War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; The Weapon of Choice; 102

Slate war and peace in a nuclear age one or two okay the weapon of choice GBH to be Boston. Major funding for Peace was provided by the Enberg CPB project. Additional funding was provided by the Chubb group of insurance companies for over 100 years providing business and personal insurance worldwide to independent agents and brokers and by the double-D Walton Jones foundation the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation the under W. Mellon Foundation the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Public television stations and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. We are dealing with men. Who have no regard for tomorrow. Human life or. We must treat them.

Accordingly. But you if it can be used effectively. The verdict coming it could be going to be. In my book. One American is worth more than all of the fear and suspicion of the Cold War passions that would shape the politics of the nuclear age. 0. 0. 0. American troops. Practicing.

There. For reasons that go back to. When the Cold War suddenly turned Korea. More than a generation. They've been locked in a dangerous stand. And. More than one. U.S.. Army. 15 yards from the demilitarized zone. North and South Korea. These soldiers are fighting for 40000 U.S. troops stationed here. Most of them born long after the Korean War. I did what I thought I was doing. At all. I didn't hear anything but I really like to see them shake my right arm remember this like like a couple of. People that wander into mine you were. Afraid.

You go out my people trained you. You have to be ready. The Americans patrol here. Along the. West divide. Five thousand miles from America's border. Like they're backed by the most powerful weapons capable F-16 fly out of the sun. Why is the only U.S. forward base any nuclear weapons or. America's presence. Korea is a legacy of dangerous time when former allies became. Weapons. Of. The Soviet. Union. The celebration.

Bring. America. With. President Harry Truman. Only in office. Truman was right on top of. The purse. And. We are. Buying. Its responsibilities. Exercise driving. Toward a problem created by the release of atomic energy deposited in our brand new power

destruction we regard as a sacred trust. Truman and the guardian of the atomic secret then sent a warning to those who might challenge American interests. We shall refuse to recognize any government imposed by any nation by force of any foreign power. Truman was most concerned about devastated Europe and the actions there of his wartime ally the Soviet Union. Amid. The competition that would define the nuclear age took shape. With millions of refugees and little food. Europe was a wasteland. A breeding ground of disease and despair. It had to be rebuilt but under whose political banner. Both sides the Soviets and Americans were convinced the other was gaining an advantage here. Both sides were full of mistrust. The Soviets had planted their flag firmly over half the continent.

After defeating Hitler's armies in Eastern Europe. They had state support local Communist Russia. Friendly to Moscow. The result. Was a. Protective. Subserve. The Soviet Union a consolidated security I mean Soviet Union said the lawful national interest Union. So the people spilled a lot of blood and defeating fascism and didn't want to return to the situation with the Soviet Union which was surrounded with a withering of hostile states. The Soviets maintain large in power. It's. Messy. Outside. Justify America's nuclear ready. The. Soviet leader. Joseph Stalin. Pretended to be unimpressed. By the Americans.

The. Soviet citizens were. Constantly. Bothered. By. Their country had suffered 20 million casualties. It would not be caught off guard again. Seventy. Five Nations under arms but that didn't change like the Americans had the bomb and the Russians did. It Home with the divisions. The Soviet Union is dead. No matter how many people did die once. They were dead. Did you say that the United States did that day.

In an all out effort to catch up. The Soviets had launched a secret campaign to develop their own atomic bomb. Bringing together the country's leading scientists and engineers. The Soviet scientists at advanced step by step along this untrodden path. To stop the attack on the answer. It was necessary to link up fundamental research with engineering thought and the practical organization of the vast undertaking. But the overriding concern of one and all from scientists down to work. Was sure the security of the country by making the atomic bomb. We were faced by the imbalanced nuclear power that exists between our countries in this moment and as it was obvious that things were lines that existed during the war against Hitler had collapsed and you mentioned a new phase of the schools whatever you call the spirit as nuclear weapons became

a decisive element in the balance of power. But unknown to the Soviets their vision of an all powerful American atomic arsenal was in fact a mirage. The production of bombs at the National Laboratory at Los Alamos had been drastically scaled down after the war. The atomic cupboard was practically bare. I remember when the atomic energy commission took over and Bob Barker went out as was the scientific member of the commission. On out to Los Alamos he was dismayed and. Flabbergasted. Find there were not a single weapon ready to be used. 46 and we didn't have very many for the next couple years. So we were shadow boxing in my way. The world thought we probably had dozens and dozens of we didn't. But for many of the scientists who had helped to create the bomb its very existence was enough.

The trouble is that the public doesn't know enough how terrible this weapon is and how different a weapon is from the conventional weapon. We also found that many people including leading leading politicians thought that America will have that secret forever and that other nations will never be able to construct a nuclear bomb. And it was quite clear to us and especially to those people like myself who have been in Soviet Russia and knew the kind of physics they know and do that this is sort of ridiculous that the one big secret. Is that it is possible. The most eloquent spokesmen for the troubled scientists was Robert Oppenheimer who had led the Los Alamos bomb project during the war. I have been asked whether. In the years to come it will be possible to kill 40 million American people and the 20 largest American towns. By the use of atomic bombs in a single night. I am afraid that the

outcome of that question is yes. I have been asked for very specific countermeasures against the atomic bomb. I do not think there is any foundation for such countermeasures will be found. I have been asked if there is hope for the nation's security. In keeping of the knowledge which has gone into the making of the bomb. I'm afraid there is no such problem. I think the only hope for our future safety must in a collaboration based on confidence and good faith. With the other peoples of the world. In the spirit of bold proposal drafted initially by Oppenheimer for the international control of atomic energy was taken up by the Truman administration. One of the most amazing documents ever written in modern history. We were offering up valuable weapons strict enforceable international control. I remember stories about Congressman shooting up half the night reading it except for

myself. America. Is adviser to presidents in our group right on the first session of the United Nations atomic energy commission. After months of study a momentous report on program to ireport.com and we are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead. That is. Behind the black car. Then you will come again. Lives saved our nation. The United States proposed that an international agency be established to control the use of fissionable materials by the nations of the world. If this were done successfully America would then surrender or destroy its own if. But. There were problems. With the plan. Barak insisted on granting

the agency the power to inspect all nations and punish offenders. Based on a majority vote of the Security Council which was heavily pro-American. And anti-Soviet. The battle plan. Was based on the supposition that he's also the United States. So it seems that he's going to pull out or was that under the control of the United States. The inspectors must come from the lengthy meetings with Buru working Americans and other American sensitives sites where we tried to call their attention to the absurdity of the American stance on this matter. While it is about them. You didn't give any positive results.

Unfortunately even the Soviets behind the plan would have been a permanent state of nuclear inferiority secretly they were determined to. Drag. The. US military. Mission. You're anxious to test new weapons and build up its atomic arsenal the military set off the first postwar explosion the bombardier Supreme talent and there's a bomb late door's open to protect them against a lot of mornings on Labor Day. And the way. The timing is everything to me it's still the first example of what the military needs from the Soviets. Meanwhile the task force on this is

very short for us as they moved ahead with their own secret atomic research. On December 5th 1946 the first Soviet reactor achieved a chain reaction a major step on the road to a viable nuclear weapon. A few days later verruca addressed the UN chairman IMO. That the report of this commission will be submitted. To the security council on December 1st 1940. On the last day of 1946 a group called for a vote. Anything less than unanimous acceptance would do. The U.S. arms control plan. Yes. China. Egypt. France. Mexico. The Netherlands. Yes. The USSR. Soviet Union has her

satellite. Poland abstained. United States land was dead. The world would never again come so close to the possibility of disarmament. It was too much to expect that shortly after the end of the war we could really get to an international agreement so to speak to an abolishment of war. It was just about time enough for the world to get accustomed to this new idea nobody knew about the nuclear bomb except a few of us. And here August 6 1945. The world changed the whole idea of warfare changed and it takes more than a few years for the will to understanding. As Einstein said. The whole world was changed by the nuclear bomb except our way of thinking. A year in 1947 rank in the accentuation

United Nations has. Us. Begun in. Our. Great. President. I that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempts subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure. Instead of sending. The U.S.. Economic and military. To Greece and neighboring Turkey within months. Was expelled. From. The. Marsh. I do not have to tell you. That this foreign economic program of the United States.

Say no to it and pursued no sinister purpose. It is a program of construction production and recovery with menaces. No one but the Soviet Union and communist allies in Europe believed otherwise. For them Marshall Aid was a naked attempt to buy loyalty for the United States and undercut the kind of American largesse more successful than. I'm sure there are still plenty of us most grateful to Mr. Marsh. You know we are family. It would be nice to me would run. Czechoslovakia a nation with a long tradition of liberalism

in the U.S. took a you which is USA the Czech government was toppled by communists backed by Moscow. We had hoped that Czechoslovakia could remain independent when the code took place and they moved in Czechoslovakia in effect fell to Soviet domination. It made the president more conscious of the fact that the one great foreign policy problem of the United States was the Soviet Union decided to train all American men this boy an American who will shortly take his place in the atomic age.

He is confident he has learned his capabilities. He is strong. He has worked and played in fresh air and sunlight is morally or even has been taken away. The plan calls for our registration on our 17th birthday. We began the program was unpopular in the country. The Congress turned it down. The reason was that the mothers of America didn't want their sons to be involved in any such program and the political. Vicissitudes of the plan were too apparent to the members of Congress. There was one. That. Was. Cheaper. So. It's a.

Military. Mission. Sandstone. To. Withstand. An. Operation sandstorm. Was designed to. Weaken the massive. Us. We're trying to improve this stuff to make better better weapons get more bang for a buck if you will as a natural process of evolution of the weapons forces. We saw this stuff. We should switch to make them smaller so that they could be delivered by small planes instead of having fun for us that we would have won which was only this. Big. Sign. Of.

Success. To politicians or scientists worry about their. Politics taking place. In Berlin. A few months later. Tensions between the U.S. and Russia flared again. This time over the vital issue of the future of Germany. At the end of the war a defeated Germany had been split into four zones of occupation one for each of the victorious allies the former capital Berlin was left 100 miles inside the Soviet Zone but under joint command. By 1948 this fragile arrangement was under growing strain. U.S. policymakers wanted a strong revitalized Germany to help speed Europe's recovery. But for Moscow the prospect of a powerful new Germany tied to the West brought back their

worst fears of a German invasion. In June the Soviets challenged their former allies all passenger and freight traffic from the Western zones was cut off by a Soviet blockade. Two million West Berliners were left isolated. Without coal or food. On course on the climb very hard. Over the end of the runway. Within hours after this massive power supplies. For. Military. West. To train soldiers lives to liberate Germans and even the enemy. Once you have one. America's nuclear arsenal became a weapon of diplomacy. In a highly publicized joint strike.

American B-29 bombers were flown to places with the same type of plane to drop atomic bombs on them. Once again two airfields in Libya three years after the war come American super fortresses with guns loaded in. The Greek warplanes sidling as if to battle the significance of the brief time in the diplomacy of the West. Can. You be less. Optimistic about the Jones's now. Is based on the moment. That's a very good question. Yeah well I mean do you think it's just going to start to talk anxiously in terms of some we are evaluating the United States a potential that you've just listed really bombers. We want a

bomb with the uncle maybe 200 bomb threat. What do you miss. Do you mind sending the B-29 to Holland we hope to leave the impression that we were armed. They were armed with nuclear weapons that were referred to a. Fighter matter if they were not armed. There were no nuclear component. But we didn't know that. Or anybody else. And it was. A U.S. nuclear threat and Berlin was balanced by Russia's enormous engine conventional forces. Which made this made this especially the United States made this trial of strength. But they were not prepared to go to war with the Soviet Union at that time was Central Europe that was simply crazy. They just fight it because they knew that they would

be dropped on the Soviet Union. The few that the United States had then the Western in Europe would be occupied by the Soviet forces trying to clear the danger and then the whole thing would be counterproductive for each position of strength. There was a position of weakness where each threat was a counter threat. It was the first great stalemate of the nuclear age. And there would be many more to follow. Is it possible that the Americans will be forced out of Berlin. We are not going to be forced out of Berlin. We will be able to continue the present Air Supply indefinitely. We will increase it and we can continue indefinitely. Here. So. You gradually. Realize. That.

If one stay. And so on become more inevitably very angry and the building blockquote. So that's absurd. But the price of us is the acceptance of a divided Shinya. It's not like it is still exists. In May 19. 11. The Soviet block. Was the. West. Your. A. Map. Of. Europe. And. Europe. Were. Dead. I. Think. Carson. Was. Watching. Allies.

Setting in Washington D.C. The late April 4th 1949. And here within these walls one of the great treaties of human history is about to be signed. NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization the US Canada and ten Western European countries and a political and military alliance within six years they would be joined by Greece Turkey and West Germany. The NATO treaty promised us military help to Western Europe in the event of a Soviet backed invasion though left unsaid that American promise included nuclear weapons. The bomb had come to Europe. The major value of NATO over simplified was NATO's said. The Soviet Union. Attack any one of our allies in Europe. And you have attacked the United States and you are at war with the it's. But the Soviets saw it differently. Well last year the was

noticeable not to go with for Formula One is for me and that was a doctrine then the ousting process when you said that we just need years or so that meant pushing the Soviets back from the positions and as a result in the Second World War. In Western Europe. NATO. Was one. Of. Many American atomic commies. I must not steal from you. I see that you're. Like that guy. On the bombardment some time ago coming into the United States. To meet its NATO commitments to Western Europe the United States to its nuclear bomber

as a cheap and powerful solution. The new 36 Intercontinental bomber was designed to fit the strategy exactly. At a much greater carrying capacity had traveled so far that was warm enough for a 500 pound bomb or one of the big ones when it went be the one with the building of the long range booster. Bases on American soil. We were solving a problem. How do you contain Russia. When they give an amount of money. And we were time and 49 starting NATO. And the question is how do you defend Europe. And Europeans are only willing to spend so much money. The cheapest way to give a

defense at that time well the threat of using atomic weapons. The Soviets did their best to discredit any American perio lists manufacture atomic bombs that were attempting to Flightplan world domination. To find out why we have this American Way of Life. This makes me sick. Why didn't the Soviets at all hard work and a far more effective strategy. Getting up there. In.

August. So. Gorgeous. This crowd. Is going to last for the worse for Soviet source I believe the short period in which we managed to acquire such weapons. The feeling was maybe you know we now know we feel ourselves begging on equal footing. This was the this was defeating efforts that was at stake was officially announced in the visit to the fairly serious a Soviet atomic bomb test. So did promote a better relationship between the Soviet Union and Western powers. Yes that song is a very low number but it would have been

much worse if the Soviet Union had a nuclear bomb. But the Soviet Union would have been in a worse situation. In the US. Confidence in American security was shattered. Most people had believed that Soviet scientists would take many years to catch up if they ever could. We were very ignorant. I'm just glad the Russian word we would all like to think they're a bunch of bearded sign conventional bombs around Molotov cocktails all families couldn't do anything of any consequence. Latest 30 year terms that was not the case. My reaction to the news of Vietnam was to be aghast at the reaction of Washington which was that no preparation had been made in state or defense for this ending of the United States monopoly of atomic weapons. There was a vacuum created

and one man saw this and grab the opportunity that was Edward Teller. Teller had worked at Los Alamos during the war. He had argued constantly for Research on a vastly more powerful weapon the hydrogen bomb. Otherwise he said the Soviets will get there first. Shortly after he left Sheba. Stalin said. We should be the bomb and we will have much more of. This. I could not forget. I knew I have known for years. About the possibility of the hydrogen bomb. I could not quite see what we should do next. I was working then temporarily at Los Alamos and one day Florence called and asked to see me. He came. Listen to how far we have gotten with the hydrogen bomb yet Simula But as I did as you said

with the knowledge we already had There is no question but we must go at it. Unlike the atom bomb which worked through the splitting of heavy atoms the hydrogen bomb would rely on fusion or the fusing together of lighter atoms if it worked. The difference in power in a bomb would be immense. The early atom bombs could lay waste to an area covering one and a half miles from the point of explosion. The devastation from a 50 megaton hydrogen bomb would spread across 40 miles with radiation effects up to a hundred miles away. But the technical problems in creating such a bomb were tremendous history again and again to show that we have no monopoly on ideas. But we do better than most other countries. In 1949 Robert Oppenheimer was about to leave a panel of experts the pros and cons of one side all of them on nuclear weapons. Their top secret report came down strongly against development. The hydrogen bomb they said

raised serious practical questions and moral ones as well. Essentially the position we took. Was this idea. Was a terribly. Terrible thing. Extremely destructive. Such sense. IMHO. It was so destructive amounted to genocide. I came to the conclusion that I did not want this development to take place. I have us. Convinced that we were strong enough inefficient bombs to wage it out and to to be stronger than the Soviets. In this for a long long time to come. Oppenheimer and his colleagues argued instead for a larger stockpile of more compact

efficient and usable atomic weapons made by the old fission method. But the debate over hydrogen weapons became increasingly bitter. I think Robert hoped that it couldn't be made. It would turn out to be impossible. He was very much frightened of putting in a new weapon of this potential character in the hands of wereat really quite rightly that once we succeeded in doing it successfully that all the rest of the nuclear world would do the same thing. Their argument was that an atomic bomb is powerful enough and if we are not going to work on anything more powerful. The Russians won't do so either. Because of stallion's odious. I could not accept that argument here for a number of very excellent scientists arguing that we should not look into that possibility. They argued for continued economic and this I could not accept when killing become

immoral. And started to become immoral just because you have a bigger weapon. Now we have been bombing civilians at one point which is frowned upon. Also World War Two. Words were different Guyer then my argument that you don't bomb civilians. If you're going to bomb civilians you might get good efficiently. President Truman appointed a special committee of three including the secretaries of state and defense to advise him on the H-bomb decision the president. One question. This is getting the Russians to do this. And everybody agreed they could. Answers to that. We don't have much time Mr. President. PRESIDENT. Truman the man who had dropped the atom bomb on Japan but then called for Nuclear Disarmament was now initiating a quantum leap forward in the arms race. Is

ambivalence about nuclear weapons was overcome by his fears of falling behind. President Truman for his decision to make the hydrogen bomb rocked the world. The news just blacked out behind the Iron Curtain. But in the United States headlines from coast to coast carry the president's announcement. I want to make a bomb so there will be no peace. But this decision would seem necessary for security. Truman's decision on the H-bomb came amid new fears of Soviet villainy. Klaus few who had worked on the American bomb during the war had just been arrested as a communist spy. Fewkes confessed that he had passed details of U.S. atomic and H-bomb research to the Russians. One of the greater time high drama in the nation's history of breaches of

atomic espionage became a constant theme for politicians and the press. After the coupes case exposed a network of attacks by sensational trials like those of Julius Rosenberg you get rid of the Soviet firestorm and break. Up. Soviet espionage and Senator Joseph Biden they began a campaign to expose Communists within the government. Senator you are of course one of the most controversial figures we've had in the Senate in a long time and you have the distinction of having kind of a new word to the dictionary namely McCarthyism. Now how do you define McCarthyism said. McCarthyism. I mean I was calling a man a communist. The rules are proven to be. Do you think since you have been guilty of any un-American as yourself. And your efforts to combat what you define as

an American system. You're fighting us and getting a bit rough but you know it is un-American. And I'm afraid being on alert. You think that doesn't happen again a maybe during the years that would eventually pay off many innocent people including Robert Oppenheimer. I think most scientists are inclined to be a liberal and therefore we're possible targets of Joe McCarthy. Nearly everybody. Is secure because. Almost any party could be called free for coffee and so on. The goal of it is singularly of but for all the. Very. Damaging.

Interview. Against the background of McCarthy's zealous hunt for communists the Atomic Energy Commission eventually removed Oppenheimer's security clearance. FBI director J Edgar Hoover who falsely accused Oppenheimer of being a Soviet agent. Define communism this way. In reality it is not a political party. It is a way of life and evil and malignant a way of life. He reveals the condition of kidney disease that spreads like an epidemic like an epidemic. A foreign gene is necessary to keep this nation. Separate. From. The red army of America's standing. Strong. As the Soviets saw. There was a fundamental reassessment of us thinking and. The resulting report on U.S. military options known as NSC 68

painted a stark picture of the Soviet Union as a deadly opponent the Soviets it argued. We're now pursuing world domination and they were armed with nuclear weapons. By 1954 the Soviets could have 200 atomic bombs with the ability to drop half of them on American targets. The report's tone was urgent. The U.S. must immediately build up its forces both conventional and nuclear. In June. 19. Said. Surprise Attack and Soviet. It was just a failure. By. Default. You would Tolmach with. Hardline. Chechens.

Solve. One. Stage. U.S. troops fighting. In. An unconventional war and that number of setbacks. So. Unexpected and alarming came. About. In November the Chinese Communist troops crossed the Yalu River into Korea. With Moscow's most important ally now joining conflict. Washington braced itself for another world war. At the White House in Washington top defense officials of the nation gathered to discuss previous world places in Pearl Harbor. The unexpected entry of 300000 Red Chinese the Manchurian border may well precipitate world

war 3. One voice is his accusation of realism. If the United Nations appeals to the forces of aggression no nation will be safe or secure. If aggression is successful in Korea we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe and to this hemisphere later to reporters. Truman hinted that America might use the atomic bomb in Korea despite the miles of the president's remarks did not go unnoticed in China. The Chinese media. Very rich felt that the risk was worth taking. So your dragon with no end in sight recently drained the money and the line. The U.S. general in charge of the UN forces Douglas MacArthur was known to favor using the atomic weapons. Following atrocities against captured American

troops. MacArthur's tough line attracted growing support. We're dealing with Masto. Have no regard for. Human life or at least when. We first. Heard that it can be used efficiently these dirty Communists should be shown how tough talking be. And my. One American war is worth more than all of Asia. And yet despite the tough rhetoric at home the US never crossed the nuclear threshold in Korea. One of the reasons was one that underscored the limitations of America's nuclear option. Both sides. So. Why. Arsenal so small atomic warfare made little sense.

There were no suitable targets. We used them and effectively. Whatever the psychological effect of reducing our stockpile by 50 percent. There is no point in. Using the proper target. I don't think there are any moral compunction. I've always felt in general van very handy found his argument for not using atomic weapons in Korea. His argument was that. We had so few. That it would be bunk. He used the threat of a comic weapon but it. Mass about. The White House with an. Option. A thousand miles and 16 days later President elect Eisenhower returns to me are brimming with confidence that the story of the calling him from commenting on his trip made with the top advisers of his forthcoming administration. The General has this to say. My friends.

Just because one side wants peace. Doesn't make peace. We must go ahead and do things that and to see others that don't want peace. Eisenhower implied that he would use it for Chinese if was the only way to end the war is threaten to use atomic weapons. You have to be credible in other words with the other side believes you. They believe. And I believe. Even without the threat the war would have ended soon. After three years of fighting and more than 30000 American soldiers killed the war ground to a halt. A stalemate with no winners merely a ceasefire. Korea changed American attitudes. Just as the limitations of nuclear strategy had necessitated conventional warfare in Korea the rights of conventional fighting would lead to more dependence on nuclear strategy a cycle that would be repeated again and again in the years to come.

By 1953 when the war ended the U.S. nuclear stockpile had tripled thanks to massive spending under MSCE 68 the U.S. now had about thirteen hundred fifty atomic bombs. At least ten times more than the Soviet Union and U.S. scientists were pressing ahead with the hydrogen bomb a weapon that would add a totally new dimension to the nuclear age. In November 1952 and we talk at all the U.S. tested the world's first thermonuclear device. The explosion was six times. At all the moment it makes nuclear balance what should America's favorite take or such bombs to destroy the Soviet Union.

I look at it the same as many other individuals through the development of weapons. It was possible to develop a new weapon in. Your derelict if you don't do it somebody else is going to do it whether you do it or not. This was the Soviet Union was concerned it was a very clear signal as it was to the rest of the world that we were out to rely. On weapons of mass destruction for the security of the United States. But the Soviets were hard at work on their own hydrogen weapons moving directly from their success with the atom bomb. I started to lose. Our goal was to. Construct the small accelerate the acceleration to which your reaction to your threat impressed was it was exactly as a reaction which is used in nuclear

weapons. In 1953. Within a year of the American. The Soviets were ready to take. In the nuclear age and entered a new era both sides were now ondel with weapons that could destroy a series of seemingly logical decisions and brought us to a shilling from this time to recheck ourselves with risk annihilation. People just sort of wrung their hands this man stupid man and man or whatever it was are these people ever stop them now.

Or. Even today in South Korea. They practice once a month. In Beijing. If it ever happened this time that would be a weapon to go around. A. A. This program was produced by WGBH Boston which is solely responsible for its

content. On major for peace was provided by the Annenberg CPB project. Additional funding was provided by the CHEP group of insurance companies for over 100 years providing business and personal insurance worldwide to independent agents and brokers and by the double-D Walton Jones foundation the John D and Catherine MacArthur Foundation for Peace Sloan Foundation the under double-D Mellon Foundation the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Public television stations and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. War and Peace in the nuclear age is a college course with textbooks published by Alfred a come up for information about the television course and related videocassettes books and off here taping rights called the Annenberg CPB project at 1 800 Lerner. The companion book to war and peace in the nuclear age is

now available written by John new house and published by Alfred A. Knopf the 512 page hardcover can be ordered by calling 1 800 4 4 1 three thousand twenty four ninety five plus handly. Please have your credit card ready. At the height of the cold. For a new. Technology added thousands of tactical nuclear weapons to us. So. We're not far behind. Next. Year. The. Greatest armies. Of the. Century. A. Bigger Bang. For the buck. For an