World - No More Mountains: The Story of the Hmong

As world number four or five know more about the story of the WGBH TV Boston. The world is made possible by a grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. We. Hide in the moans of Lowe's lived the people cold the mom.

No one knows for certain where they came from. They numbered only a few hundreds of thousands and kept to themselves. Holding on to their language and customs. One of the great currents of war and politics in Southeast Asia has been floated around and goes with. Them to one war. The Vietnam war blew them out of their mountains. Scattered them across the face of the earth. And left them. Hopeless. This is a story of diaspora. The dispersal of an entire people. It is also a story about America. Because when America lost its secret war in Laos. They lost their country.

And. An ocean away from the mountains of lovers. Among the miles of freeways and fractals is of greater Los Angeles. To the city of Santa other Kane's some of these mountain people. Young and situated came to Santa Ana about three years ago. To the monk is one of the lucky ones. Not only has it come to America but he was able to bring most of his family to. The. To them to be with family is to be happy. To be without family is to be lost. Say Trudeau brought his family to this small house in Santa Ana.

His wife and he came here in 1978. Now they live with his sister. And his brother in law and their children. His son's Zong and Dawn also live with him. And songs wife and two children. And finally his mother the matriarch. Of. Four generations. Twelve people in this house and four more children and their families in the neighborhood. But for it's it should it is still not enough family. I had to leave my country he says. But I still think of the friends and relatives I left there.

Other people in America can do better than I see because they don't miss anybody. But I still miss my relatives and friends and I'm still thinking about me. See your story begins here in the mountains of northern Indochina. This is the homeland the southernmost point of my new settlement. For 2000 years the moon wonder generally southward through China. Where they started it is unknown because they have no writing. But they remember stories of a time when they lived where the sun did for half the year and then shone the rest. Suggesting a journey of thousands of miles from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of Southeast Asia.

As they wandered they were given a new name. The Chinese contemptuous of these people who had no alphabet and fearful of their fears independence called them the Mayo meaning barbarian or savage. They called themselves the moment or free people and in turn hated and fled from the Chinese and other lowlanders trying to civilize them. They preferred to stay up in the mountains. Around. The world and their villages were so remote requiring days of steep walking to reach that they only dealt with lowlanders when they wanted to sell their cash crop. Opium. For them own

opium was medicine. It was for the sick or old they said. And they seem to have little problem with addiction. A young man who smoked would have trouble finding a bride but sometimes old people smoked for pleasure. It was perfectly legal to grow and use opium in Laos and very convenient. A pound of raw opium would easily be carried down the mountain for sale. So for hundreds of years the moon planted poppies between the rows of rice and vegetables as they moved from mountaintop to mountaintop. The little you know about my boy you know. That we planted big big fields of rice and vegetables in Laos. She says I know for one year the two of us made a field of rice. And all the

children went to screw in the capital and I was enough rice to send to them too. It was unusual for a moment family to send the children away on that egg but citrus family had been rich before the war and powerful. His father he explains was tossing chief of about 3000 homes. He says that if there was some dispute my father would tell them how to behave. What was right to do. We have to get him down after his father's death. The villagers asked him to be a chief and so it said she was tossing for 10 yards back. This was the way they lived in Laos and they were willing to move or fight to protect their way of life. They left. You know. Only in a complex clan and tribal structure that included polygamy.

A man could have as many wives as he could support. We asked the Youngs if they had anything from that time. Perhaps some of the distinctive clothing or jewelry he got the want to. Him wanted to know. It was all left behind and long it was at the moment. But then say trues wife said she had something for you for you was a bar of silver. Yeah. Most of them only had to leave all they had a mouse. But if they could bring anything it would be these bars made by mom craftsman from the silver coins they got in trade for their opium. Traditionally the Chinese bought the crown. But then as the French expanded their

empire throughout Southeast Asia they'd set up opium monopolies selling to the thousands of addicts to pay their colonial costs. Encouraged by the French opium production among the tribes of the Golden Triangle. Jump dramatically. And most of the monks became allies of the French. They stayed on the French side in the French Indochinese wars and when that became the Vietnam War they became America's allies. During the Vietnam War the American soul knows mostly as a buffer between the fighting in Vietnam and US bases in Thailand and is a useful drain on North Vietnam resources. The Royal Lao Government was an ally too but we always assumed that their fate would be decided by the fate of Vietnam.

And the lowlanders were miserable fighters inept ill trained and interested. So we recruited the Highlanders. The mail as we called them unthinkingly using the word that meant barbarians. They were guerrilla fighters and what was called America's secret army trained and paid by the CIA. The CIA even made a film about training them on the 57 millimeter recall of rifle is the ideal weapon for guerrilla. It is portable and powerful. But no matter what I write in 82 that the enemy may have they learned to handle mortars with aiming. I don't know where there is a mortar round make a big bang among the superstitious people that fight this war. Big Bangs have the power of their own.

But even the CIA acknowledge that these superstitious people were good fighters although they probably never numbered more than thirty or forty thousand of the women troops tied down several North Vietnamese divisions of Laos for years. The casualties were horrendous. And younger and younger boys were recruited. That was in nineteen sixty when I was there at 20 in one heated toilet bowl one of the true sons of law was one of the young re-arranged to the radio operator. At the time I was only 12 years old and anti-American like the Thai border patrol trained us. To imagine at a time and saying. We American

people back in the country while very powerful. What have you got on the nations who have airplanes to fight to help you. We will be your advisers who bring weapons to you. Later. If Laos should become peaceful then you would be a leader of your country. If Laos should be well you should lose your country then the American would help those who help the Americans to fight their war. These were CIA people just for the people. Yes. Well it's really a complicated story but Douglas blow Farr was a CIA station chief in Laos during the mid 60s during that whole period. And they are fighting. For themselves. For the cause of. That. They wanted to fight for. Rome. Then. For. Money. Or. Because we persuaded them to do a job for us. They

had a number of motives. I think the most important one. Was. The desire. Not to live under control of. The group they saw as. North Vietnamese by that Lao as it was called then. Allow Communist. Louis Wolf work with the international volunteer service in Laos during this same period while the man known as the foot soldiers for the CIA were were made to. They didn't make their own decisions that all the decisions were made by the CIA and the whole program was written by the CIA. And. And implemented by the way among. Some of the program being directed in the field by CIA personnel. They. Had a tradition. Of not only hard work but of hard fighting too. And that's. The most important reason I suppose the United States. Moved in. To support them.

Of all the people we work with in Southeast Asia. None. Could compare with the Hmong. In their willingness to. Fight. To take the risks. And meet the challenges. One case that I know about us experience has made him a strong critic of the CIA. He's no co publisher of a magazine which reveals what he considers illegal or immoral CIA activities. They would send people into battle in a way that involved. Dropping Rice the. CIA airline which was Air America would drop rice rations. Never enough for what they really would need to do to eat. But. It was nevertheless Rice dropped. At a point that would lead them into battle. In other words to get the rice that was dropped from the Air America

aircraft they would have to march 15 or 20 miles. And always in very mountainous terrain which was several days. March sometimes to get the rice and then of course inevitably that was where the battle would take place. So the moon fought to get food. And to survive and protect their families. They fought because they hated lowlanders including the North Vietnamese. And they fought because they believed the American promises. They were the best fighters in Laos. Moving easily from their homemade rifles to the technological world of modern guerrilla warfare. The pilots on the sortie were more. They've been bombing what used to be their home areas. But it's still full if they ever understood the larger Vietnam War and their role as shock troops and even cannon fodder. They can.

Be fried. Right out of. The. Main targets which you go to but. I don't know said the iPhone. Yeah. But you must know what you are. I must know your. Enemy. I mean good to bomb enemy. But do you know the enemy you know. I thing maybe not enough. Their leader was General Vang Pao chosen in the early sixties by the Americans to lead the Hmong troops. Some reports say he was an honest courageous man

whose people followed him willingly. Others say the monk followed him from fear. That he gave them the choice of joining the American side or being bombed as enemies. Young power has always claimed he was simply a patriot. Fighting in the Lao Army as a Laotian. A kinship among themselves never felt good. You know you're saying that this is the response of a few people to fight and now Independence and our territorial boundaries from Powell was asked how much longer he thought his pappy could find him. By this time spring of 72 I doubt their casualties were already running at 50 percent. This is not in part. The question of. When somebody is trying. To chase you out from your land to invade your country. You know and. It's good it's

necessary for you to fight for the last man. It almost came that close. Their casualty rates were 100 times ours. The highest for any population in the war. And the losses for women and children and old people were also very high. As tens of thousands were forced southward by the fighting and an entire population in flight. They ended up in camps like this when the tide pushed down to the very edge of the mountains. These pictures were taken in 1972. And most of the refugees here had already spent 10 years moving from camp to camp. As the war moved backwards and forwards through the hills and the American bombing intensified. For some it was their 15th home in 10 years. Of the women. Half were war widows.

There were no men here except for the wounded. In the. Illinois. They lived on food dropped from American planes. Since they couldn't stay long enough to grow their own food. And there were no men to clear a new field. Laos was so heavily bombed out that the CIA planes were virtually the only transport. And they became a sort of informal carrier service. The Mon would come by the runways. And wait for the news they did not want. Letters packages.

Oh OK. And some say the CIA planes also moved to raw opium. Unknowingly used the personal packages and belongings they moved. Toward New England. For profit. It was an absolute necessity that the CIA. Engender a good relationship with particular with the leader of the Hmong. And Ma and OPM was apparently the medium for this. Relationship. And so we found that Air America for example was involved in. Transporting. The couriers the

opium couriers who were among people. Because. Air. Airline was the only means of transportation. Being a very mountainous. Terrain. I got myself to remember passing on directives very strong direct as I received from. Headquarters that we were to have no involvement whatever. In the movement. Or the buying and selling. Of opium. And to the best of the best of my ability I. Enforce this. However. With all the small airplanes that were flying around. In and out of the area. Where the opium was grown and. Processed. It certainly possible that individual pilots. Couldn't avoid the temptation to become involved in the hope of making a killing. Whoever made the killing. The opium still made its way out of the Highlands of the Golden

Triangle to the Saigon refineries. The G.I. heroin epidemic and eventually. The streets of America. For the moment 1975 was the end of an era. After the Americans pulled out of Southeast Asia one month after the fall of Saigon Laos fell in the path of loud communists began a campaign to exterminate our former allies. The only thing left to do was to leave. The lucky first ones flew to Thailand were paid exorbitant fees to taxi drivers and boat owners to help them escape. True it's a truism if you was not so lucky. His father had already been killed by the Pathet Lao. Legend and he tells how his mother and

brothers and he had for two years in the forest eating leaves and roots to stay alive. Yes it was and then the communists found us. He says there was fighting and I don't know what happened to my mother. Maybe she's dead or they were just my brothers and I made it to the border. The border between Laos and Thailand the Mekong River in desperation true and his brothers swam to make Kong which they called the ocean. Since 1979 when the communists began a new campaign against the bling. Thousands of poured across the border. The Pathet Lao claim the Molimo still hiding against the home we claim the communists are using bombs napalm and poison guys. So they swim they float and they drown they

some are turned back by Thai border guards. One out of two die along the way. Those who survive those who make it across the border. Are put in the refugee camp here at bond denied. Monday night is the largest wind settlement in history with a fifth of the Laotian still alive living here. 45000 in a camp meant to hold 12000. Despite the overcrowding bun Vinaya is not a scene of misery like the camps near Cambodia. This camp had been in existence for several years before the 1979 influx. And so the new refugees are fed and cared for and begin to organize themselves into their usual family and clan structure. This is g and. Crew member. And almost all register with

American immigration. Four out of five has to come to America. OK who was the commander of that yet and I can't let the eligible refugees are divided into categories and go through a painstaking process of verification. Do they have relatives in America usable skills. A provable connection to the American war effort. What about his company just you know his company commander. Don't I call phone numbers like all right you think. Sharleen day was the refugee administrator and bombed the knive for three years. Most of them won't. Qualify under the category of having worked for the US before they considered. Their work. A direct relationship where they were paid by US government officials. This however was not considered a high priority for processing them until just recently in the last few years say this is at issue here is what does the US.

Oh them and there were never any official agreements but many feel they were in fact our allies our allies we abandoned when we abandoned the Vietnam war effort. Did he ever. Any kind of training. To. Get. You to military. Official training. Walk up with a compass but knows fill only ten thousand men were accepted into the US over the years. More have come. Perhaps forty thousand in all but forty five thousand rand in the camps and perhaps 80000 are still inside Laos. I feel very strongly about the fact the mall used to. Work. Our government used to fight. They used to die. And. There is very little publicity about this. We escorted many people to the camps of the last few years. Congressional delegations journalists. Sitting dignitaries and there still doesn't seem to be the publicity. That there is for the

Indo-Chinese refugees. Yeah. For the lucky few who are accepted. This is the start of the new life. The bus trip that begins the immigrants journey to the United States. But it's also the scene of heartbreaking farewells as the close knit Momus society has broken apart. It was because many who would like to go are not eligible. They did not work directly on the American payroll but indirectly through the CIA as part of the secret army so they don't get high priority for visas. The Mon who are stoics in the face of war in exile are desperately inconsolably unhappy as families are separated. To

find. The roof. The air of the room. To feel. The. Room. After they get to America there are more adjustments to make. And Lowes

said she was a powerful leader. In America. He is an illiterate immigrant with no usable skills. The outlook from if you choose who is better. Is only 20 and will adapt. The moon have attacked this universal problem of adaptation. By setting up a self-help organization. The Lao Family Community squeezed in between the shoe store and the wig shop in a little suburban shopping center. No no the general vang pao came to this country in 1975. No we do not it is some polls on who's a teacher here yet again. Do you have any chance.

To tour as yes no doubt. But you haven't turned on me and cruise today not knowing who you are you. Just don't need you. Yeah I do. Yeah well guess how many children do you know how. Far through I have to get here. Oh yeah. That's good. I love from the community. Surely I am my counselor. And a teacher. A counselor because we have many people in this county and they come to me some of the time to have some problem saw Family Program so. I know as a teacher I am teaching them English first. And then some kind of living skills. I

told them to do it to the bank to show them how to open an account and see. What happened. I need to know if. It can. Be Done. OK. OK. Yes. Can my. Company. Now. That you can't. Think how I need you but I'm. Right you. Can't. See. Any. And then I would take them to do so but we get to teach them how to read a price table. You'll be very surprised some of the time when you take things and come back to the counter. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Can you cock up come. On come on already give me lots of the green you don't want me to give. You. My

right. Now. Yeah yeah yeah yeah I know that new power and power by and large the modem are doing well here. The children of course have the fewest problems say trues youngest son came here when he was 8. Well 12 he does well in school. Learning new sports joining the teams. Yeah I. Was around learning English. Yeah. The sixth grade in the school is 70 percent Hispanic. And Tong is becoming an American as rapidly as the rest. The young ones all seem to be doing well but at the heart of the family is a private

tragedy. One of the granddaughters Goetia was very ill. She was born in America a normal healthy baby. Then last year she was sick. And since then she's gotten weaker and weaker. Now she must be cared for like a newborn. Carried Gilligan said. And the contrast between her weakness. And her younger sister's vitality and charm is particularly painful. Her father's Zaandam remembers how strong she was. Sure she was. Since 1970 However I'm sure there's no doubt they're right here tracking the trigger. Whatever the reason your mark turned you know my mind. Whatever you

say to her is she can call it over. But after one year ago she had two or three high fever All right. I don't know what's wrong with her. Now how could you know if you can top that off. And so that's why you know we took her to the hospital to see a doctor and they examine their. They took her to the pediatric neurology department at the best hospital they could find a. Table there. She said by herself you know she no. OK well I just layer are. They OK. The Youngs have no health insurance but many CA will pay for most of these hospital visits Washington since she was here last and for the rest brothers cousins distant clan members will lend the money without interest in an American continuation of the

traditional mom values from the can the battle for us right now. This is the main strength they brought out of Laos. A family and clan structure that means a man with a sick daughter an ordinary man like son can call on anyone in the moon clans even the leader of his people the leader is still General Vang Pao and they have jokey Brown talk or none. Mike that's occurred in Cop 1 9 0 down in the Baltic side. I will rattle and. Him pull the gun that I either by Amazon or the whole gap but I couldn't my sort of guy that got them by the by and Guy you know and I thought the battle over. Back in lowes Vang Pao built a position as a leader that still endures across the ocean

and in very different circumstances. He started in the traditional mom way of gaining valuable clan loyalties by marrying six wives from six different clans. He was the military leader bridging the old ways and the new to gain some notable victories in the field. He controlled the money which came in via the CIA paying the soldiers the death benefits to widows and becoming a wealthy man. And the woman believed he convinced the Americans to give the food and weapons from the sky. It was the first time foreigners had actually helped the most. And they credited Vang Pao. Whether this is true or not. The US certainly valued Vang Pao enough to make some exceptions for him when he left Laos and 1075. Is the only mon for whom the prohibitions on polygamy were bent. He and his six wives

settled down on a farm he bought in Montana which looks like Laos. He says. So my heart doesn't hurt so much. Lewis Wolfe says the picture was not simple adding power. Generally is viewed by people who've known him. I once met him. And worked in an area where his operation was taking place. As as a bring much of a. Mercenary type. Prior to US involvement in Laos was not rich at all he was like most of the other people there except he had a leadership function. But he can't became rich very quickly and he became the king pin both militarily and of the opium trade with the connivance of a number of for a lot of government officials I would. Save it. Mike excellent. Let's

see. You were not called Hayden. Salad made by a. Girl. And. Not all the moon regarded him as their leader. But in Santa Ana they said if you talk about us you must talk about the general. People will think we have no leader. And what is a people without a leader. Guy did. You know Jimi Arsalan your last you haven't polled began telling his people that they would be returning to Laos soon. It's unclear why but he told them to learn skills to take back on and not to work so hard at putting down roots in America the welfare rolls swelled.

OK I don't know man and I don't like it I don't know about 1978 when I was working and on the night we received tremendous feedback from the U.S. I requested more and more mon families. We learned that they were. Ideal for. Refugees and that they were taking a low entry jobs 979 the demand less and there were fewer requests from our families. Apparently this is due to. Their leaders encouraging them to. Take on educational opportunities and therefore go on on welfare roles within the State Department with manpower and apparently told him that officially the U.S. cannot support counter-revolutionaries and if the moon left they would not be allowed back in as refugees. I know the moon has gone off welfare and are returning to work as hard as before. But he got it out. You know the one thing very important is that to them all believe very

strongly in leadership. Landay is their leader. They're usually the pen on their thinking with a leader who will decide things for them. I think if someone has any problem he's in Montana to ask for his opinion. That is exactly what the Youngs have decided to do. The hospital diagnosed Goetia well as hopelessly brain damaged. Probably from an attack of encephalitis. But song is unwilling to give up to watch her die. Which is what the Seems to me. It is time she was a six month and she has very big shoes was very strong. You know she's so wise one year when we call her. A name she knows about it. Are you saying show up fresh tender faced.

And have something you know like a FOR SURE YOU. Do. And she because. She needed. A very strong child in desperation he was considering trying traditional medicine. But it's a hard decision so he'll call the general. To find out that calling the Hmong shaman a witch doctor will make them all seem strange. And they're working so hard to become Americans. The song works as a clerk at the county social services helping newer immigrants. His wife works in an optical factory. They don't want to see many more strange or different than they need to because

times are hard and some Americans resent the new immigrants suggesting that the jobs should go to real Americans. Even though these are often jobs that Americans find tedious or low paying. Jobs the traditionally went to other minorities or teenagers. It's part of a larger fear of immigrants taking scarce jobs during the recession and it suggested that we don't have room for the boat people. The Cubans the Cambodians for the moment. One group of American religious and charitable organizations suggests we still help them own but not here. These groups are just sending them to South America to the underpopulated country of Guiana. To a place about 20 miles from the infamous Jones Town. It's an idea the French have already thought of. They've sent

600 moment a column in French Guiana to form an experimental community. French Guiana is virtually empty land with a population of only 55000. So the French officials thought it would be an ideal place for these independent isolationist people let them clear the jungle and then they could live the way they wanted. However the OS. Was. The. This is Cocoa established in 1977. There are no mountains in this hot tropical land and the millions suffer from the heat and rain. Coming from the Highlands.

They have little resistance to lowland diseases like malaria. But the moon don't like to complain. They don't want to lose the support of the authorities. Yeah. I know you don't recall distinctly dismissing the French Tanny's of sent this official to register them on the refugees here have no papers. I have never had any in three years here and the administration is finally catching up to. Campbell. Because of. All. The. Original data was that. The law would be listed as a few say up to the refugees without a country. The situation they've been in for centuries will finally become official. On paper. You. Think it.

Was in their life and it may go even to. The. Fuck yeah. Thank you it is only to the Netherlands or should you go. To. Jail and. Let. The little fellow was well I don't miss. You. But even here with their own village in a peaceful land the moon are unhappy they feel isolated and separated from their clansmen. Will be done. They are Chong true has three families of relatives and gay Ana. Yeah I don't take everything out and last October he says they sent me a cassette saying they have a hard life again and asking me to help them to come to America I know I don't let you down now. YOU GO GO. It's raining all the time. My mom died and there's a lot of illness. Yeah. Sonia and not Amanda.

But the moon have always had to adapt to survive. So the village is in fact doing well and has even become a tourist attraction. Everywhere. On Sunday French tourists come from the capital cayenne to eat exotic foods. Well look the world a little bit. You all buy exotic I mean this you can go to give you some of the sort of equine I carry on. The. Road. To our strong man go round if you're sick you're exaggerating Absolutely yes. Do the children go to school and seem to be doing well here to. Him was you know was the. Prettiest girl. In West. School is run by missionaries. But the moon although they were atomists are

adaptable in religion too. And many have become Catholics as you. Will. That was it to me this year. But many people the French the guineas and the mom themselves wonder if these children will later be satisfied with the tough isolated life in cocoa or will they want to move out. There's. The moon the new achievement and success. And so the answer is probably the one to move on. Perhaps to the capital or maybe even to France. For these children that have become unfound citizens. And it may mean the breakdown of the Guinea's experiment.

And further the breakdown of modern society. For now scattered around the globe they still share the fresh tragedy of the diaspora the limited comfort of the clan and the games their children play in Ghana. And Santa Ana. And they still practice the traditional medicine. The young was of called in the shaman for gosh. I'm. Going to shake up my cake or shake. You know you had to go she was mother admits. We were afraid she'd die. Thank you no don't worry.

The shaman says she is perfect. She's just a little sick. Before we could film a shamanic work they insisted on calling General Funk power. He gave his permission for. The shaman began his ride to find the missing spirit of the sick little girl. It is a shaman because he can do this. Calling his friendly spirits to assist in the ceremony that goes back to the old homeland in Laos. And before. He may even have to fight with demons to bring back the lost spirit.

Can cure the child. The family stops paying attention and begins talking and moving around and socialize. It's OK. He's far away. They explained it doesn't bother him and apparently it didn't. On a Sunday morning in Santa Ana he chatted for two solid hours. Sometimes we were told he goes on for six weeks. I believe you lost so much

just. Just just go back to when he returned he cast the dividing horns. Barbara do you know know I don't know and he burned some colored paper money for the spirits. This completed his work but the owner of the article noted the line up I'm in the market I know with NO NO NO NO maybe the knife could the diagnosis is so clear we don't know who would go hit when she was born there was some anger in the house. Perhaps the parents were fighting or maybe they wanted a boy not a girl. Like a week or so her spirit parents the parents from her previous life were angry and told her not to walk in the not to talking on people hey look. But I've talked with this guy and

given the money and in sounds they know she won't die in nine days. She will be better. If not you can call me back. Got what. Now that you know that cut I think you look more the family was satisfied I. Know months later we learned the Goetia was much the same. She isn't better. But she's surviving. In a sense the question of survival is also the question for the moment as I hold. A tiny population to begin with then ward. Disease and Diaspora cut into their numbers further. Than. They're holding together as a people for now. And in Santa Ana they seem to be making the transition successfully. Holding this special New Year's festival complete with costumes. And the

traditional ball game that's an excuse for young women and men to me. But already the festival is changing. And it seems impossible that the small number of Hmong will be able to resist assimilation. Despite what their leaders tell. Them. There are no more mountains to protect them from the rest of the world. And so they'll have to join it. The already known are marrying normal. Something unheard of a generation ago. And will they leave anything. How much impact can a tiny relatively primitive group. Have on a vast technological society. The.

Post. Found that. The. Gonna say truth came from the isolation of the mountains of Laos was the knowledge he and his family are mastering the life. Cells of miles and thousands of years different. Of Santa Ana California. Was. And perhaps what will be left of the mome will be home movies of an old man singing about his Lost Mountain. The AS.

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I. Her. With. Her. Was her brother. You're right.