraft. So the Turks had released some audio just in the past 24 hours showing the Turkish military repeatedly telling the Russian pilot to say, hey, you're coming into our airspace, turn away, turn away.

Did he respond to that at all today? Well, President Putin didn't respond directly to that, but he said that any of the Turkish explanations were just, well, excuses. And yesterday, we also got some interesting footage an interview that was aired with the aviator, the Russian aviator who managed to eject and survive the incident that has survived the shutdown. And he had said that the crew of the aircraft had received no warning. But what we've seen today, especially just in advance of Mr. Hollande's visit, is a whipping up of some pretty strongly anti-Turkish sentiment and threats by Russian officials to retaliate, not with military force, but to respond economically. Turkey has a serious tourist trade with Russia. It's gotten a strong ties with gas exports and Russian officials have made clear that they're going to be looking for ways to respond and respond economically to what's happened.

And do the leaders of Russia have public support for these moves? Well, that's an interesting question because Putin's ratings, which are steadily quite high, have reached record highs, in fact, since the intervention at the very end of September in Syria. There's been a promise in many ways of a clean and rather surgical war from the air. Mr. Putin has made it pretty clear that he doesn't expect to see any forces on the ground, any Russian boots on the ground. And until the downing of this aircraft, there had been no combat deaths by Russian forces. Until the downing of the aircraft, and then the subsequent rescue mission in which a Russian marine was also killed. But this doesn't seem to have dented Putin's popularity in any way. It seems that the Turks are almost trying to ratchet things down while the Russians are trying to ratchet them up. Well, this has been a pattern as well.

Putin is nothing, if not a confident actor on the world stage at this point. And he's also playing as well to a domestic audience here. And there's been a fair amount of genuine anger as well, directed at Turkey. We've seen rocks and eggs pelted at the Turkish embassy here. And there was a very interesting incident today as well. We're a number of Turkish businessmen. We're detained. Again, I think that this is just a case where we're going to be seeing a fair amount of official anti-Turkish sentiment. But definitely, there's been an outrage over the death of the Russian aviator and a fairly belligerent. And I would say somewhat angry to him that we saw today in the press conference following the meeting with French President Hollande. There seems to be one crucial gap between France and Russia still, which is the agreement upon whether or not President Bashar al-Assad of Syria should stay or go.

That has not been closed, right? Right. And this meeting really underscores how much distance remains between the West and between the Kremlin when it comes to whether or not Bashar al-Assad should stay or should go, Putin reiterated today what we've heard from him before, which is that it's up to the Syrian people to decide. And he's also made clear that he sees the only legitimate force on the ground, that is the only one that's capable of taking the fight to Islamic State as serious Syrian government forces, as the Syrian army, and the forces on side with Bashar al-Assad. So it's pretty clear here that there's not really been sort of a major closing of the gap between France, between the West and between the Kremlin on this. And it's not clear whether this meeting will resolve that

or will push the ball forward in any way towards some kind of resolution in Syria. Nathan Hodge, Moscow Wall Street Journal Bureau Chief. Thanks so much for joining us. MUSIC More than a year ago, the desperate plight of Iraq's Yazidi religious minority stranded on Sinjar Mountain helped draw the United States into the war against ISIS in Iraq. The militants are believed to have killed hundreds of civilians from Sinjar and surrounding areas. ISIS also captured several thousand Yazidi women, whom they systematically enslaved. Earlier this month, American airstrikes and Kurdish forces drove ISIS out of Sinjar City, cutting off a main ISIS supply route to Syria and allowing residents to go back. Jane Arafat reports on what some of them have found. There's no running water electricity in Sinjar, or even making tea as a challenge.

But Bursch, Garbi, and two of his sons have come back every day for the past week to try to get their house in shape for the rest of the family. They were luckier than a lot of Yazidis. No one from their immediate family was killed or captured by ISIS. Although his fabric shop was destroyed, there was only minor damage to his home, but it's still not safe enough to live here. If the forces advanced a little further, we would have been out of mortar range, and a lot of families would have come back as long as we stayed out of mortar range. We were back here two days when a mortar landed over there. Bursch searched the house for hidden bombs, and then he and the boys started repairing and cleaning. It's a mixed neighborhood of Yazidis and Muslim Kurds. Bursch just says he has called his Muslim neighbors and hopes they'll come back. The last time Basma, Ismail, and her family saw their house, they were fleeing ISIS. They've come back to Sinjar from Iraq's Kurdistan region

to see if there's anything left to come home to. They spent five years building the house. They'd only lived in it for three. Every womb has been damaged and looted. They took the TV, the fridge, the freezer, and the car. But they did much, much worse. We Yazidis Muslims, all the different people of Sinjar, we're the same. We were living together. They set us up against each other, and they killed us. We killed each other. They created sectarianism. The family is Muslim Kurdish in a city of Yazidis and Kurds. In one room, they find the dust covered Quran. It's one of the few things ISIS didn't stand. Quran rescues photographs, with the takeover of Sinjar. That part of his life is now over. Besmer retrieves some pots and pans, some blankets. A favorite tea set, as they put what they can salvage in the taxi. A roadside bomb explodes on a nearby street.

Get back in the taxi to head for the safer Kurdish region. Kurdish forces are busy still fighting ISIS on the other side of the mountain. The city seems lawless. Civilians wander around with guns. Politicians and union leaders drive around posing for photos. Apart from fighters, the city is almost deserted. We're all going to America, this resident jokes. Security forces have placed red flags near some of the roadside bombs left by ISIS. But there are a lot more remaining. Along with Kurdish government Peshmerga, they're competing Kurdish forces. And Yazidi fighters, all staking their claims. The city feels as if it's just waiting for a spark to reunite. Sinjar has been recaptured, but the challenge now for Kurdish forces is to maintain control. ISIS controls villages to the south of here. And there's already looting in the city. So this guard unit has been brought in to maintain security.

Along these streets, ISIS has marked the homes of its graffiti, identifying the owner's religion. Some of those marked Shia were almost completely destroyed, looted, and then set on fire. In another area, a misspelled the Islamic state remains. This one vowed death to the Kurdish Peshmerga. While ISIS was driven out of Sinjar, there's still a threat just a few miles from here. Ahmed Ljibh Hussein, the head of a mostly Shia Kurdish neighborhood here, says people won't come back to the city until some of the surrounding villages are re-taken. Now, got Mika, whether it's America, Iraq, or Kurdistan, we want them to liberate those areas so people can return to their homes. If these areas are liberated, families will return. Of the 700 houses in his neighborhood, the owners of only about 100 have come back. Many just to check on their houses. In between explosives laid by ISIS and the US and British airstrikes, entire sections of the city

are destroyed, and as Kurdish and US forces recover more territory from ISIS, there's more evidence of mass killings being uncovered. These are human bones, scattered by dogs after being buried in a shallow grave and placed in this pile by villagers. No one has cordoned off the site on the outskirts of what Yazidis call Shingao. Really, you need to liberate the whole area, the whole Shingao to find out how many mass graves. Just according to our information, we have discovered already on the North part of the mountain about 11 mass graves, and still here, full official in the South part of the mountain. Villagers believe at least 22 men are buried in this field, but the Kurds are still trying to identify victims of Saddam Hussein's unfel campaign from decades ago, and identifying these bodies could take years. near Sinjar's technical college, ISIS turned an empty fish tank into a mass grave

for Yazidi women they killed. Hadibream Uloan, his family owned the land for miles around here. He says ISIS used dynamite to blow up their houses. They even set fire to the pomegranate and fig trees. He says their Arab neighbors were part of ISIS. If one Arab stays here in our region, we will not be able to live together. Never, Arabs took our mothers and sisters. They took our honor and they sold it. They killed all people. They've killed children. There is no way we can all live together. As desk falls, these Yazidi men stopped to look out over Sinjar. Their village is still held by ISIS, but they were able to see it from a distance. Sad, Ato was looking for the body of his mother, where she died on the mountain. We found only her shoe, but he thinks God, they were able to catch a glimpse of their village again. Despite the tragedy, Sinjar is still home. For the P.V.S. NewsHour, I'm J. Naraff in Sinjar, Iraq.

Stay with us coming up on the news hour, giving jobs to the homeless. No more meat, the rise in protein alternatives and a boy from Georgia, President Carter's right-hand man. But first, our moneyman, Paul Solomon, looks at those original Thanksgiving celebrants, the pilgrims, and the economic pressures that drove them to America and define so much of their time here. It's part of our weekly series, Making Sense, which airs every Thursday on the news hour. Thanksgiving time at Plymouth Plantation, a 17th century living history museum in Massachusetts. The year 1624, when as the story goes, 100 people landed on a bear and windy shore, seeking freedom from the English church. For this, they were ready to confront the grim

and grizzly face of poverty. In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth. We've long celebrated the religious drive to build a city on a hill for strangers in a strange land. But it turns out that our pilgrims faced poverty at least as grim and grizzly back in Holland. From whence they'd fled 16 years earlier to separate from the church of England, patients' prints was among those who came to Plymouth, as played here by one of the Plantation's reenactors. Well, here we live a humble life, but we work for ourselves. In Holland, we could put food on our tables, but it was a very hard labor. Meanwhile, America was literally to them a new world. We will be able to turn a good profit so that it benefits everyone. The Plantation's governor and chronicler William Bradford. It might be a place where profit and religion can jump together. There is no shame in doing well for one must still exist in this world and must be comfortable.

Stephen Hopkins was a merchant columnist. Will you become rich, do you think? Well, I imagine all men entertain the idea of it, but well, that really shall be not up to me. It is hope that we're at least prosper. Most of the pilgrims had been farmers in England, but made their living in the cloth trade in Holland. When the wool market crashed, these folks were desperate to emigrate. They were living in deep privation and it was a way of escaping poverty. Plymouth is Dorian Richard Pickering. So was the main motivation really, what we would now call economic? There is a religious motivation in the desire to protect the church, but those that were living in Holland were safe so that they could have remained and worshiped as they wanted, but it is an economic motivation to better the lives of their children and grow the number of church members. In other words,

the pilgrims were very much economic immigrants, like so many who've come to America since. But if so poor, how could they afford an ocean passage with provisions to America? The answer is some 70 odd investors known as merchant adventurers. Through the magic of video teleportation, Pickering took us to visit one, supposedly at his home outside London. Do come in, sir. Let me show you here. We got some fine peltry first, just back from New England. Full disclosure, we were still in reconstructed Plymouth, but houses there look just like those in suburban England. What's the main way in which you're hoping to make a profit here? Well, close at hand, sir. Here, look you well. Fine beaver peltry. Just sprung back. And our report is that they expect more and more of such things. Why first do people wear fur coats here in London? Oh, sorry. It's the hats, the beaver hats. All good people now wear a beaver hats.

You may remember that famous Indian princess did come from Virginia. That some would call Pocahontas. So in England, generally, she was called Rebecca. And she had her portrait painted. I am told in a fine beaver. The tradable goods of America were the three F's, fur, fish, and forests, which provided wood-like pine for an increasingly clear-cut England. In England, there's hardly a pine till you get up to Scotland. But to get the goods, you had to get to America and survive. So investors in London bankrolled the venture by purchasing shares in a stock company as with similar ventures in Virginia, Bermuda, and elsewhere. 10 pounds for a single share, roughly six months' worth of an ordinary worker's wages, $15 to $20,000 today, maybe. One merchant may have invested as much as several 100,000 in current dollars. Each columnist over age 16 got one share just for amigrating, working the territory, and making a profit for the investors. Initially, it was agreed that for seven years time,

we would ship raw materials back to them to be sold. Merchant colonists even Hopkins. They would send trade goods onto us annually. And with the promise or hope that there would be a dividend at the end of the seventh year, the dividend, the profit that comes in silver and gold shall go to the founders of financials. Once those financiers were paid back, the colonists would get the deed to the land, initially given by the king to the investors, and all future profits would be theirs. So this is a capitalist enterprise from the get-go? It was capitalism from the very beginning. The intent was to prosper here in any way that they could, whether it was the fur trade, timber trade, or fishing. But the early efforts to pay off their investors failed. The first winter was brutal, nearly half of the colonists died. The first ship it was that we sent back empty for reasons of barely being able to survive.

And sadly, the second ship I sent back, laden with goods, was taken by French pirates right before it reached England. And Turkish pirates took another. Then, as now, hawks stalked their chickens. Competing colonists set up shop along the New England coast and inland closer to the suppliers. That meant that when trading with the natives, the price of beaver kept getting bid up, set backs galore. But not surprisingly, the investors back home were getting impatient. Some of them imagined they might cast seeds on the ground and press the side of the same year, but it is not so in business. What was so in business distrust? Partly because of investors who built the inexperienced colonists and demanded quick profits. Many a time it is that we are treated little better than a slave or a servant. For whilst my share is equal to someone in England, he might have 100 more of those equal shares. Thus, the minority has the majority of the shareholding.

Despite the ownership disparity, however, colonists who survived tended to prosper. Even the indentured servants who got no shares and had to work seven years for their freedom and were dodies served Stephen Hopkins. Do you think you could ever become a rich man in America? Do you have what you might call an American dream? Rich in land, rich in woods, which you can make quite a lot of money with. But no matter what, if you get to land here, people will respect you. And if this does become a town like they expect it to be and a true settlement, that is profit to be had. And that was very different from the old country. So, in England, owning land is for a gentry and nobleman but people of our sort would use you really only rent it. We had one last question for the plantation's historian. What's the relevance, if any, of economics being the main driver of the Plymouth plantation?

So often we think of the pilgrims symbolically. We don't look at their everyday business lives and realize that their success enabled later settlement and contributed to the creation of an immigrant country. This is economics correspondent Paul Solman, reporting for the PBS NewsHour from the 17th century, sort of. MUSIC Max, how the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico, is paying panhandlers to work, moving homeless people into housing and saving taxpayers money in the process. Special correspondent Kathleen McCleary has our report. Get our lunch and break the snack prepared today. It's seven o'clock on a Tuesday morning. And William Cole is packing a cooler full of lunches.

MUSIC One of our first stops to be right here at I-40 and 4th Street. We got a guy right here, we can get. Point is served. Morning. Twice a week, Cole drives a van looping through Albuquerque's busy streets. We're looking for panhandlers, homeless people, anyone who looks like they're interested in need help. How you guys doing? Nearly everyone William approaches gets in the van. The aim is to get them off the streets and to a city job site where they'll pull weeds and pick up trash, including items left by fellow homeless. What they're doing is refuse removal and getting rid of weeds overgrowth and just trying to beautify the city. They work hard for five hours. Some come back week after week. The pay is nine dollars an hour, a dollar and a half more than the minimum wage. Anybody want a yogurt? Plus, they get lunch. Twenty, forty, forty-five dollars.

The cash they get means a lot to the workers. Instead of going to the mission, at least you get to go to a burger, came McDonald's and then you go back to the room and you sleep nothing comfortable. They're sleeping in the cardboard. I got to put some money on my pocket. I helped clean up the community and it's a good feeling. Here at least I got a good day to work to work it. I don't feel bad because I mean, I honestly worked and earned my wages. The program is the brainchild of Albuquerque Mayor Richard Berry. I was driving my car one day and I was at the stoplight and there was a gentleman holding a sign that says we'll work. So I came back to the office and I told my staff we're going to take these folks up on their offer. Instead of being punitive and giving somebody a ticket for standing on the corner and pan-handling, why don't we give them a better opportunity? The mayor struck a partnership with St. Martin's Hospitality Center, a nonprofit organization. The city contributes to the van, plus wages for the driver and the workers. St. Martin's runs the program

and offers a variety of other services says Executive Director Father Rusty Smith. We serve between three and five hundred meals a day. We provide laundry services at no cost to our clients. We provide showers. We also provide long-term storage. It allows them to take the precious things they have and keep them in a safe place. Our clients have no address and so this is a place where they can get all their important mail. We also have a huge mental health facility and we address all the major causes of homelessness and try to resolve them on this campus. St. Martin sends an outreach team to calm city parks and other spots. They're called Angels in Orange and they bring hot suit blankets and offers of help to those who suffer mental and physical ailments. Mental illness is a large contributor to homelessness. Albuquerque made national news last year when police shot and killed James Boyd, a homeless man in the foothills of the Sandy Mountains.

Mr. Boyd was a client of ours and I buried Mr. Boyd and he was someone who had severe mental health issues. Mr. Boyd's death was a wake-up called he brought homelessness to the face and to the awareness of everybody in our community. Even more attention came when the Boyd family got a $5 million settlement from the city and decided to donate $200,000 of it to homeless organizations. The official count of the homeless in Albuquerque was about 1,400 last year. But Father Rusty says his organization serves about 7,000 people annually. We count those who are both homeless as well as those who are marginally poor and so we serve a much larger population. Albuquerque's homeless problem may seem small compared with larger metropolitan areas but New Mexico has long been one of the poorest states. Ranking second worst last year with one in five of its 2 million residents

living below the federal poverty line. The city's attack on homelessness includes an effort adapted from a national move to put housing first. It focuses on the chronically homeless those most likely to die on the streets. What is good that you made it in here? Dennis Plummer runs heading home. We have everything from emergency shelter to permanent supportive housing and we act as the backbone organization of a collaboration focused on medically vulnerable, chronically homeless persons and getting them to permanent supportive housing. Kenneth Barbore, a veteran who suffers from seizures and post-traumatic stress disorder got his apartment in August after being homeless off and on for three years. It's a loft apartment. It's got a beautiful fireplace. I got a beautiful bedroom. They furnished all my furniture and utensils cooking food. If I need food, the first major surgery you've had.

Heading home also offers beds for those discharged from hospitals with no place to go. We have people here that are recovering from surgery. One of our earlier residents in the beds needed a quadruple bypass. The doctor refused to do the operation because his recovery would have been in the street. Once we were able to say we have a medical respite bed, they could do the quadruple bypassed. What's the cost? Cost for us is very minimal, so our cost is $150 a night. If that same person had been in the hospital, well, you know what hospital costs are like. Easily 600 to 4000 a day, depending on the care that's needed. The payback from the various programs is great as the mayor and keeps the homeless out of hospitals and jails. We met in a coffee shop run by St. Martin's that gives job training to those who've been homeless. We think we can put people in housing and get them stabilized for less money than letting them sleep under the overpass. And we commissioned the University of New Mexico

to do a study, and sure enough, it costs about 31% less to get people housed and stabilized than to let them go to the emergency room every time they need medical care, or to live in crisis in a constant state of struggle on the streets. Whether the van program will make a difference isn't clear yet. It's only been running since September, and so far has served just a tiny fraction of the homeless population. Any concern about the scale, one van, 10 people at a time, twice a week? You know, plant that little mustard seed and it grows to big, you know, that's what we're trying to do. The program has attracted the attention of mayors from Seattle to Pittsburgh. 37 have called already asking how it's done. Albuquerque is a big American city, but yet we're small enough to where we can be agile and nimble and we can try new things. This is working here. If you're a smaller city, you could do it on a smaller scale if you're a larger city on a larger scale. Barry says he plans to ramp up the van program next year. I'm Kathleen McCleary for the PBS NewsHour

in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Homelessness remains a nationwide concern, and it is especially prevalent in the nation's capital. Last week, not far from the historic Watergate Hotel and near the affluent neighborhood of Georgetown, city officials dismantled a tent city that sprouted up this year under a freeway overpass. The district's health and human services division declared the area unsanitary, unsafe, and unlawful. After issuing notices of eviction, the city gave residents the choice to voluntarily move off the property with their belongings or the city would forcefully remove them and dispose of their possessions. Most decided to remain on the streets. You didn't plan for this, you know. I use this tent to sleep in. I get up and go to work just like everybody else. I paint taxes like everybody else. It's just that I don't make enough money. They give me an apartment. What actually am I doing? That's like harming the community.

Is it because y'all just don't like to see tents out in the community or whatever? Everywhere you go, there's no place to live. I'm not here to harm nobody. I'm just going to survive a better life. I've gotten harder. There's no home left. Officials offer to locate the homeless to various housing programs like shelters and apartments around the city as well as store the belongings to bulky for the residents to carry. MUSIC Tonight, a look at the growing phenomenon of meatless protein. Americans eat the equivalent of 322 quarter-pound burgers per person every year. That's three times as much beef as the world average. And with each pound requiring more than 50 gallons of water, producers in drought-stricken California are looking to find other ways to get protein into our diets.

Our story comes to us from Dr. James Hamlin, a senior editor at the Atlantic Magazine. I'm here at the Bonhametech Food Tech Conference in San Francisco. Where startups are competing to replace animal meat with new sustainable sources of protein. Insect protein combines nutritional density of animal protein with the environmental efficiency of plant protein. You do not put insects anywhere in or around or around. We're using pea protein and brown rice protein. With the soy, we fermented just to the very tiny pieces. While the industry has divided on exactly what protein source is best, it is an agreement that animal meat alternatives will be necessary to feed the rapidly expanding world population. Though Los Angeles-based startup beyond meat has invented some plant-based chicken and beef that's getting particular attention from investors, like Bill Gates. And unlike most vegan products, they look a lot like traditional meat. All right, how should I try first? All the meat on this table is made from peas. It's a little chewier than your traditional chicken. But very close. Jodie police is a Stanford professor of structural biology.

He says that building meat out of plant protein is a challenge, though chicken is easier than beef. Chicken's easier to do than beef, just because the texture of a chicken breast is pretty uniform, the color's uniform. It's really a proper scientific laboratory, focused on deconstructing and then rebuilding the experience of meat. So what you're looking at right here is a gas chromatograph that's hooked up to a mass spec instrument. And what that gives us is a measurement of what meat tastes like. Essentially, it's a fingerprinting of what flavor and aroma exist and meat already. Ethan Brown is the founder and CEO of Beyond Meat. So we're taking protein directly with pea and we're using heating, cooling and pressure to align it in the form of meat. That's it. We have to be able to figure out a way to describe that against rumors they understand that what they're having is basically pea protein in the form of meat. Sounds like processed food, I don't eat processed food. I was told not to eat processed food. I worked so hard to say that. No meat at all is the American future. Meat is really made of those five constituent parts. The amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and water.

They're all actually present in plants. What we're doing is building a piece of meat directly from this plant. And so the compositions are basically the same. And in that case, we are delivering meat. Meat that the American consumer needs to be convinced might be as good as the beef or pork layer custom to eat. So you study a sort of the sociological aspect of people's reactions to these foods. So it's the whole performance around the food. So it's the words that are being used. It's the packaging. It's where it's located within the supermarket. Although Beyond Meat is already available nationally at Whole Foods, Walmart and other select retailers, at prices comparable to animal meats, product placement does influence sales. Because of my height, they put it up here. So here are some of the packages. Here with Whole Foods. Right. And so the whole challenge for us is how do we make the decision process seamless for the consumer so that they're doing something that is exactly like what they do with animal protein and the products behave exactly like they do with animal protein.

I do believe that in ten years or so you'll be able to come in here and they'll be meats in here that are made from different plants. They'll be a lupin beef. They'll be a chameleena, any manner of plant feedstock. I think the consumer can choose which type of beef they want. The days of this just being animal protein, I think, are rapidly coming to a close. Maybe not rapidly, but all the factors are in place that could lead to a shift in our collective thinking about meat. Beyond Meat is currently available in 10,000 locations with major expansion slated for the new year. Maybe when plant-based meats are at our fingertips, we'll do the American thing. Eat them. For PBS NewsHour, I'm James Hamblin and El Segundo, California. You can find more reports about Dr. Hamlin at TheAtlantic.com. They were known collectively as the Georgia Mafia, Washington outsiders who played key roles in the Jimmy Carter

presidential campaigns and in the White House, among them, Hamilton Jordan, who was the president's chief of staff and top confidant he died of cancer in 2008. He left behind a mostly finished memoir. His daughter Kathleen has edited and completed the book, a boy from Georgia, coming of age in the segregated south. She talked to Judy recently. I have to ask you first. It looks like Hamilton Jordan, Kathleen Jordan, but it's Jordan. Where did that come from? You know, my dad always said it's the Southern pronunciation of this, our name. And if you hear an old spiritual, he'll hear it pronounced the River Jordan. So I think that that's, it's a kind of a long standing tradition of the south, at least that's what we were told, and we've taken that forward with us. I knew your father, Hamilton Jordan, because he worked for Jimmy Carter. I covered Carter as governor of Georgia, than as president of the United States. Your father was a strategist. He was chief of staff. But this book really is about his growing up

in South Georgia growing up in the segregation of South, isn't it? When political junkies hear that my dad has a new book out there, excited because they think it may be about the Carter years. And what I say to those people is it may not necessarily be about his political years, but it's about his early indoctrination into politics and kind of learning about politics from the people around him and about the formation of his political skills. He grew up as we just said in the segregation of South from a family steeped in the Confederacy, had ancestors who fought for the Confederacy. That really was what he was surrounded by, as he was growing up, and yet he was raising questions. There are some moments in the book where he really realizes that he has to make a decision. You know, obviously segregation was something that was passed down from generation to generation.

And I think that this book is about him realizing this choice is sitting in my lap. You know, I have the choice to decide whether or not I am going to question this or if I'm going to just go along with whatever everyone else believes. And I think it's about his journey to deciding to follow the moral truth. And there are a couple of points where he, in fact, says he felt like he was a moral failure, a long way where he didn't speak up when he saw something happening. Absolutely. He was in downtown Albany where he was born, which is a very small town, watching Dr. King, March protesting the segregation of the public facilities in Albany, Georgia. And he sees his maid there, Hattie. He's standing with his dad, and you know, they see Hattie's in this protest, and his dad pulls him away and says, we need to leave right now. Those, you know, those people are outside agitators and they've gotten all riled up, and they should be ashamed of themselves.

And my dad said, well, what about Hattie? It was this person who had a real personal connection with, and she was protesting, and he had seen this other side of her life. And he says in the book, like you said, he marks that as a moment of moral failure in his life and he didn't stand up for what he realized was right in that moment. There were also some, a lot of funny moments in the book. I mean, when he was nine years old, he went with his family to Washington, went to the Smithsonian, found his family was more than my quarters, and he found him a quarter who had won the Congressional Medal of Honor for fighting in the Civil War. When he got back to Georgia, he told his grandfather all about it, but then he said, by the way, he fought for the union. He said his grandfather just got up and walked out. Exactly, there's a lot of humor in that, but there's also, you know, there's an undercurrent there because his grandfather was so proud of being from this out, and was so proud of the Confederacy and couldn't get behind the idea that his family

was fighting against the Confederacy. Why do you think your father was writing this book? You watched much of the time when he was working on it. Definitely he. Exactly, this was, he'd been working on this book for, I would say, all of his life. It took his whole life to kind of formulate the ideas that he expresses in this book. And I think that he was working on it partially because it's a large part of, it's about who he is and how he became the person that he is, but I think it's also an admission of guilt and a story of how he turned himself around. He was working on it in order to not necessarily absolve himself, but to take agency and ownership of a time in his life when he believed things that he no longer believed as a fully formed adult. You said your older brother started out working on this, but you wanted to finish it. Why was this important to you? It was important to me because I have struggled for most of my life with the idea of being from the South

and the idea of Southern identity. When I was younger, I used to tell my church basketball team that I was from New York because I didn't want to be associated with a place in the country that I thought was a place that was steeped in racism and violent evangelicals, ideals and things that in my mind felt very negative. And it took me stepping away and going to college in a different state and then living in New York and Los Angeles to understand that the South is such an important part of who I am and now it is something that I am very proud of and to not be proud of it is to not take ownership of it. And there are things that are bad about the South, but there are things that are bad about every place in the country. So for me, it was, I did this to honor my dad and his memory because these stories needed to get into people's hands and also because I wanted to have a greater sense of ownership of who I am as a Southern woman. Well, it's a wonderful book and a wonderful set of stories

put together by the daughter of a man who was very involved in American politics doing a lot of reflecting. Kathleen Jordan, thank you very much for talking with us. Judy, thank you. And finally tonight our news hour shares something that caught our eye that might be of interest to you too. The White House has been celebrating Thanksgiving since 1789 when President George Washington proclaimed the first public day of Thanksgiving. That means 44 presidents have eaten their way through Turkey Day and with plenty of stories on the menu. In 1897, William McKinley's table saw Mincemeat, Idaho potatoes, a gift from a friend, and the kicker, a 26 pound turkey stuffed with oysters. In 1947 to help with the European food crisis, Harry Truman encouraged Americans to make a poultry-free Thursday pledge, but Thanksgiving fell on a Thursday that year.

What's the president to do? Truman moved his Thanksgiving feast to Wednesday, complete with all the fixings, giblet gravy, candied sweet potatoes, and yes, roast stuffed turkey. And in 1977, the proposed menu for Jimmy Carter's Thanksgiving called for Greenpeace with mushrooms. But check it out, that item was crossed off and then returned with a handwritten note from a staffer. Jimmy doesn't especially like green peas at red. The meal included green beans instead. This year, the Obama's Thanksgiving menu includes time roasted turkey, honey bag tam, cornbread stuffing with chorizo, mac and cheese, two kinds of potatoes, and six different types of pie. On the news hour online, no family gathering is free from the occasional bickering and, in an election year, a heated political debate or two. Well, it's a holiday tradition at the news hour to look to our very own Mark Shields and David Brooks, who give their best advice on keeping discussions civil at the dinner table.

We've posted their tried and true guide on our homepage, pbs.org, slash news hour. Tonight on Charlie Rose, Carl Rove, on why he thinks the Republican presidential race may not be decided before next year's convention. And that's the news hour for tonight. I'm Harry Sreenivas. Join us online and again here tomorrow evening with Mark Shields and David Brooks for all of us at the pbs news hour. Happy Thanksgiving. Have a good night. Major funding for the pbs news hour has been provided by. Moving our economy for 160 years, BNSF, the engine that connects us.

The Lemelson Foundation committed to improving lives through invention in the U.S. and developing countries on the web at Lemelson.org and with the ongoing support of these institutions. This program was made possible by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and by contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you. You're watching PBS.

Next time on Shetland, a lead researcher is killed on a small island where Paris grew up. His community survives a mutual trust. And when there's another murder, the pressure mounts to find the killer. People are getting scared. Shetland. Tune in for a double episode tonight on KQED. It's always a great performance when Andrea Bachelli sings and now he'll thrill you with music from the movies. Some songs with special movie star introductions. Love story. Featuring guest stars Ariana Grande. The cool shares in it. And David Foster, it's Andrea Bachelli, cinema on great performances.

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Will Lady Edith ever be happy? Just doesn't go smoothly with her. Let's face it. Is it to be a eternal widowhood for Lady Mary? I'd rather be alone than with the wrong man. What's going to happen next? Please join me, Hugh Bonneville, for the answers to all these questions and so much more in a salute to Downton Abbey. Sunday night at 730 on KQED 9. This is BBC World News America. Funding of this presentation is made possible by the Freeman Foundation, Newman's own foundation, giving all profits from Newman's own to charity and pursuing the common good, cochlear foundation for suing solutions for America's neglected needs, and Hong Kong tourism board.

Want to know Hong Kong's most romantic spot? I'll show you. I love heading to Repulse Bay for an evening stroll. It's a perfect stunning backdrop for making romantic moments utterly unforgettable.