Public Broadcast Laboratory; Violent Universe: PBS Version

it's fb been mr aaron well it hasn't yet he's

seeking a pulsating radio sorts of poles are for sure beats out this riff and faraway among the stars it's a star utterly crushed by the force of its own gravity in the thousands of years for which man and wondered about the meaning of what goes on in the sky there's never before been so dramatic a period is this when the pulse eyes turned up just over a year ago the cambridge radio astronomers have discovered them were so astonished that they label their first records of these regular polls or is lg chem that stood for little green man it seemed at first less incredible to think that intelligent beings elsewhere in the universe were trying to get in touch with us and to imagine the star could produce this just a rhythm but also ours are just the latest in an

extraordinary series of discoveries made in the past few years all over the world astronomers spotted events of breathtaking violence scarcely explicable only known forces of nature they're also on the brink of establishing for the first time the history and fate of the universe we live in that's why we've invited you tonight to come with us around the world which will visit the great observatories and mickey astronomers have opened new windows on the universe that you are making the major discoveries our story also involves a japanese teacher a classical guitar a huge tank full of dry cleaning fluid a mile underground in a gold mine we an astronomer who flies a telescope a strange looking one that said to have picked up an echo of the big bang with which some say the universe began thank you melissa

in a way it was this dutch astronomer living with his family in california who started the present revolution and astronomy are martin schmitt was the first known six years ago for me to realize the violence in which nature as capable is just setting off to use this giant telescope to gaze across the oceans and space center will join in we're not only going round the world will be traveling out into the great void that starts just above our heads to the storm swept son out among the stars to see their violent births and even more violent deaths the distant galaxies vast collections of stars like our own milky way incredibly enough ballots is sometimes explode and going on out as far as the human eye can see

will examine the evidence that the universe itself began with the big bang you and i are products of the forces of nature operating over thousands of millions of year as the upheavals were just all at risk because our creative as well as destructive we are children of a violent universe and that's why what happens among the stars is a matter of intimate interest to us this is the golden age of astronomy and tonight the astronomers wondered share their excitement with us at a rare moment of discovery such as may never occur again and to help guide us among the newer discoveries around the world are the astronomers and through this vast universe we have witnessed carl sagan from cornell university our son is a star it seems largely caused so close but for what it's a humdrum quite ordinary star when the song

many more stores here the star thinking is our son near it are the neighboring stores in space because of our vantage point near the sun were able to recognize the from where constellations of the night sky we can see the big dipper pointing towards the port near the milky way we can see here you recognize the southern cross let's take a stroll along the stars were thermal north as windows so that the bottom of the endeavor notice how it shaped seems to change as our perspective changed the reason is that the big dipper is composed the star is so intrinsically bright but rather far away some they were

much closer in the constellations that seem to be points are like painted on the wall to the heavens are really compose the stars of the variety of businesses and if there are creatures that live on planets and all the stars they will see different constellations in the night skies when we do what we reached the store which astronomers call the most fbi it's so far from the sun but it takes like some fifty years patrol on the one to the other the earliest signals of our technical solution and they are only just now reaching young sophia the signals are the earliest radio broadcasts perhaps an aria of enrico caruso we don't know if there's anyone here to us we will come let's try to see if we can recognize where we've come from which of these stars as the sun the sun to such an

insignificant star that we can't make out which only stores it is in fact not only can do that is to ask it to win for us once i'm there it is we can now double back towards home as we do so we can recall that these points of light in the sky every one of them is is mightier stars are so let's head home far from where solar system in the outback of new south wales remarkable new telescope watches the sun ninety six dishes deployed in a six mile circle operate as one huge instrument collecting radio noise that tells of the violent explosions on the sun radio telescopes have a particular knack of taking out violent events in the universe the reason is the bomb blasts of gas cars and magnetic fields may powerful natural transmitters of radio waves many of the

radio sources in the sky are extremely far away but the song is the nearest place in the universe were astronomers can see a natural forces at work with radio noise comes from here the surface layers of the whole continent of australia could be busted from here to the moon with the force of the greatest explosions on the sun were let loose on earth these flares as they're called also provoked a burst of radio noise two hundred miles of wire say the information about the weather on the sun from the circle of dishes for the electronic eye to the telescope there they disclose the state of the sun's atmosphere in a motion picture the circle represents the sun as you and i see like notches above it a radio bursts this unique instrument was conceived by paul while when we were building this telescope

you know very clear idea what to expect from the workers' health recently been studying the regulations simon many years but always by indirect maintenance and we really wanted a long time was the idea that it's about the last we had read it sound and first year's results have been favorable and think about assigning protective custody interesting so good on february twenty fifth nineteen sixty eight for ows universal time right that's there so radio bones which occurs to me to be about a visible sign of play the planet's gotten some of the early radio bursts was actually caused by a shockwave traveling with us from the center of the speed of about a thousand miles a second eventually reaching a high powered radio wave to generate

now second verse goes or half a million miles beyond the age of the sun this happens immediately above one of those rising to prominence this prominence of being fitted interruption by the arrival of another part of the same shock wave this time traveling cross the face of this on this record quite clearly demonstrates how one event on the sun can trigger another even though they're separated by a million miles this new technique is being able to photograph what is going on high above the sun compass disentangled many of the problems associated with the activity on the place of time in particular i'd like to know basic laws of flares are by far the

most violent events in the whole of the solar system a national observatory astronomers trace the origins of flares to the visible face of the sun the most powerful optical telescope specially made for solar were stands like a great sunday on the mountaintop the biggest players on the sun the surroundings of the earth with the radiation which may be a danger to restaurants and even to passengers and pipeline supersonic aircraft on top of the target to be a flat marriage tracts the sun as it moves across the sky and tests its light into the tunnel mcconnell slams down from five hundred feet and the big reflector embedded deep in the mountainside the sunlight now focused returns up the tunnel into the observation room

reforms the largest image of the summer bearable for study by astronomers anywhere the most conspicuous signs of storms on the sun in our dark sunspots as this broad sweep across the large black hole detectors register strong magnetic forces in their neighborhood magnetism when the sun's atmosphere above the sun's part is recorded by this man at ninety three million miles range the sun betrays that stresses is how the trick is done anything ordinary looking tabletop is a sixty five foot spectrograph which finally great sunlight plants colors and wavelength magnetism at different levels in the sun's atmosphere reveals itself and subtle effects imprinted on light of particular wavelengths from the data recorded point by point across the face of the sun the astronomers can have charged made up a mosaic

reveals a jungle of magnetic zones and the strong fields of the sunspots magnetic contortions around the sunspots cause energy to build up the energy that suddenly bursts out work the colors of the mosaic indicate the strength and direction of the magnetic field at each point and it's between close pairs of zone as shown by contrasting dollars rich propels the stuff of the sun high above the surface to make these extraordinary prominences the surface fireworks of the sun a very impressive the magnetic energy involved is almost insignificant compared with the nuclear energy at the heart of the sun it's nearly a hundred years since the gold rush of seventy six what your

political calamity jane while political daylight buried over the gills in deadwood south dakota and the surface below the lord be adventurous has long since vanished illegal miners are still in camps they follow the role of a precious ore are underground it's the biggest gold mine in the western hemisphere homes during the graveyard shift is justin it's by the piece with

that's right just one assistant he's been to pay no sunlight reaches a mile underground

nor do x rays from the sun or even the atomic toilets of a cosmic rays know radiation's past unhindered through such a roof of rock nothing that is except the most ghostlike of race which are called neutrinos lake breeze right through the earth one hundred thousand gallons of dry cleaning fluid through a star and detach neutrinos coming from the very heart of the sun neutrinos are so elusive that other ways what's wrong and the detector that's the reason for taking refuge with the gold miners a lot of the hard to detect there is away some neutrinos do react with atoms of pouring the liquid in the tank is mostly korean as vast numbers of neutrinos stream through a day and night of you react with heavy atoms of pouring

every three months or so ray davis comes to homestead to gather on campus to neutrinos more precisely it collects the atoms that have stopped neutrinos that interaction changes the chlorine atoms into a radioactive gas reform of our god it is underground laboratory davis prepares to extract we are gonna attract cooled with liquid air as part of the system for collecting the telltale are gone ah lung or helium gas roars through the tang sweeping out any trace of our when the gas stream circulates to the laboratory is called chant

phrases out a newspaper that's mixed with the gas as a first step and purify me on the two weeks were urging the tank of its traces of on the record charts have done their work of collecting and terrify me on don gatz now it's been released from a master archer of mercury shunts the gas through the pipe where the gold miners along the tunnel and did several times of war when an ounce of gold similarly purify view from a huge tank is a little argon gas containing a very few radioactive atoms tell of neutrinos go during three months while thomas on radioactivity will be measured in davis' home laboratory fifteen hundred miles away on long island

when we design this experiment we expected five to ten neutrinos to be captured in this tank every day a measurement so far show that less than one is captured every two days so this means that the center of the sun is not as hard as we thought it was maybe it's a million degrees who have thought according to mythology stars in the milky way was built across the sky and the rest of the missing goddess juno herself not all that no as yet formed it starts with a telescope the parkes an australian is nothing the milky way by radio i'm a modern painting shows the region's rich and gas which are still capable of making new stars existing stars don't show up on the map only the thin hydrogen gas line between a ist das broadcast its own characteristic radio waves which pass through the dust that obscures the star light from distant regions

radio astronomers can work perfectly well and they like the two hundred ton for bishop arts turns towards the milky way as a telescope sweeps the milky way a record strong radio waves from particular regions in this case the section of what is called a spiral on our galaxy like many others turns out to have a spiral arms wound around the center has not been continues the pen recorder gives the astronomer an impression of what the telescope is picking up a cross section of the milky way the girls are recorded live a computer can read

computer it wants the radio contours of our galaxy seen a drone from our vantage point within one of the spiral arms the colors bring the desk of the milky way to light the region's of strong signals of those were the galaxy still has the capacity to renew itself in new stars but before stars can be made the deaths of the milky way has performed denser clouds on a relatively small scale on the other side of the world from parks british radio astronomer is a double bank seized a new opportunity for detecting small gas clouds the mysterious casarez a readymade beacons lying in the milky way which illuminate the beginning of star formation manchester university's

giant dish famous for tracking spacecraft spends more time exploring the universe at its focus radio pulses are gathering the entire arms find ways vibrating most strongly at one particular angle of the government that isn't within the polls are itself the angle of vibration has been twisted by invisible gas clouds in space that's graham smith uses polls ours even without knowing exactly what they are rigs are our galaxy our galaxy the milky way contagious between the stalls a very thin guess and we believe its outlook as finn that's the thought of my it's been very difficult to measure how much guess that is because it is so thick that the house on forgiveness a marvelous opportunity of doing justice league radio pulses come through the gas

and they act as a sort of product we can measure the din that be the time it takes your house to go through and this tells us just the amount of gas that rates the more we can also measure the size of the plans for example we know that some clouds are about the size of the solar system so here we have gaps with the slovenly but there's one problem the stars have a magnetic field in and we know that this magnetic field has been trying into the stall as the gas valves shrink into a solid body would like to know how strong a few years before it starts and again the pulse of forgiveness image the shape of the cobblestone gas we've been able to measure trees shaped cages and measure the strength of the now we have then the gas and the benefits they and we can begin to understand this basic premise that house thousand made

out of a very honest and coldest yes that we have around the young sun the earth and the other planets formed from a task nature lets him and use material the comments this one the most brilliant new comet of the century was discovered by amateur astronomers in japan you don't need a big telescope to spot comments in fact small instruments are better because they cover a wide area of the sky gone out hunting is an ideal job for amateurs tsutomu sec a co discoverer of the famous aka sexy come out of nineteen sixty five continues to search for others on every player night is little observatories on the roof of his home and coaching small japanese city thanks bruce celebrated astronomer earns his living teaching classical guitar as

bell manmade lights are a nuisance to astronomers especially giuseppe living as he does write in the city and he has to wait until everyone else is gone to sleep sec is saved for ten years to buy these binoculars a custom eight hundred dollars and by staying up each night until three in the morning second

has discovered five new comets comets first appears that little smudge is that second recognizes them intuitively at first sight the motion of a comma can be measured from night tonight in sky photographs and safety uses a homemade telescope for this purpose a friend around them are for a more superstitious times comments were fearful omens of disasters to come to modernize their the scrap of the solar system i see dust balls that plunge in from the depths of space and swim around the sun their tails are blown out like smoke in a window high speed articles that porous continuously from the sun astronomers is chosen way of

city voters electric slippers be twenty years experience of finding his way around the sky next the work easier he's unable to discount the hundreds of other nebulous objects that may be mistaken for comments as he has no electronic computer second spends forty eight hours working out an orbit just as he taught himself to find comets and play the guitar so he mastered the mathematics that he needs three or four nights observations of the comet's movements give enough information to calculate its orbit as it sweeps around the sun and heads off again into deep space the astronomer

reduces the workings of the heavens to numbers as men have always done since they first made calendars and tractor wanderings of the planets but his heart as well as his scientific curiosity is stirred by the wonders of the night sky when i survey the bright celestial sphere so rich with jewels that night that like if your bride appear my solo wings to spread them haven't worn flies overnight these mysteries to read in the launch code was the skies for the bride firmament choose fourth no flame so silent but as eloquent and speaking to create his name no i am regarded start contracts it's like to do so small character that moved far for

my human side but if we steadfast look we shoot certain in it is in some holy book how man may have only knowledge it chose the congo that far stretched power which he's proud dangers traffic for is but the triumph of an hour thus those celestial fires though seemingly would the fallacy of our desires and all the private life conflict for their watch since first the world and from sin in it's so focused and nothing permanent this is a simple detector of atomic radiation

this radioactive active material luminous dollars wristwatch like the chatter and to get away but we still count so that may be coming from slight radioactivity in the studio but much of it is due the cosmic rays high energy atomic particles coming from the depths of outer space latest and best evidence that they come from exploding stars is provided by peter fowler of bristol university in england he flies big blooms to pickup cosmic rays at the edge of the atmosphere before they integrated by collusion with the air the blues carry stacks of high grade photographic film that records tracks of particles the cosmic rays include representatives of all the chemical elements of the most interesting thing is the farmer finds that i had the elements that the little nervous the heaviest natural element is uranium number ninety two privately good reason that day

heavy elements break down rather quickly and the lighter elements here's the track made in the emotion of the most massive particles so far encountered in the cosmic rays because monster element number one hundred and eight or thereabouts in austin and made rather recently and the most likely source is an exploding star a supernova fred hollows said in general terms why stars explode in a violent battle between nuclear forces of gravity but to understand it better we should look more closely at the life story of a store yeah

fbi to see why ideas are changing fast we have to take up the story of the polls are the pulsating radio sources discovered in cambridge last year you remember that the day started the program than on the island of puerto rico where a remarkable radio telescope operated by cornell university was picking up a pulse it up here five hundred feet above the ground and john i gather the radio waves to be a member of a very

exclusive you need a big radio tells us the most sensitive or more a huge dish one thousand feet across carved out of a natural crater kicks up the beat of a pulse or had first or we astronomers could be sure about is that any ordinary star was far too big to produce such sharp losses aydar a sequel the pulse our work is led by frank gehry observing paul starrs is like listening to a beethoven symphony there's the rhythm of the pulses themselves and within the pulses are complicated pattern of notes sometimes one frequency sometimes another just as in the melody of a musical composition all of this gives us clues as to what the polls ours are certainly they're very small stars stars that have collapsed under their own gravitational pull a tremendous densities six months ago no one could connect the pulse or as

with any other object in the sky the break came with this radio telescope the mills cross of sydney university cited a moment longer camera the antenna arms are a mile long fb it quickly outstrip all other observatories in its tally of paul sonne is detected one of the earliest had picked up was exceptionally important it was also the first success of the case paul sonne hundred i do the top rung and to avoid losing a minute after the onset of the bed in the body and what i thought the picture you know it's very difficult to sleep when i did this every

night there and the day last fall to the nation that's about ten of the common feeling desperate act of a few weeks i think that's right incidentally you think people live on innovative rent out one side of the fault line with security bernard mails and sydney immediately pass the news that tom you go to cornell university it was wildly excited when i heard of this discovery no senate and again it was the connection between super know they and the pulse us the most important connection which became even clearer when the

three underfoot dish of green bank in west virginia think the pulses from the direction of the crab nebula the big dish at the national radio astronomy observatory detected a pulse are among the remnants of the exploded star but i couldn't track it to measure its pulse rate the green bank astronomers as their colleagues with a thousand foot telescope that's able to lend a hand radio astronomers of us evil have their own program for hunting paul silas they quickly switched it to the pulse are in the crab nebula records of the radio emissions from that part of the sky when i was a pulse i was playing a much faster than any discovered before but in itself was highly significant numbers of ballots wasn't right place

doesn't show interference blake which would be over but here this was nothing more than an appearance of the hijackers they john comer love found that the object in the crab nebula was pulsating thirty times a second a star of the most compact tribe already known to white jury could not perform so rapidly the icy though astronomers also found that this also was perceptibly slowing down the discovery gave a great philip that the theory the calls are as represented a completely new state of matter a star crashed of the fantastic density of an atomic nucleus a neutron star radio radio telescopes were discovering new than average rate of one every two weeks but all through nineteen sixty eight optical astronomers tried in vain with giant telescopes to detect any visible houses

one cloudy night early in nineteen sixty nine a small telescope at the university of arizona steward observatory scoops the first visible piles are two men who have never used the telescope before john cochrane american and an englishman michael busy spark the polls are in the crab nebula leader of the dingle taylor was absent that not by accident the astronomers left the microphone switched into the tape recorder was preserving an unprecedented record of discovery what you see is reconstruct what you hear is the astronomers actual conversations of the historic moment it's going to be very good

the flesh is thirty times a second match the radio pulses exactly one clearest has always insisted that only the highly crashed a neutron stars can explain the phenomenal polls ours is tom ago what i think happens is about like this magnetic field of the star acts like the spokes of a wheel with a neutron star itself but the harp and i guess that is flowing out of the stuff will be forced to flow along the spokes of this week of an interest i can rotate remarkably fast it could spin about as fast as a thousand times a second and therefore it is not very far from the neutron star itself but the spokes of whizzing

around at almost the speed of light and i guess with alpha bits of narrative to these very high speeds but we understand the feisty gas moving in this way we regulate both in that reggae band and visible light and both of these have been seen from the polls that the way that the pollsters are generated but i think in the manner of the light from a lighthouse beach on the shelf templates and the beam of light swings around and those buses to be seen by an observer use carrots in the center of myanmar oh really but willie fowler and other experts the idea that ulcers are neutron stars as a source of excitement and controversy there were a gathering of leading astronomers from all over the world in dallas texas there's plenty to argue about

one of the business comes from moscow just a split screen it is an interest or an astronomer because the deaths of these are several times what we can observe in action what you're really looking at something i got to give it all i mean how can you be sure that the resident president obama is a new reticence or white or perhaps the

caribbean what would've been a girl who started all the fuss about the pulse or as jocelyn bell was a research during the cambridge england and she's now married and revisiting her former teacher anthony here which of the mallard observatory where she first noticed unexpected pulses from the sky in august nineteen sixty seven when they reappeared that november you issue abby all successful investigation they are too because when i met the conduct is it bigger than in white gloves and some so that was the october one interesting thing is that john seago was picked up this cabinet of the pulse all flashing thirty times a second it's fast it's very fast in fact it's going it's flashing so fast that it would flood of pieces of the line or so i think we can forget all about the white walkers and concentrate only informs the neutron stars going to satisfy only other peculiar things

the peculiar property when it's going to be a bit of an uphill slog of a theoretician this this is the first real evidence that we sort of exist the crab nebula has yielded its greatest secret since the discovery by the steward observatory we now know that at the heart of a clown a star long known in photographs is flashing thirty times a second it is the one in the middle of the circle the most astonishing star ever discovered and there at this moment in astronomy and history rests as your bright and chinese box lights the traveler in the dark though i know not what you are a twinkle twinkle little star such progress with polls ours in a number of months is a remarkable success story for astronomers latest there is about three dozen poll sites discovered astronomers do they wish they

could have made his good progress with even more astonishing objects a profound mystery for six years the quasar us and that's what we'll turn to next if you take us out into the depths of the universe upon saws lie among the stars of our own galaxy the milky way quasar so much farther away out in the realm of the other galaxies the galaxy is a vast collections of stars that lie scattered in space and time millions of light years hundreds of thousands of millions of light years away in other words our telescopes are time machines the light from distant galaxies has taken so long to reach us that we see the universe as it was billions of years ago the father's drawer oldest objects astronomers can see a quasar ours they're visible across such great distances because they're unbelievably bright much brighter than galaxies yet they're also much smaller than galaxies and looked very like stars their quasar stellar star like in appearance which is why they're

called quasar is there perhaps the most violent events to be seen in the universe but before we embark in earnest on that story and its implications were going to take time out for the next ten minutes simply to accompany one of the greatest drummers of our time is he goes to work at palomar in the hills of california a young dutch astronomer with the first amendment rights the fantastic power of the quasar six years later he continues to investigate and he's taken leave of his family to spend four nights at the telescope martin smith i got interested in astronomy when i was about twelve years old i had an uncle who is an amateur astronomer and it was i think in nineteen forty two that he showed me his telescope and a few objects

by impulse that in a few minutes you don't hear that is this true when i came back from the holidays i did that and i wrote him saying it and build its little telescope and now what should i do with it even advised me to buy a little book about things you could see in the sky and this is really how i got started in astronomy as an amateur astronomer i had never a telescope across niger than two point four and she's obviously this is quite a change and it is certainly a privilege to be able to use the largest telescopes that exists martin smith is one of only sixteen astronomers in the world were privileged

to use the two hundred inch telescope regular others may be admitted as temporary visitors for twenty years the palomar tell us there has been the sharpest eye on the universe when i came into the village in stone for the first time some ten or twelve years ago and i was deeply impressed with the telescope and a student all looking up for about five minutes now when i come in i come out of the elevator door i'd go to be considering to engage and i now realize that i sometimes don't even check where the telescope is that we'll all the weapons and i'll give you the hornets of the objects is to come along and then i think forty objects before see objects that schmidt has to

investigate tonight a visible quasar is listed in the fourth cambridge cattle on the radio sources it will work in a cage behind the glass thirty five tons of the reforms the mayor of the telescope two hundred inches in diameter hole michael a helmet english at that they usually come up bloody you have to chew it is loading the camera to record a sphere of light from a thousand million light years away at the edge of the visible universe cage contains electronic equipment it greatly speeds up the work of the telescope by registering think like it cuts the exposure time for a photograph from hours to minutes

but the equipment is heavy that's why it has to be mounted in this position right behind them are disturbed as little as possible the delicate balance of the great telescope has its wings and it's not just a twenty five point five or one twenty four fifty eight mr levi forty nine eleven nineteen ninety three

the russian government is only

about thirty minutes a year astronomy is an art as well as a science the observational astronomer has staked his reputation on his performance of the telescope you yes martin not only a minute fire update still as an observer as a matter of judging how to make the best possible use of complex and expensive equipment and how to interpret the results of view is that we give you the data that it is raking it in effect until it at twenty six

and all played a job at making leo a pub at the heat the great telescope is working uncomfortably close to the limits of its performance has do you have enough bill cosby

is blue streamers last seen conditions should worsen tonight obscuring features and light that's traveled since before the earth was on a very devilish the music plays i need to play the piano i mean

the play the piece by the play the pain admiral

mcconnell the floor of heaven is thinking late teens a bright cold as have the smallest always about the host but in his motion like an angel sings too quiet into the young i'd championships such harmonies in and consumes but once this monday this jewel of a decayed of bruce lee kloos indian weekend he had air on those lines schmidt took forty four little photographs

like this the light a quasar was broken up according to its wavelength it's behind that you can see what's revealed on this tiny place when seen under a powerful magnifying glass six years ago such a spectrum was a turning point in astronomy she contended from the quasar first pinpointed by radio astronomers and parks australia schmidt puzzle over the spectrum for six weeks it made no sense then on february fifth nineteen sixty three he understood he recognized a group of lions that they were completely shifted to the red end of the spectrum that night i went home instead of these really i said to my wife it's horrible something incredible happened today what see me why i was so shocked

let human rights' source of light which is moving rapidly away from you like within limits are stretched out their move towards warmer and therefore writer wetlands the fast moving is moving away from you the more red shifted expect or want to become the stars are by now used to the conclusion that galaxies with the biggest projects that as those which are moving fastest away from us are also the most distant galaxies it turns out that the faster galaxies receding from us was swift or leave more distant it is now with this information it's possible to show roughly what is this the upper and lowest worker

or comparison laboratory specter should recognize that a pattern of three ones due to a pellet but these three lines went up in the usual place in this park their usual place is somewhere over here they have big red shifted why this very large distance him out of the range of corresponds to a velocity of about thirty thousand miles per second and such an enormous velocity means the equation must be very far away in fact that it must be about a billion like years from near the how is it possible that an object which appears to us or it could be so far away huge lassen dass er star is flowing together might conceivably produce such a large amount of energy enough to drive a quasar but there's a problem with this

idea is that gravity isn't a sense two strong there's nothing to stop the collapse of such a massive gas are stars he would continue to collapse it would pass through the neutron star stage that we talked about before and eventually its gravity would become so intense that even white would be unable to escape from the object there for the object would turn off it would disappear and would vanish from universe leaving behind only a sort of black hole of gravity like grimm on the cheshire cat the universe may in fact be riddled with such law calls alleging a spaceship wandering around one in its own business encountering such a walk or what happens to it what was the nationalist disappear from yours there some leave that latter which disappears down such are black or must re emerge at some other point in space that's another important time

this may be just a sort of highbrow science fiction origami really be true the quake says it's a joke puzzling phenomenon that they may really need us to revise our notion of the laws of nature in the first time astronomers thought physicist something new but it does seem clear that simple common sense notions about the universe are just totally inadequate to account for such an extraordinary phenomenon as a quitter quasar as some kind of immense explosion far away in space and time one point of view on that we can turn to the radio astronomers whose radio telescopes pickup strange radio noise our forefathers imagine that the heavens were filled with the music of the spheres and choirs of angels instead what we hear when we convert the radio signals to sound is this harris the first news of ireland upheavals in the distant universe

at cambridge three dishes one of the movable make up the ingenious one mile radio telescope records were obtained day by day with a movable edition different positions along its railroad track combination of these records produces maps of the radios kinds of detail than precise as you're detained if you had one huge dish a mile in diameter there's no one around in the control room of this great telescope automatically an unintended words patient expiration of the sources of regulars in the universe what is it some radio sources of the remains of exploded starts with others much farther away turn out to be exploding galaxies imagine a huge assembly of stars like our own milky way ravaged by a

central explosion far more violent than a supernova if it happened in the milky way it would wipe out all life throughout the galaxy such galaxies broadcast their distress by strong radio emissions across many millions of light years of space the dishes of the telescope the incident reveals the shapes of the region's in and around the galaxies which are emitting strong radio waves or shapes to a remarkable stories of past explosions as antony jewish explains this is a typical radio galaxy just here optical telescopes show visible galaxy these clouds and other side of it which of broadcasting radio noise are huge house of atomic particles wrapped in magnetic fields we think they've been ejected by almighty explosion in the heart of the galaxy this pattern and the radio pop are quite different from those of normal galaxy like this nearby spiral in andromeda here we grade your mission matches the

visible shake very closely sometimes it's obvious from the photographs but a galaxy is in distress see the bobby bright blue jet shooting out here this galaxy is also strong rate your source of the double cloud is not yet clearly developed the galaxy can explode more than once this one not by radio astronomers in australia has repeated double form corresponding to one explosion long ago with the gas clouds now stretching far across the sky and another much more recent where the gas clouds are still close to the visible object in this case the galaxy is obscured from view invisible light but the radio maps we've made in cambridge suggest that has been wracked by explosions several times like a machine gun swiveling is it files would recalculate the energy tied up in these radio club thats amazingly large

it's as if the total energy supply of many millions of stars has been stolen converted into high energy atomic particles swirling a huge drifts of magnetic field this mystery was unfolding in the early nineteen sixties by the discovery of corey's hours or quasi stella radio sources bees are so compact they look just like stars in both optical radio telescopes yet they give off more energy than a complete galaxy but here the starlight visible object optically a quasar three thousand million light years away looks another radio telescope like a typical rate your galaxy a growing number of astronomers think the quasar is ready or galaxies are directly linked roughly according to this sketch diagram here we believe that an explosion right inside a galaxy is the visible quezada and that this explosion throws out clouds of atomic particles which we later observers are at a galaxy

by studying the radio maps we can have to follow the evolution of this explosion what we cannot of course say why galaxies explode or what causes the vast release of energy the nature of a quasar explosions baffles the world's astronomers it's as if many millions of stars are concentrated in a volume little bigger than our solar system yet according to present knowledge of the forces of nature no such concentration of matter could survive in a visible form so clams are watching is now the first priority for the world's biggest telescopes like the one hundred twenty inch telescope at the lick observatory in california thompson and as an expert in clay's eyes and what he's going to do tonight is measure the brightness of the quasar by comparison with nearby stars it's hard to see anything of these little pinpoints of light unimaginably far away in space but beside the

red shift the most striking features some places is the way they vary in brightness of the one hundred twenty inch america like telescope will focus the starlight to the cage where kinnaman rides his position was known as prime focus here nothing stands between the big reflector the astronomers instruments what staggers gunman and his colleagues is that someplace ours double in brightness from one night to the next such flashy behavior implies great violence it also tells an extremely concentrated centers of activity in reserves if they were being they could not change surprised

a jew why start seizing we can see the outcome of this work in a striking way a smaller telescopes at lick checked with this big one is provided our program with data for a motion picture it shows greatly speeded up all the quasar called three c three four five changes in brightness in the course of a year every few months it doubles in brightness in a matter of days and as quickly three kinds of years but parts of australia the hunt for new craze ours goes on

when the telescope has pinpointed a radio source a computer prince and that picture as its position in relation to bright stars in that part of the sky the crosses represent the stars over one of the photographs from the palomar observatory sky survey it's the map drawn by the computer in this way the source detected by the radio telescope may be related to a visible objects this is john bolton just single one substation two hundred and ten photos and goes a hundred actor positions radio services and also use as many as forty will we knew it discovered license radio bosses and place

else i didn't call but we are beginning a lost to distinguish between the two classes we observe over a wide range of wavy lines and we find that the place was emit more strongly the short wavelengths in other words their voices are higher pitch even more important we finally begun to find out something about the size and structure of the place cells which appear to assemble telescope as the mayor points of light or regulations in order to do this we need to radio telescopes separated by a long distance phone and fraught the interplanetary is just a combination of two space radio telescopes in this case the big one is stationery and the other is moving along the railroad track most vicious are trained on the same radio sorts in order to measure its size but then strohl a

wavy pattern that's because signals from the radio source in the sky a ride with the judicious first instead them understand then instead again as the distance between the dishes increases when they're instead they produce a large combined signal out of step with combined signal a smaller this happens ultimately and produces the wavy pattern of the astronomers call then just as the separation between the dishes increase is striking thing happened just watch the pan on the left the way the patterns start to shrink what's happening is that the radio source is too big to get precisely matching signals at the judicious when they are so far apart the resource center the pattern disappears is that there's a separate big

they've been completely disappeared now you can stop attracting our last apartment because of this separation or we have to do now is a simple song which tells us the diameter of sorts for radio sources that look very small like many quasar as the way the bottom will not disappear with two dishes as close as this the first hint the quasar has existed came when the moment in england found that for some radio sources the way the patent resisted even when dishes were a hundred miles apart canadian radio astronomers at the algonquin observatory of pioneered a

technique which allows radio telescopes thousands of miles apart to work together on those liens even small quasar osric was yielding the secret of their true size the trick is to make tape recordings of radio signals reviewed from a quasar at the conditions but the tiny extremely accurately with apartment blocks records and then they combined as accurately as if the telescopes were really much closer together canadian and american astronomers have made several such legs including transatlantic ones to sweden and juggle back in england the first long distance link was between algonquin and a regular dish on the other i've counted two years ago the latest the longest link is being attended by the canadians right now between the big dish of algonquin and the big question marks australia this combination makes in effect a radio telescope as wide as the earth it will give new information on the shapes and sizes of gray's arms and we're not sure whether karzai's are indeed exploding galaxies

you issued cambridge said he thought quasar as an exploding galaxies are the same kind of event at different stages john bolton the parks said the quasar as were higher pitched than radio galaxies wine that they might be inherently different and we got other evidence from optical astronomers who can see a connection between galaxies and toys r us to tell us about that yours was sargent at palomar galaxies are large quasar is a small but really it isn't quite as simple as that there are looking galaxies call seafood galaxies have very bright sentence this picture of a seafood galaxy was taken with a long exposure but if exposure is significantly reduced a star like objects sitting at the center's all that registers it is this center that resembles a quasar but it is a thousand times less right this is the fantasy for galaxy which was discovered fifty years ago in the last

few years more distant galaxies with bright centers of been discovered this one called ones weekly one is the brightest galaxy known its center is a hundred thousand million times brighter than our sun i have suggested that this object isn't really the missing link between galaxies and poisonous then there are groups of galaxies in which one of them seems to be injected with enormous energy from the rest we call this stephens quintet and we've known about this sponge for all of eighteen years is a remarkable chain of compact galaxies four of them are traveling together but in nineteen sixty eight i found that this one is moving away from the others at a speed of at least fifteen thousand miles a second what kind of happened here except some tremendous explosion clearly there's something on going on here either we need a new source of energy all the familiar sources are working in ways that we hadn't yet discovered the song and the

straws generate their energy by feminist theory actions of the sources and powerful enough for the quiet sounds we have to think again on an airfield near san francisco astronomers prepare a telescope for a flight here is another way to peek through the curtain of the earth's atmosphere the cuts off most of the radiation from the universe the telescope rides into the stratosphere in a converted businessman's jet it's for picking up previously undetected rays coming from distant galaxies a gold plated toaster in the hangar infrared astronomy university is on the rise makes reading the telescope's special

detector and he has to call it to an extremely low temperature just two degrees above absolute call that's what he's doing here with liquid helium loans to detect each race ain't infrared rays coming from far away in the universe the warmth of his detector would swamp any such raise if he didn't make it is called as possible it is one in a water vapor in the air as another infrared rays journeying for millions of years from dust galaxies are wiped out at the last moment as the newburgh around the telescope has to go ten miles up to get above the layer called the trouble cause with a moist air of the earth's surface gives way to the dry air of the stratosphere in its jacket of liquid helium the

detective works on the telescope on the part of the detector is a dream many and crystal that is very sensitive to infrared rays i think so far today at the infrared galaxies that lowers investigating other very same bright center of galaxies the seaford galaxies that was sergeant spoke about just now but these galaxies generate more heat like some of these he'd raised to reach the ground or even stronger at wavelengths goalie blocked by the lower atmosphere so lowe's telescope is carried mrs garner is

his position this is banned nice nice nice nice things

it is and blow testifies that he raced families who use special galaxies equal and energy only live from all the stars in the universe this discovery verizon was sergeant civilian should we have to think again about the forces of nature infrared is just one of the new windows now opening on the universe if you had an infrared eyes ears of the sky would look these are cool stars are stars not quite formed this is a bit of the sky towards the center of the milky way itself a source of infrared rays here's how it works by visible light until recently this was the

only window on the sky radio telescopes give quite a different picture the order mary stars other than the sun just aren't seeing instead violent events are picked up exploded stars and galaxies polls ours ours ours visible light and short radio waves unsung infrared are the only signals that pass unhindered through the atmosphere space flight opens up a range of new windows as we saw earlier with ultra violet eyes you pick up the very top stars and now rocket astronomers have found x ray stars a group of them in our same patch of sky there a new mystery for the astronomer here's the very latest window open by american scientists last year using a satellite to pickup gamma rays which are like very energetic x rays so far they do show ruffled blocks of brightness in the milky way

particularly the center of our galaxy we should keep an eye on this part of the milky way towards the center of our galaxy some strange thing happening there not only as a source of calories but it's also an intense source of infrared radiation these contour maps employee the trailer star is have fun clouds of gas russia not words at high speed from the center of our galaxy they implied that there was a violent event an explosion center our galaxy some thirty million years ago it wasn't an explosion as volunteers in a quasar of if it had then we would be here today it was just a sort of tremor was no longer the that's questionable human fate of the universe itself in this connection to have been astonishing discoveries just in the past few years

are we at smart enough to tell the true story of the universe men and tried to do so for centuries in various ways according to the book of genesis god made the song the moon and the stars to give light to the earth he said to the ancient world affirmative government a solid dome of the sky in which they thought the stars were fixed and if a man could only look beyond the vault of heaven you might see the cogs and fly wheels that made the great don't revolve in the night the ancient egyptians and then divide the earth with a reclining the adoption was in the air reaching up to the sky the strapping goddess not in india the hindus picture the earth has a sort of water lily which leaves four continents a lotus flower was never the abode of the gods around this the song and stars or evolved for

jews and christians to get out of it and the ocean way all around even as the lessons of the ancient greeks and avenue explores sank in the theory was not flat the ground they still saw the earth was the center of the universe surrounded by the spears carrying the heavenly bodies and though man saw himself at the center of all things was a lonely place he occupied way down in the iraqi about angels and six winter service we fight over bain for centuries ago was the founder of modern astronomy but he clung to the view that the earth was the center of the universe in titles cosmos the song still over the earth of the other planets went around the sun he rejected the system of a punishment to their knickers in which all the planets were put in orbit around the sun when news of his family for a brief

period of clues to titles universe but the very ancient do that everything in the cosmos revolved around us at last been discarded once and for all the second century astronomer at all of a hoot crystallize that you have things fell right out of favor in his words every garden chronicle or in the modern aegean back to the drawing board but the news didn't favor tyco system their long shared about the italian galileo is use of the telescope and the quiet novel view of the universe could provide and in england isaac newton discovered the law of gravity the force that moves the universe the copernican revolution prevailed and we have it's a faux diehard a song simply replaced the earth was the center of the universe the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it is about the universe and outlays and remained very conservative

only in the lifetime of some astronomers still alive today as it's been revealed that our son is not the center of the universe not even at the center of our galaxy but some way out from the center in the suburbs only in the twentieth century a man grasp the scale of the universe with its population of galaxies singing singing scientists of narrow down the mystery of creation what seems to be a necessary is some hydrogen gas at the beginning we understand how large and convinces him to a first generation of stars

and the stars appear amundsen their interior is how these heavy elements are spewed out to in supernova another explosions to enrich the interstellar medium and our subsequent generations of stars and planets form from argentina have year olds it's in the laboratory we duplicated primitive planetary atmosphere and supply routes and it was produced are organic molecules organic molecules quite like the ones which make us up it's an extraordinary thing it is of the origin of life is in the cards as if it's a force process of physics and chemistry and noticed that at least in principle how from these humble beginnings wife could evolve to produce wondering men who ponder how it all came about and we must i think that we are going pinnacle of creation the end product of cosmic evolution that there will be the votes were there reaches more than stanley while there is some uncertainty about many of the steps

in this grand picture the overall pattern has agreed to by most scientists and yet there is the word of the original we talked about exploding stars and exploding galaxies in the big bang theory we're living in an exploding universe in the big bang theory a universe began some ten billion years ago it was instantaneously created all the modern energy in it reproduced somehow from the frame as the primeval gas quote expanded and cotton there are common stations and it conversations which evolved to produce galaxies not all of them snarled the sauce windows shown in the big bang theory takes many forms and some of them the galaxy's expand from nato forever and others they slow down and contract and there's a sequence of big bangs

and the big bang theory there is no mystery about the recession and galaxies it's no more mysterious than the expansion of the fragments of a bomb explosion in the study state health officers the universe has no beginning and no end and no water boundary there's no quarrel in holes view with the expansion of the universe galaxies received to a distant horizon are there places taken with other galaxies newly formed from the internet inter galactic gas as more more generations of galaxies are produced perhaps you'd think that the intellect and gas should be used up this is not the case because in the end the steady state theory no gases produced all the time from nothing and how is it produced but produced in just the same way that in the big bang theory matters made from nothing although the song completely different a decision between these two types of theories have been far from easy as we said earlier our telescopes and time

machines so great of the distances in the universe and so long as the journey in and buy light and radio waves from distant sources but we can see the universe as it was when it was far younger if the steady state theory is right the distant younger universe should look a little different from the nearby regions if the big bang story is correct and we should see evidence of change that's one way of trying to choose between big bang and steady state the other ways to look for evidence of the big bang itself if there was a great firewall the universe was then very hard and filled with x rays and gamma rays like those generated and the fireball of an h bomb why now though the universe's cool down and that radiation has lost energy it's become short radio waves your own television set as a crude sort of radio telescope and celebrates know the unavoidable flecks of light you see on it is radio noise coming from the universe according to some astronomers part of the snow comes from the fireball of the big bang itself from the creation of the

universe static as a matter of practical concerned a radio engineers like those a bell telephone laboratories in homebuilder jersey it was you know they picked up the first hint of an echo from the big bang in nineteen sixty five communications satellites were the great novelty in the telephone industry remember telstar ms horne was built for those experiments it's unusually sensitive unlike its radio receiver is cooled with liquid helium it's designed for very short radio waves microwave circle but are no pens the us and robert wilson of bell laboratories thought something had gone wrong with it when they picked up unexpected radiation they took it apart and rebuilt it opens in us jails what happens when no one was looking flat white of the atmosphere we pick up radiation from the air as we expected as we look to hire the intensity drop

the wheel of a small amount of additional radiation which we could not explain it seemed to be coming from somewhere outside the atmosphere no matter when we love day or night when for summer this background of radiation appeared everywhere in the sky was not tied to our galaxy or any other known source of radio waves it was rather as if the whole universe or even wind up with temperature about three degrees above absolute zero we were surprised to learn the barbecue pits that would make it just such an effect on the big bang fact robert dickey was making preparations or princeton to look for just such fireball radiation when the news came from bell laboratories it worked out what should be left to day of the fierce radiation from the fireball of the big bang if that's how the universe began and it would still be around whisper of revere words

yes it will the princeton scientists including david wilkinson year i set out to try to go through the newly discovered radio background really came from the big bang nice thing about dickey theory is that it makes to very specific predictions about what one would expect one is that if we're here on the arab and we make measurements with the radio antennas in all directions in fact we should see the same intensity no matter which way we look in space this experiment was done here in princeton professor package in myself and really seems to be true but no matter which direction you look out in space you see the same intensity of this fire of all so that area that's very nicely there be other protection that because very end makes is that all of the measurements of the intensity of this radiation should fit on a very specific curve cold blood by her the first measurement was done by penn susan

wilson and then on the curb out there in fact that measurement fixes that are happy that measurement all the other measurements sure bet on the skirt the next one was made here in princeton but first the role of myself seem to get very nicely on a curve which corresponds to a temperature of three degrees out black body radiation just means the strongest radiation than anything couldn't it by virtue of its strength of each wavelength depends on the temperature the big bang story is right the temperature of the universe must always read three degrees above absolute call but the strongest radiation comes at a tricky wavelength of one millimeter which ground based detectors can't reach at the naval research laboratory in washington dc a rocket scientist has ventured to take the temperature of the universe near the wavelength of one millimeter is checking a telescope is flown above the atmosphere as a cosmic thermometer body

temperature of of our condition under and his colleagues at cornell university obtain a result not fitting that three degrees black auditor however just recently there's been a new measurement might group at the research laboratories and cornell university at higher frequencies frequencies they're all over this week and they seem to find a very high intensity in fact they find an intensity that comes way up here well about the black body curves back about a hundred times more intense than would be predicted by her however one need more measurements here but they do seem to be rocking the little it's a hard measurement to get right and seven and guns result clashes with other indirect evidence about the temperature of the universe at that difficult wavelength eric cambridge besides the alleged fireball radiation there's a further view of cosmic history radio astronomers at cambridge and had many successes including the polls

ours but their leaders are much more oil is always hope to draw an overall picture of the universe and the way the distant radio got what susan quasar disappear scattered in space now he thinks he has it or six as the sky surveys which we've made here at cambridge on to a new one universe has changed and it's still changing ma census of the faintest the most distant objects we can say something about the nature of the universe as it was several thousand million years ago the phrase often exploding galaxies become a more crowded together than they are now what's more distance of something thousand and it has a number of media sources for so shocking it looks as though those a horizon of time when he got his first being formed from primeval desk jobs following the big bang it and more powerful radio telescopes identity of the much to see beyond except the microwave

background of the big bang itself it seems that with our deepest came to survey we may already be spending the entire history of the universe of texas on the future of the universe island sound that has a point of view this american astronomer normally uses the two hundred inch on a marvelous girl but at the moment is in australia are taking pictures of the nearest galaxy is visible only in the southern sky with miles from lowell observatory smallest telescope he compares them with other galaxies seen and the two hundred inch he also uses the big seventy four inch telescope to check his ideas about the future of the universe i think the universe is slowing down in fact it is slowing down so fast but sometime in the future the expansion of the galaxies will seize and contraction begin the evidence comes from observations

of the red shows the rate of recession or the speed of distant galaxies calculation shows that the time in the future is about thirty thousand million years when all of the galaxies will come to rest after which contraction contraction which nothing can stop we'll begin the galaxy's well will coalesce with one another and finally emerge once again into a new army will fireball what happens after this of course we don't know we don't know if the universe will bounce will matter come again out of the primeval fireball new galaxies form the expansion again the story collapse again take place another death and another resurrection again out of another horrible there's a sled they're not nearly enough visible balances to exert the mutual gravitational even to arrest women and drugs and drive them together again

at home in your heart dean of dutch astronomers runs a radio observatory at bring along his colleague out of those balls is investigating clouds of gas approaching our galaxy is astronomers spotted a dozen clouds each ten thousand times more massive than the sun moving towards a set up to a hundred miles a second order is interested in the cosmic significance of these clouds the interpretation of this phenomenon has up to the present to being quite an enigma but we think now that it indicates that letter is flowing into a galaxy from the surrounding you know there's this matter and discuss the kind of intergalactic wind interacts with a gas already present in our own galaxy and so gives rise to the corruption of creative the amount of inflow gives

some indication of the general of the city of the matter in the universe and it turns out that this gentleman city is of your girl for one calls a critical density at which the universe could just six pounds indefinitely other words this in falling gas means there's at least ten times more matter in the universe than we can see in the forms of stars and galaxies but it's still not enough to bring about the collapse of the universe that balance and which projects is there still more to be found rocket scientist richard henry at the naval research laboratory testifies to much more invisible ladder in between the galaxies previous attempts to detect gas in the vast apparently empty spaces between the galaxies have been inconclusive with illicit because people were looking for the wrong sort of thing we think this gas is very very hard and be the temperatures of hundreds of thousands of degrees the only way to protect those gas is through the soft x radiation which emits

winter but the observations of where the g wilson of ourselves as indicating existence of such a hot then guess now the spouse would be very thin and the material less than a grain of sand with the volume larger than that of the earth nonetheless the spaces between the galaxies or so that with this material could add up to more than ninety percent of all the material in the universe well needless to say so much additional material in the universe would have a very substantial effect on the future evolution of the universe and on its ultimate make a hundred times more a matter that would be quite enough to hope the galaxies in their tracks and make the heavens for the sound its promises back in england we turn to other possible clues about the history of the universe in our lives the astronomer royal royal greenwich observatory no longer sits on its own zero of longitude by the river thames in some sense the stars and you know ninety eight inch

telescope discloses the early history of chemical elements in the universe did a big bang or a gray's arms little binds play any part in forming engaged in this stellar archaeology is bernard have with the telescope within seem very old styles that we'll fold is a time when the galaxy was very young i'm interested in studying the chemical composition of these laws and from wisconsin who were there to make conclusions of the murders first the amount of heavy elements is extremely small seconds a small amount of heavy elements that we don't see as much the same composition as a mixture of heavy elements that is found in young stars or in the us for that matter this result has really wrote disappointing would get back into the remote past hoping to find something different and primitive perhaps someone

like shortly after the big bang if indeed the big bang actually occurred at what we find instead is simply a watered down version of the situation that we have at present the present evidence for a slowdown is consistent with all models of the big bang this however is not really the reason that most astronomers believe big bang describes the real world it is rather in the timing of the events which happened from the observations of distances the galaxies we can calculate the so called hubble constant which gives the time in the past and the present expansion began and this time or this age is ten thousand million years there is yet another a charter which is the time since the formation of the first stars in our own galaxy we know that this occurred also ten thousand million years ago and yet again calculations from

there the laws of radioactive decay showed that the chemical elements have their birthday ten thousand million years ago the agreement of these three time scales is precisely what is required in the big bang theory is correct or made the most persuasive evidence that steady state does not explain the fact is the time scales all agree and this could only happen if something like a creation of them occur i'm dismayed that about twenty years now since the city's that theory was first thought all over that twenty years the bain quite a few lines that the feeling withdrawn from observers would if it's been demonstrated you wouldn't define everybody still talking about with the eighty twenty years after it would've gone into limbo and they did that the trouble is many observers are working in the limits of what can be done and there hasn't been any disprove that really drives a nail in the coffin to be lots of

opportunities that this was an opportunity over the slowing down of the universe that sand beach mentioned hero by using the quasar as it would have been possible really to show that it is wrong with this was just jaw didn't work the same thing has happened in my view with the radio sources accounts a radio source in surat the first few hundred certainly were against the family about the next ten thousand have gone in the direction of the theory at least in my view and again with the microwave background it looks to me like just the same story in the beginning i thought this is pretty bad for the theater when it was first discovered but then it's been found that straightforward sauces it mixes of high frequency radio waves and far infrared on an enormous scale so it's a completely open question that they are i believe that some of his background really comes from the dental universe all it comes from sources in the gentleman or reduced and so i think it to me i'm impressed over twenty years by the failure

to drive or not call a nail in the coffin of the theory this begins to seal a considerable significance in the mines together with a theoretically vote so that i suppose in some the day i'm more confident that it is right now there have been at any time in the past this mountain publicly about it is more than a shrine for the proper go indians in arizona it's the center of the universe around this crime the sun than the stars recall a long drop their children in song and the public has hesitated before releasing a lesser second bout and get paid to the men with long knives from mit to this desert filled with legends comes philip morrison the considered judgment on our tails of the

universe as indians how lawless land for centuries and if they wish to believe that that extraordinary mountain shaft was the nexus of universe they have a case mainly to disprove this case if they would listen to as if they're theological philosophical preconceptions allow them to hear all the evidence we too have a case about the nature of the cosmos if our preconceptions two are allowing us to see and hear audience question we never quite know no way we seemed farther and look less provincial even the public knows that we also have to consider that we look into time fourteen faraway thousands of millions of light years looking back thousands of millions of years you know it's a look at the earth where we live this flowers a product of last summer's growth figure by now that it's out and took up their

partnership few months ago some times of the year my hand lens which will last even the bones at most a few tens of years this rocky piece of ground from the land may have lasted a few hundred million years or a hundred years was the range from a company or a month we could see was the ninth day to hundreds of millions of years younger selves on a few times over the remarkable point is but all the galaxies that you see flying away to the depths of space seen only at most to be a few times older in the age of the oldest rocks are a few thousand million years we are maybe ten or twenty thousand million years for the galaxy at all rowling who is the most remarkable coincidence that way and always seen in the distant distant channels we open those the support that we have to explain the two great contesting sets are due to explain this

the big bang and the steady state do it this way the big bang the nightly says that's all the time there was the earth is about as old as the cosmos because everything began in some sense only a few thousands of the years the steady state more subtle so this is a kind of average things begin all the talk of things in our neighborhood begin about it it's a much more sophisticated but nowadays the last few years have brought us evidence for them it and cosmology for myself i find it hard to accept the big bang theory i would like to reject how mobile usage and leave theory that says we know it's a finite time only twice as mortgage market you write this was vastly different from its presence that a white hot bowl i much prefer mr wells more subtle studies that have to face the facts as working the evidence mounts of experiment after experiment at least suggests that

the clear protections of the most naive very vivid nightmare coming true the studies then gets more complicated modified difficult to track so i think the next couple years ago as these have real we shall for a generation or to hold on to the most naive cosmology and not last a wiser more experienced generation comes after us we changed perhaps they will see that it too was a provincial preconception eu

you're well only unknown man named