Changing World; South African Essay: One Nation, Two Nationalisms (Reel 1); 8

Hear the mounting pressure for economic integration is in direct challenge to existing conditions of social and political segregation. Most whites who abhor these injustices choose to remain silent. I feel like the members of the black women's protest organization feel they have a duty to persist in their criticism even though it has been called an exercise in futility. Jean Sinclair president of the black sash gives a clear picture of conditions. She is protesting against the African is in the urban areas for one purpose only and that is labor. Yes that so again out in the urban area and north African maybe in an urban area for more than 72 hours without permission. He can have no rights in an urban area although until this year when the Bantu laws Amendment Act was passed he had the

right to live definitely in an urban area not to earn his lead and. To bend to laws Amendment Act took away these rights. They have permission to work for a particular employer when that contract is terminated. The African has to return to his home in the country and is not allowed to take further employment without permission. And so many of them find themselves in dossed out of the urban area migrating labor. It is usually temporary but in South Africa it is a permanent part of economic life. The key instrument for white control of the Africans are to pass laws which require everyone to carry reference documents or books known as Passons. These men must have their passes checked to obtain work

as the reference book is a document which every African has to carry on his person. It has his photograph his registration number is that text receipts and where he was born is the name of his chief. And where his book was issued. And also a service contract that is a contract of labor with his employer. It was the passed law trigger the infamous Sharpeville massacre the turning point in South-African destiny. On March 21st 1968 a crowd of armed Africans assembled at a police station in the countershaft

Johannesburg to demonstrate against the and pass laws. The police panicked and opened fire. Seventy two Africans were killed. One hundred and eighty six wounded. After Sharpeville instead of easing the pressures which caused the explosion the government took the opposite course. Job fell became an excuse to slap down African nationalism with the full force of legal powers and armed might an emergency was declared and the infamous 90 day law was enacted. This law made it possible for people to be held merely on suspicion. The original 90 day detention could be renewed indefinitely without a trial. Effective police state measures have brought about relative tranquility at least on the surface. The 90 day law has been temporarily suspended although it can be brought back into force at a moment's notice.

Alan Paden is pessimistic about conditions improving and claims quite openly and unashamedly. And the reason why things are quiet is because the African people now accept that there is a separate development. That's not the reason at all. That means that if people see what power can do to men and women destroy their lives the way the government tries to convince both South Africans and tourists that the band can be happily occupied with tribal rights dances this kind of synthetic primitivism is the result. White moderates who were formerly a dynamic element in political life

today divided and indecisive in their opposition to the nationalist government's policy. Colleen Egland himself a moderate It explains it this way. Many South Africans white South Africans are unhappy at the apartheid policies which are being practiced in South Africa and yet they see no real alternative to the practice of apartheid. They have by and large been conditioned to accept that if political control steps away from the white man into the hands of the black man in South Africa then in fact there will be a period of oppression of the white man and this will lead to his both his economic and his political downfall. Since Sharpeville almost all meaningful communication between white and African groups has finally been severed. The African freedom movement is rooted in a long history of nonviolence. But today this long tradition has been discredited and proved futile. Violence seems

virtually inevitable. The government has outlawed the two major African political parties the ANC African National Congress has been in existence for over 50 years. The APHC pan-Africanist Congress founded in 1959 led the Sharpeville protest. Today the leaders of both parties have been jailed driven underground or into exile. Chief Albert literally is the patriarch of the freedom movement and president of the African National Congress. He has received relatively light punishment have been banned exiled to his rural homeland because of his world fame as a Nobel Peace Prize winner a lifelong champion of nonviolent protest. His recent acceptance of violence aligns him with the black African consensus violence under any circumstance. Is it a thing to be encouraged. To be in Cuddy's

Now if it comes when it is just like Nations going to war. And unfortunately things have to go to war. But you can anticipate and then are met. I worked for war. Nobody works or violence. Nobody works for war but sometimes circumstances create them. And I can't predict circumstance and then I'll look back. It's all right that is happening now. But in any case I think as human beings we must regret that we can solve our differences and have to resort to violence and war and so on. Raymond Can-Am who heads the London office of the African National Congress in exile underscores the organization's firm position. We are going to use all forms necessary to get our freedom in South Africa where there is violence against those who are violent against US where there is violence against the property that those who reinforce the economic I mean the government whether it is any

type of violence is possible. Our aim is to get our freedom and we are prepared to get our freedom at whatever sacrifice necessary. To be millennium. London representative of the Pan African Congress speaks in even more specific terms. The situation can only be resolved through bloodshed. And if the African people. I think the oppressor the foreign oppressing the country. As for time I think that is. The head of the Pan-Africanist Congress Roberts who has been jailed on Robben Island the South African Bastille the he represents the most militant of the younger generation who broke away from the African National Congress. So will the president of the peace. He was arrested on the 21st of March when the mother cat shot and landed that took place

he was subsequently charged and sentenced to three years which is set up to this special legislation was passed through Parliament enabling the government to keep him in jail indefinitely and in the words of the Minister of Justice. When asked to list the men at the city centre he said not this one. And he continued that to keep keeping the side of the Tony. Imprisonment on Robben Island has also been the fate of Nelson Mandela. Giant among African Patriots Mandela succeeded Luthuli as active head of the African National Congress after Sharpeville he operated underground until he was caught in 1962 and tried for conspiracy and sabotage. His remarks addressed to the court at the end of his trial have provided a credo for fellow freedom fighters. The ideological creed of the EEOC is and always has been the creed of

African nationalism. It is not the concept of African nationalism expressed in the cry drive the white men into the sea. The African nationalism for which the ANC stands is the concept of freedom and fulfillment for the African people in their own land. South Africa is the richest country in Africa and could be one of the richest countries in the world but it is a land of extremes and remarkable contrast that whites enjoy what may well be the highest standard of living in the world while the Africans live in poverty and misery. The complaint of Africans however is not only that the poor and the whites are rich but that the laws which are made by the whites are designed to preserve the situation. Africans want to share in the whole of South Africa. They want security and a stake in society. Above all we want equal political rights because without them our disability will be permanent.

I know this sounds revolutionary to the whites in this country because the majority of voters will be Africans. This makes the white man fear democracy. When Mandela's trial was ended people gathered in front of the courthouse in Pretoria await the verdict. The government radio broadcast the voice of the presiding judge. The wet plan which the accused is being convicted it is the main player in the game of conspiracy. Asian nations move by please. The state decided not to challenge the crime in this building and in giving the a very serious consideration. We have decided not to use this building which in a case like this would usually be the probability of a claim.

Mandela was sentenced to life in prison. Immediately afterwards his wife Winnie Mandela was able to say a few words to encourage loyal friends and supporters. My husband has been fighting for the liberation of the African people from the working families of the Russian pilots in this country. I shall never lose hope and my people shall never lose hope. In fact we expect that we were critical. While the work of African Patriots goes on. Out of sight fights like Scapino are seem even more blindly confident in their ability to resolve the country's problems. I think that if we were to be left reasonably alone for the next five to ten years we will manage to get some sort of solution. The difficulty at the moment is that the an African and

an African leaders. Are being made to use use of by outside influences. That's why we had in the past few years. Sabotage murder. That was why we were forced to do almost as if the country was in a state of emergency. And while these conditions obtain it very difficult to solve the problem of nations. But we have indeed succeeded in bringing. Order to the country. The South African governments basic tactic in attacking black African leaders and their political movements has been to equate African nationalism with communism. Africans including literally have bitterly rejected this claim and should say that the Communist Party. One must say this being one of the leaders in the liberation movement. We don't discriminate against people because of their own political outcome. Second meaning we

don't say that this man has a right to choose when it so should be because one of the companies we don't want to abolish because we have one common purpose and that is freedom. In reacting to the communist issue journalist not Makassar indicates the real and present danger of relieving the Cold War to race war. It is true however that. All of the. Trouble is that the accident is seen as tacit to have not come from Kemeny. Communism has come from a country which professes to be living by standards of Christian Western civilization. Lose the African die without ever hearing about it. The they have ardy the standards of Western Christian civilisation from which have accrued. It is well known around the world of terrible unfair and pleasant misdeeds which African Africans etc. It also doesn't mean that those who lead

movement in South Africa know that they're likely to get assistance from the Christian Western civilized world therefore they seek assistance from elsewhere like anyone else who's in a spot. You see it this way you can get. The South African government advertises itself as a bulwark against communism and a stalwart friend of the West the military might of South Africa could easily overpower the combined strength of the rest of the African continent. Since Sharpeville military expenditures have increased five fold. Finally United States Britain and other countries have stopped shipment of arms to South Africa. France and others have stepped in to fill the gap. And South Africa itself is becoming more and more self-sufficient in arms production.

South Africa has all the resources and skills necessary to develop an atomic weapon its first nuclear reactor designed for non-military purposes which is critical in the spring of 1965. It was built by Alice Chalmers an American firm. At the same time attracted by the possibility of enormous profits extensive foreign investment has come in over 90 percent of it from Europe and the United States. Our country's investments second only to great Britain is increasing at the fastest rate. Many South Africans know the United States only through the corporate and brand names they see

everywhere and the South African government has shrewdly exploited the presence of United States business and business businessmen as an endorsement of its policies by the American people. The role of American business has received special emphasis because of the weakness of our official policy. Dr. Carter believes that this is a problem Americans should face. I've here we've got a particular concern in the United States because this is our problem too. We condemn South African racial policy. But most Africans in that country and outside say what are we doing about it. And here it is perfectly clear that American businessmen are engaging in the South African economy they're reaping which profits they're making very productive activities. We have a tracking station we are intimately related to the prosperity which South Africa has and we are gaining from it. And they say

What does your condemnation mean if you are in this sense bolstering the regime and I think we have to take account of this position on their part. Whether it means that we should in some way dissociate ourselves with it whether if crisis should occur in southern Africa we would feel that we had to warn our business men that their participation might be contrary to American interests remains to be seen and decided in Washington at the United Nations the court of world opinion. Western nations are criticized particularly by representatives of Asian and African countries. Ambassador Carmike off Guinea is chairman of the UN Special Committee on a party to the halls of the United Nations. We have heard many eloquent speeches of a balance of apartheid and racial

discrimination. We have also noted reports of actions by various governments which directly contradict their speeches. We are tired of the equivocations contradictions and hypocrisy which are rather characteristic methods of certain great crimes that we should look more closely at the interest which benefit from apartheid. Perhaps the main beneficiaries are not the South African whites. Perhaps there are only those joined arms who are paid a commission who will move against the Africans who toil and sweat so that the powerful interests in foreign capitals in the United States the United Kingdom France and elsewhere will acquire the gold and diamonds of South Africa. United States ambassador to the United Nations and Stevenson has indeed eloquently deplored apartheid. We all suffer from the disease of discrimination in various forms.

And at least most of us recognize the disease. It is a disfiguring blight. The whole point is that in many countries governmental policies are dedicated to rooting out this dreaded syndrome of prejudice and discrimination. While in South Africa we see the anachronistic spectacle of a government of a great people which persists in saying the disease is the remedy prescribing for the malady of racism. The bitter toxic of apartheid. Although the United States has voted in favor of an arms ban it has held to the position that it cannot interfere with the internal affairs of South Africa. If the massive change that we seek is to come and it will it must come from within. It will come when the supporters of

apartheid realise that the way they have chosen is in the eyes of the world in which South Africa must live morally intolerable politically viable and economically and profit. United States scruples in abstaining from intervention in South Africa. I'm not altogether consistent with our record in relation to other countries when we've felt our national interest was at stake. The questions of sovereignty and the extent of moral responsibility beyond national boundaries are raised by Alan Payton speaking from within his beloved South Africa. I don't believe that one domestic affairs which contained no one will. Admit that am done with different knowledge of South Africa and our country. Badly. Pays. Little things to me and that

the human race and right up to what with. Critical appraisal. What happens in other countries. If only a couple of Europe taking Germany more seriously and a little better. Well that depends really on the top of that. The. It was a failure of the countries of Europe to know what was happening and to be indifferent to it. I don't believe that can be different and a little more benefit to the notion that there will be no peace for the human race either. This nation was mad. The United States. South Africa presents a difficult and perilous dilemma. There is the problem of the Cold War fusing with the struggle between the black and white races. South Africa has aligned herself with the Western world of which we are the acknowledged

leader. As long as we remain relatively aloof from the South African racial confrontation we appear especially in the eyes of the Afro-Asian world to support the oppression by the white South African regime. Therefore it does not appear to be in the national interest of the United States to have the friendship of a South African government. If this friendship alienates us from a majority of the peoples of the world but beyond the issue of self interest there is a moral question. Can any part of the world. Indeed can the United States itself by black and white remain outside the conflict as the races confront each other. As to nationalisms prepared to clash in South Africa we believe this question calls for an early and positive American response. Is

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