Anatomy of a Revolution; Dual Sovereignty and the Progress of Revolution

so it is you know nico the peace bell it's by which the radical in moderate revolution is substitute themselves for the existing moderate government and then go by trotsky no mean expert on revolution is the dual sovereignty are dual policy void the last check the actual existence at the same time of two rival governments legal legitimate one

and the illegal and a successful revolution the illegal government in the final explosion or even american date doc sometimes substitutes itself appeal which then ceases to function this process is clear in england france america and russia let me briefly outlined the facts in seventeenth century and the illegal government originated in the independent sects and the cromwell and other independent leaders under pressure of the actual civil war remember that the start of that the royalists and find out your copy backstage and accountable there was organized the famous songs singing pious disciplined efficient new model army which soon turn the tide in favor of the bottom but the fanatic puritans of the new model could not fight for the episcopalian and

presbyterian moderates a pilot they fought for themselves and their ideas which were a moderate utopian and soon by these of army counselors they set themselves up as in effect a parallel government which ran the army the budget and it would be less and in particular states the final attack on the moment with bride's birds in the house of commons and sixteen forty eight this illegal government suppressed the old parliament began to govern as the sole govern in our country the revolution is ten especially in oil prices advantage of being able to work their way into power by getting control of county is notably the somewhat rowdy boston town meeting eric the process of dual sovereignty was able to work itself out in each colony to establish governmental institutions down county provincial but the process was as we all know not illegal it was an excellent example of what one

michael powell legal political action and what's the royal governors and the relatively small bureaucracy with just shoved aside in massachusetts you can argue that thomas huch since governor at the time the boston massacre was legal an impotent government and said that is the legal illegal and effective government more than that there is a document of the time like you know probably the letter is signed by de fry it introduces the petition which the house of representatives massachusetts sent to anyone requesting that thomas hutchinson be dismissed from office and although it uses good quiet eighteenth century language we humbly pray your majesty i sure you'll be on the line tj marriage real fire in

france there is extremely clear example of this dual sovereignty the legal government the government of the constitution of nineteen seventy nine he won so the extreme revolutionists organized against it in the jacobin cops their full title was usually so society of friends of the constitution which was not that iraq might actually they were extremely active in all kinds of agitation here a very early copy i love one of their weekly periodical issues in which they report various goings on in billings that they disapprove of in short very good regular prompted lisa jackson's by the way they were so called because they met in a formal dominican house known to the people as jakob in a few

short months they organized network of societies in all the major cities and towns of fronts but said it interacts with only minor representation actually in the national legislature within this jacqueline network a gradually do limited group of radicals succeeded in suppressing are converting the migrants in getting solid control for themselves posen would do actual governments one on the defensive the other on the offensive is here striking and b the paris japanese conducted formal debate just like the legislature passed resolutions decrees and committees which tried to get the legal authorities to follow these did greece had largely succeeded that much else especially circulating propaganda in addition a key to the final success of this illegal jack there were these revolutions is a divisive even further to the left got control of the city government of paris the famous comedian and used it as a formal

rival to the national government the actual transfer of power on orders to seventy ninety two they win the jacket bands organized a holy jackman government in paris which that for a few hours in one room of the city hall when the old paris city government which had that he bought it was meeting in another room in the very same building which you see here this is the old timey bones staging a robber dignified meeting i think they're giving some sort of reward to a distinguished english radical but you see the real the jacobin can't win simply declared itself to be the rightful home and ordered the old one the dissolved itself which you quietly dee ross i can best suggests to the most serious activity city's jack wins if i suggested they combine direct political action especially toward the end with what political scientists now call pressure

group activities for instance year we have a later as you say a somewhat larger format publication of theirs which is called the journal of their own debates note that although legally a private assembly they privy to publish something equivalent of our own congressional record it is as a matter of fact somewhat likely now the american pressure group of which these remind me most is they all the anti saloon league which was able to engineer the eighteenth amendment the constitution establishes prohibition there was in both movements jacobin american prohibition the same political propaganda skill persistence and unscrupulous religious and the violence as for instance some you may remember carrie

mae gen x or a hatchet which is a matter of fact she really you just buffalo wings combine the same lofty motives now in russia the dual sovereignty was worked out in the sixth short months between the fabric and october of this you almost legal government was the famous processional executive a few modern composition garrett and pretty obviously posed is a press photo i suppose you might say and you will agree with me that this front row does not look much like very revolutionary captives here in the corner is principal who was the prime minister and hear their lives is young to rescue who was the most of this the illegal in their work we set it in this audience

voluntary groups within the stop claimed to be organs of the people and not just pressure groups they were quickly senate in moscow backed rival well distributed across the country a colleague robert wolf as described this process most succinctly russia moderates in the government had no experience of a party moreover the soviet possessed many of the instruments of power yet refused to accept any responsibility workers and soldiers in the capital supporter the soviet while in the province is the new governors appointed by the provisional government had no weapon except persuasion to employ against a local peasant elected soviets which multiplied rapidly the support given by the soviet of the provisional government has been compared to the kind of support that is given by a hangman's noose it is important to notice that first these active revolutionaries in the illegal government were relatively small

minority of the total population and second that they're active opponents the moderates the legitimate government ordinarily legitimate wasn't probably at the time of the actual transfers apart from legal illegal government and a larger following in the whole country that have a successful radicals the stark example of this and the players come from russia where previously raised free elections with universal suffrage the constitutional convention went through on november twenty fifth nineteen seventeen a few weeks after the october revolution and in spite of the deed because of water that is communist party leadership returned four hundred and twenty social revolutionaries there are some of them combative march to only two hundred and twenty five boat civics and is almost to walk against the bolsheviks lennon of course to do with a political

philosophy of a small elite forcing events had no hesitation making use of police power which he had to dissolve this nicely to assembly which never even got a chance to organize is a detachment of red staters blue dissolve bit posing proudly afterwards i suppose i am convinced that no such neat proof of the russian elections possible that are really free election in frogs in june seventeen ninety three to put as your own and other moderates back in power as a matter fact somewhat earlier the jacksons than just confronted with the problem or whether or not the king should be tried or whether he should be put before the people in the privacy said how other would they argue want to see if they wished to save making the english people in the majority finally were surely never congregation to start even very puritanical again it is clear that in the

struggle between the moderate legal government of the radical illegal on the moderates stay in part perhaps reasons not only for the moderates in control clearly do not perhaps cannot use force effectively i think this is in part because they are after all revolutions themselves they certainly do not want to let the old pre revolutionary gang back the moderates are victims of their own success they really believe in a new and better order they hate to seem conservative reactionary take to be outdistance by an issue that arises among the slogan that did so much damage to french moderates in the third republic in the nineteen twenties in the nineteen thirties no enemy to the let the moderates simply can't get credit for what they do they seem all from strings apple in france the moderates among the lafayette but this time beginning with frightened of his friends people seceded from the paris

jackman robin founded one of their own this diamond an old cistercian convent known popularly as the failure of this very young who tried unsuccessfully to make their own original network of clubs no rather pathetic lose friends in the piece they did not get because if for instance they tried a little politicking by the shooting bread the poor that jack and rivals accused of bribery if they gave up this chatty jackman skis them out on how to be a difference to the welfare of their fellow country when the local friends of these petitions to be canceled the japanese march on bass or send a delegation of the city council for banning them to accept the petition and the council usually gave it a final note on such tactics the threats propaganda the actual violence of the radicals frightened or disgusted ordinary citizens to the point where they know on the voter no longer took part in politics the field then was left of the extremists who didn't usually even after rigged elections

for opponents to drop is show up at the polls i can't resist giving you one small excerpt from the minutes of a jack and club w to show their tactics second deputation that the city hall to get the streets claimed said that addition to the city hall to get the flat valley remote from the staple of st john's church for education to city hall to have a search made in private houses first up less than those second adaptation to military headquarters two arctic happens to arrest and a soldier's discovered possessing more selling extra shoe as a deputation having returned recorded that there was nobody at headquarters that last has a nice human snobby headquarters in the town but they all like to know now let me in conclusions are very briefly some possible

generalizations about these radical groups which make the offensive against the legal cover they originated well back in the old regime among intellectuals their followers were first basically propagandists invoked as france pre revolution a propaganda is not very dangerous propagandist not very successfully repress did not call for underground work remember that dramatic monologue of figaro delivered right on the stage of a paris that even the nineteenth century russia in this literature protests that fills a great agent russian literature somehow didn't get pregnant and circulated without much fainter the writers with the revolutionary government does it delights and martyrdom there were really obstacles before freedom of speech and only societies of course perhaps not on the american company's furthermore the propagandists soon began to work to do so the action is more dangerous and difficult than propaganda the result of course you go on to grow the whole apparatus of underground that tv is clear and russia in the last

decades before seventy for them or in the case of directorial nationalist revolutions ireland poland today throughout eastern european satellites russia and write his totalitarian countries like spain and portugal won colonial countries like algeria the revolution is simply have to go on the ground inspire taken the bush the rule of warfare on a smaller scale the cuban revolution illustrates the same thing that castro had to go to the bush can orient the province in order to get any kind of toll and even good cases out of the algerian rebels against the french the actual headquarters of the rubble planning staff has been safely in mass is cairo and board deepest tunis bordering on algeria has been for years the center from which rebel barons could operate on a hit and run basis it maybe there are no water except foreign aid and revolution we americans surely welcome french aided not only openly in seventy eight but and

cloak and dagger secrecy well before the actual german aid to the irish revolution in nineteen sixty was not in itself very expensive than merely landis case but the germans kept on for a long time particularly in propaganda has a splendid example concerning british humanity which of course is ironic to me and they proceed to show that fear is a picture of a very wicked looking set of well armed british troops beating down the door of a no doubt virtuous irish dance and then they go on further also so that here is an bit of the american contribution to the press as a committee of americans you may notice in the signatures and jane addams senator norris's senator

david walsh but american their youth in the form of financial aid buying bonds was most important champagne itself is a neat sample of the whole course of revolutionary organization from intellectuals propagandist to conspirators guerilla fighters and finally to the victors the legitimate or is radical revolution so many of them at any rate enough to count in action the whole convention later are inspired by the hope of transforming the world not just their own kind drake and who knew better and the perfect society of victory briefly modern revolutions haven't them a kind of proselytizing dr not wholly on like the one we associate in the long run of history with such missionary religions of christianity buddhism and the saw even the english way back three hundred years ago before the mass meeting

separately and nasa science of relief on trying to spread the word on the cause and word sex but a former soldier and calls it actually proposed board know that the french to give themselves a nice republican written constitution which he called let go deep or the agreement of the people but the french are still good monitors there weren't ready for him he had to flee a century and a half later the french revolution was the first to create a great international scare among the ruling classes and the first widespread accusations of international revolutionary conspiracy this spreading of the french revolution is a fascinating study on which much work has been done if i may attempt to do dishes summary of the special i should begin by one more good old chestnut it was more smoke a lot more there was fire but there certainly was fire

to be more concrete there was an international jacket the movement and the french jackson's of power getting carriage even began to do some modest training a french canadian agents actively encouraged by propaganda printed and all the propaganda doesn't look very skillful to us now perhaps but they're idiots nate for instance here is the night an austrian soldier fleeing from the fire to peace and quiet of france across the little street you could see him like at the way they spend their gospel and but when the journal european war broke out they used their armies active agent succeeded in setting up around france in an arc from holland naples a set of vessel republics given nice classical they say such as the savior pop which you see here celebrating their freedom by a tree of liberty

that object in the center is not very natural looking tree but it is the battalion republic in amsterdam now paul was also one in naples are going to be in the health insurance so forth and to the comparative historian these are all very much like the president's satellite people's republics which the russians have set up in eastern europe in england in the seventeen nikes but nomi jenna democracy but still never won the many major continental study there was tremendous revolutionary spoke there was however know very dangerous fire in england in fact especially in seventy nine before the sobering which went through a period of witch hunting for mostly imaginary jackson's make our own mccarthy period seem positively serene into

barracks state trial for treason as rubber market that stool pigeon spies subsidies to newspapers packing injuries no possible element of melodramatic expression and there were of course british jack and clubs you see here a british delegation being welcomed in the paris club and in the background you can i think desert and the three flags british french and american perhaps the first time they were juxtaposed as flags of free man or potentially for them and as revolutionaries were themselves very addicted to melodrama years the report jb government spy gives a radical speech at a secret meeting somewhere in england or scott in the name of new societal the dishes and cloud is in the six determined fellows who followed being named us give me only six whom i can confide in with daggers apiece and

business is done nothing is easier and access to the chambers of the us to craps when they aren't joyous over that cops seventeen and intoxicating at the expense of the blond and treasurer of millions of british and french men nothing is easier than access to them and bass and it was the death of such villains alarms the whole country to someone cannot gather and the business is done those are some of your race captains a famous british track to miss this so the report must've been the inspiration for edmund her great political force off a proponent of international jackman isn't when in the house of commons the hurl the debt to the floor of that state parliamentary gathered just a few are generalizations on this key experience of the seventy

nines the french japanese always found natives in every country can list the cause and whenever their armies went to set up satellites in the use of the native governments in advanced factories like west germany low country is north italy these native are fairly numerous often came from progressive middle class professional and intellectual circles and backward countries like hungary russia spain the native jack and for a few and they usually very enlightened than educated if not very sensible they're nowhere once the impose major french rule was obvious was what we may call public opinion on the jacobin side in spain in particular the spread of french employers usually strongly anti catholic was bitterly resisted by the masses the desperate to live a heroic rising the people in madrid

in may eighteen eight has been immortalized in this famous painting of the spanish are just going all the dos they might do in the time of the russian revolution the techniques of revolution where even better mascot nasa side he fully developed and yet in essentials the chorus of international communism as a proselytizing movement within western civilization there's really been very much like that of international jackman isn't over a century there've been some pro communist everyone there is a planning center of propaganda in moscow russian armies of set up satellite states in an arc around russia here for instance and one of the very early samples is a famous propaganda poster of the third international in which you see in the four languages english that in french russian and the background on that red red banner is rush yet

know where not even in italy of the native common has taken over let alone security legal hold on the government in a truly democratic election once more the record then sporadically both internal conspiracy and forty eight revolutions are real or not but neither internal conspiracy not foreign aid can make a real revolution they cannot make a combustion when there are sufficient combustible materials no matter how skillfully are not until next time anyway the piece

be this week this is an eighty national educational television the pope