Changing World; 9; The Face of Russia

The following program is from NET, the National Educational Television Network. The National Educational Television Network is from NET, the National Educational Television Network. The National Educational Television Network is from NET, the National Educational Television Network. The National Educational Television Network is from NET, the National Educational Television Network.

The concern of the state extends everywhere, particularly into the lives of young people. For it is the young, say, the Soviets who must build the communism of the future. This program is a look at the Soviet state and the people who live in it. For about 40 years there has been an endless line across Red Square in Moscow. The pilgrims of the communist world are paying their respects to a man who in many senses they consider a god.

He is their rock of faith in an otherwise uncertain world. His grave is their holy place. The new god was named Vladimir Ilia Shulianov. He is known as Lenin. They come to Moscow from all parts of the Soviet Union. They are used to waiting in lines. And this line, unlike many others they have come to know, moves slowly and surely. They want to descend into the pool wall of a Muslim to see for themselves the founder of the world's first communist state. Of course an older god exists in this church in Moscow and throughout the Soviet Union. But bones who worship him are for the most part, old themselves.

They are often poor, yet they finance the churches of the Soviet Union out of their own earnings. If they could not one-sorship freely they can worship freely today. And their religious fervor is often overwhelmed. But their children rarely follow them. The children do not follow. They have been taught that religion is a false god. This Siberian church has been turned into a chocolate factory, others are garages and chemical laboratories. The old gods change. Lenin and the name of communism itself are the only certainties. Once Stalin lay in Lenin's tomb, but Khrushchev had him brought outside the tomb and buried here, still within the Kremlin's walls.

Stalin, who brought the Soviet Union to its present power, is not forgotten. But how does one judge Stalin? One is not quite sure. Only 12 years ago the Soviet Union was filled with places called Stalinist, Stalin Act. Today the names are changed. No city of the Soviet Union is so much of a monument to the new Russian communism as the Stalin brought. Now called Volnograd. 20 years ago the city was rumble, a mass grave. Today the Volnograd flows past incredible beauty, among whistles of ships resound in the city. In 20 years since the end of World War II, a new city has arisen.

Here lived the young and old of modern Russia. They are a diverse group and there was a clear difference between the generations. The youth dress much like young Americans or Western Europeans. The young man on the left has modern clothes. His father still sports baggy pants and the wide cap. The girl wears a stylish raincoat, the mother a peasant dress. The differences between generations are not just stylistic and they permeate Soviet society. The streets are wide and mostly empty. They are used mainly by official cars or trucks.

In Khrushchev's time the name of Stalingrad was changed to Volgograd but the license plates retain the Cyrillic letters S.G. Stalingrad. Included in the new communism is something Lenin had in thought of. Automatic newspaper dispensers. Two co-packs for the party newspaper Prada. For truth. The truth is in fact communism and what the party leadership of the moment says it is. The man in the street can often be a sharp critic of the world within his experience. He knows little of the world beyond it. He reads Pravda, his Vestia, the regional papers like the Zamashtapold Roy and the newspaper were the very accurate title communist. To a degree unknown in Western countries, those who deviate from the good communist path are shamed into more proper behavior. Drunkenness is a severe problem in the Soviet Union. To be a drunk is to be a bad communist. Drunks see their photographs and caricatures on public display and shop windows like an FBI display of our ten most wanted men.

Carcature is of those who fall by the wayside are also shown in street cars. Women who supposedly bathe their hands in red wine and guzzle of cocktails are represented as work shy eyewars. Volograd once stolen by the centerpiece in Stalin's pastry shop building style balconies bow windows and pillars. It's almost as if they were erected in Zara's time. Yet everything in central Volograd has been built since the end of World War II and this was the style that Stalin preferred. First job started a new building style. It is simpler. The lines are cleaner but less interesting.

The Soviets are building fast. The demand for adequate housing is great. And the appetite of the Soviet people for the better things of life must be appeased. From a distance it all looks good. But close up you see a different star. The joints are crooked. The stone is crumbling. The window sashes are split and sledding. The balcony is sagging. Some fear that the Soviets are building a nation of slums. A little wooden houses still make up two-thirds of Volograd. Filming the tower was only allowed in conjunction with new and modern buildings. While filming the only church in the city of 700,000 the cameraman was able to include a wooden house in a picture. The memories of World War II remain very vivid for those who live in Volograd. An eternal flame burns for the memory of Soviet dead. Over 20 million Soviet soldiers and private citizens were killed in the victorious but cruel war against Hitler. The suffering is etched indelibly into the Russian consciousness.

This tank, in front of a Volograd factory, symbolizes the change to a more consumer-oriented society which has taken place in Russia. The factory produces tractors by agriculture and industry. The labor force of 15,000 men produces 135 tractors a day, all of the same type. Our modern plants, with the 10th of the Russian manpower, produce over 150 tractors a day of several types. Soviet German impressionists recently complain that 10% of the tractors are in one way or another defective.

And the bear is a severe lack of spare parts. The Soviet workers receive peace pay and incentive for greater work and premiums if they over-fulfill their quota in the Soviet master plan. An incentive system in the Soviet Union as elsewhere results in harder work and hopefully better products. Nikolai Zakorov, along with four other workers in the 15,000 man factory, has won the honorary title Brigade of Communist Labor. Nikolai is not tentacle, but perhaps precisely because of that, he is interesting to us. He regularly surpasses his quota. 147% work fulfillment means a skilled worker in any society. The first helper in Nikolai's section earns about 80% of what Nikolai earns, a high salary, but not enough to rib well in the tremendous society. And his wife must work as well.

Four out of five women in the Soviet Union work, but Nikolai's wife does not. Maria Nikolai, not doesn't have to, because Nikolai is, in addition to his job, a representative in the supreme Soviet. He receives more for this than his wife would earn in an ordinary job. If Nikolai were to die early, his wife would receive a survivor's pension, that's smaller than a regular pension. Full old age pensions are granted only to those who work. Maria is shopping for a winter coat. He decides on a coat with a fur color made of rabbit. It won't cost her husband about a month's pain. Nikolai's Akharov gets to Moscow at least once a year for a meeting of the supreme Soviet.

And on Red Square in Moscow is the Soviet Union's best-known department store, Dumb. The inside of Dumb looks like an old time bizarre. The Russians consider the store one of the wonders of the Soviet Union. It is usually crowded. The demand for modern consumer goods is great, even for men's underwear. The bras are not quite Norwegian. They are a shiny pink and are old fashioned by our tastes, but they too disappear rapidly. At Dumb there is a great variety of goods from woolen hats and socks to a good deal of cloth material. Nothing is cheap, even for the family of Nikolai's Akharov. Many Russian women buy materials, because it is considerably cheaper to make your own clothes.

A thrifty housewife can prepare a meal cheaply, but meat is expensive. And the Russian housewife sometimes spends over 50% of her family's income on food. Butter is expensive, so is milk. The red banner is gratitude for a good sales performance. Complaint books are the consumers' check on poor goods or sloppy service, but this boy knowing a camera was on him wrote, I thank you for this excellent store. While consumer goods are expensive, housing is cheap. It usually costs less than 10% of a worker's income. But decent housing is also difficult to get. Nikolai's Akharov lives in an apartment built in 1959. He has what in the Soviet Union is considered a luxury apartment. It has four rooms, four people. It would be considered less than standard by Americans.

You can buy a fraud. Maria Nikolai at night is busy in the kitchen. It is small, with a three-burner gas stove and a simple wash sink. The lacy bed is typical for Russians. A carryover from Zara's days and peasant origins. Seven-year-old Natasha sleeps in this rather small room with her 11-year-old brother Slava. Nikolai is ambitious and he studies in the evenings to secure his diploma.

Factory work can pay well for a member of the brigade of communist labor. But Nikolai, who was 32, would like to become a more important cog in the communist wheel. Over the arm of the Zakharovssofa hangs a very typical and very gaudy embroidery of red square in Moscow. Every evening, just before supper, 11-year-old Slava arrives home from school. Housing is cheap and medical care is free. If one has to wait, sometimes for hours, well, the Russians are used to it. There is a free medical clinic in Emery Urban Neighborhood, but the patients have to pay for drugs used outside a hospital.

However, primitive Soviet medical care may sometimes seem, life expectancy has been pulled up in the past two decades to almost the American level. The Soviet Union is proud of the fact that it has one doctor for every 500 citizens, all right, better than our one doctor per 700 persons, and the quality of our medical care is certainly higher. Lenin's bust is everywhere, even at the woman eye doctors. Three out of every four doctors are women. There is little private practice. Doctors make, on the average, about what a skilled factory worker makes. Slava, Nikolai Zakharovssofa walks to school every morning. Like most children in the Soviet Union, he will get at least eight-year schooling, but not nearly so many finish high school as in the United States.

The children are wearing their pioneer or scouting uniforms. Lenin's bust. He is the father of war, life, love, and education. The school has more the formal manner of a Western European and an American school, perhaps because of the Cold War, or because of an increased consciousness of the outside world. All elementary school students in the Soviet Union learn at least one foreign language. Slava and his classmates are taking English. Khabidun, Khabidun, Khabidun. Khabidun, Khabidun. Khabidun, Khabidun.

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