PBS NewsHour Weekend; PBS NewsHour Weekend : KQED : May 15, 2016 5:30pm-6:01pm PDT

Captioning sponsored by WNET

>> Sreenivasan: ON THIS EDITION FOR SUNDAY, MAY 15: DONALD TRUMP CLOSES IN ON THE REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION, UNCONTESTED, WHILE HILLARY CLINTON BATTLES BERNIE SANDERS IN KENTUCKY. THE PERSISTENT GUN VIOLENCE IN CHICAGO AND HOW IT IS CHANGING THE CITY'S DEMOGRAPHICS BY CAUSING MIDDLE CLASS "BLACK FLIGHT." AND IN OUR SIGNATURE SEGMENT: THE MAYORS OF EUROPE WHOSE JOB IS TO KEEP NIGHTLIFE HUMMING AND PEACEFUL. NEXT ON PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND.

>> PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY: LEWIS B. AND LOUISE HIRSCHFELD CULLMAN. BERNARD AND IRENE SCHWARTZ. JUDY AND JOSH WESTON. THE CHERYL AND PHILIP MILSTEIN FAMILY. THE CITI FOUNDATION. SUPPORTING INNOVATION AND ENABLING URBAN PROGRESS. THE JOHN AND HELEN GLESSNER FAMILY TRUST. SUPPORTING TRUSTWORTHY JOURNALISM THAT INFORMS AND INSPIRES. SUE AND EDGAR WACHENHEIM, III. CORPORATE FUNDING IS PROVIDED BY MUTUAL OF AMERICA-- DESIGNING CUSTOMIZED INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RETIREMENT PRODUCTS. THAT'S WHY WE ARE YOUR RETIREMENT COMPANY. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: AND BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING, AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. FROM WTTW IN CHICAGO, HARI SREENIVASAN.

>> Sreenivasan: GOOD EVENING AND THANKS FOR JOINING US. THE PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY SEASON IS NEARING ITS END WITH ONLY NINE STATES LEFT TO VOTE. ON TUESDAY, OREGON HOLDS PRIMARIES FOR BOTH REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS, WHILE DEMOCRATS HOLD A PRIMARY IN KENTUCKY. THAT'S WHERE FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE HILLARY CLINTON WAS CAMPAIGNING TODAY, SPEAKING TO SUPPORTERS IN LOUISVILLE AND FORT MITCHELL. VERMONT SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS, WHO BEAT CLINTON IN WEST VIRGINIA AND INDIANA THIS MONTH AND VOWS TO COMPETE ALL THE WAY TO THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, ALSO CAMPAIGNED IN KENTUCKY THIS WEEKEND. BUSINESSMAN DONALD TRUMP, NOW ONLY 103 DELEGATES SHORT OF THE 1,237 NEEDED TO LOCK UP THE REPUBLICAN NOMINATION, IS DEFYING THE STANDARD PRACTICE OF CANDIDATES RELEASING PERSONAL TAX RETURNS. TODAY, REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN REINCE PRIEBUS SAID TRUMP'S TAX RETURNS MAY NOT MATTER, BECAUSE HE OFFERS SUCH A MASSIVE CHANGE TO WASHINGTON.

>> IT'S GOING TO BE UP THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, THEY'RE GOING TO HAVE TO DECIDE WHETHER THAT'S A BIG ISSUE OR NOT.

>> >> Reporter: FORMER HOUSE SPEAKER NEWT GINGRICH SAID TODAY HE WOULD CONSIDER AN OFFER BY TRUMP TO BE HIS RUNNING MATE.

>> IF HE ASKS ME I'D CERTAINLY SAY I WANT TO SIT DOWN AND TALK ABOUT IT, I DON'T THINK IT'S AN AUTOMATIC YES. I THINK WE'D BE HARD PRESSED NOT TO SAY YES.

>> Sreenivasan: SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN KERRY WAS IN SAUDI ARABIA TODAY FOR TALKS WITH KING SALMAN ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN SYRIA, LIBYA, AND YEMEN. A SAUDI-LED, U.S.-BACKED COALITION IS SUPPORTING YEMEN'S GOVERNMENT IN ITS CONFLICT AGAINST SHIITE REBELS ALLIED WITH FORCES LOYAL TO THE COUNTRY'S FORMER PRESIDENT. AL QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA AND ISIS MILITANTS ARE ALSO FIGHTING FOR TERRITORY. TODAY, ISIS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SUICIDE BOMBING THAT KILLED 25 RECRUITS AT A GOVERNMENT POLICE STATION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF YEMEN. EGYPT HAS SENTENCED 152 PEOPLE TO PRISON THIS WEEKEND FOR PARTICIPATING IN PEACEFUL ANTI- GOVERNMENT PROTESTS. ABOUT A THIRD WERE CONVICTED AND SENTENCED IN ABSENTIA. THE PROTESTERS HAD DEMONSTRATED ON THE STREETS OF CAIRO LAST MONTH, AGAINST EGYPT'S TRANSFER OF TWO RED SEA ISLANDS TO SAUDI ARABIA. EGYPTIAN STATE MEDIA SAID THE PROTESTERS HAD VIOLATED A LAW BANNING PROTESTS WITHOUT FIRST NOTIFYING EGYPT'S INTERIOR MINISTRY. THE SENTENCES ARE SEEN AS A FURTHER CRACKDOWN ON POLITICAL DISSENT BY EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT ABDEL FATTAH AL-SISI. A NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD GO TEAM ARRIVED TODAY AT THE SCENE OF A CHARTER BUS CRASH THAT KILLED EIGHT PEOPLE NEAR LAREDO, TEXAS, YESTERDAY. THE PASSENGERS WERE HEADED TO A CASINO NEAR THE MEXICAN BORDER, WHEN THE DRIVER APPARENTLY LOST CONTROL OF THE BUS, AND THE BUS FLIPPED ON ITS SIDE. LOCAL AUTHORITIES SAID THE OTHER 43 PASSENGERS AND THE DRIVER WERE TAKEN TO NEARBY HOSPITALS FOR INJURIES. COULD SELF-DRIVING CARS ACTUALLY MAKE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS WORSE? READ THE STORY ON OUR WEBSITE AT pbs.org/newshour.

>> Sreenivasan: CHICAGO IS THE NATION'S THIRD MOST POPULOUS CITY, WITH A POPULATION THAT'S ROUGHLY ONE-THIRD WHITE, ONE- THIRD BLACK, AND ONE-THIRD HISPANIC. BUT CHICAGO ALSO HAS THE UNENVIABLE DISTINCTION OF BEING AMERICA'S MURDER CAPITAL: IT HAD THE MOST HOMICIDES OF ANY AMERICAN CITY LAST YEAR, WITH 489. WITH FIVE MEN AND ONE WOMAN FOUND SHOT TO DEATH YESTERDAY AND ANOTHER WOMAN FATALLY STABBED, THE CITY HAS RECORDED MORE THAN 220 HOMICIDES THIS YEAR AND IS ON TRACK TO SURPASS LAST YEAR'S NUMBER. AS IN RECENT YEARS, MOST VICTIMS OF GUN VIOLENCE ARE BLACK. CORRESPONDENT BRANDIS FRIEDMAN, FROM CHICAGO'S PBS STATION WTTW, REPORTS, THE HIGH MURDER RATE HAS SPARKED A GRADUAL EXODUS OF THE CITY'S BLACK MIDDLE CLASS.

>> HIT ME!

>> Reporter: IT'S GAME TIME AT THE TRAVIS HOUSEHOLD.

>> OOOHH, CHEATERS NEVER WIN.

>> Reporter: KYLE AND CARLA TRAVIS MOVED WITH THEIR TWO CHILDREN FROM CHICAGO TO THE SUBURB OF MATTESON THREE YEARS AGO. THEY'VE BEEN IN THIS HOUSE FOR A YEAR.

>> LOVE THE NEIGHBORHOOD, PLENTY OF KIDS. NOT TOO FAR FROM THE SCHOOL THAT THEY GO TO.

>> IN MATTESON, IT'S A DIFFERENT SENSE OF COMMUNITY TO ME. DEFINITELY ONE WHERE YOU SEE A SENSE OF FREEDOM WITH STUDENTS AND THE KIDS AND WHOMEVER TO COME GO AS THEY PLEASE. YOU NEED TO BE ON A HEIGHTENED SENSE OF AWARENESS, SO TO SPEAK, IN THE CITY.

>> Reporter: THAT HEIGHTENED AWARENESS BECAME OUTRIGHT FEAR AFTER THE VIOLENCE HIT HOME IN THEIR OLD NEIGHBORHOOD OF BRONZEVILLE, A CENTER OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN CULTURE IN CHICAGO. IN BROAD DAYLIGHT, KYLE WAS DRIVING HOME FROM THE GROCERY STORE, WAITING AT A RED LIGHT, WHEN HE HEARD GUNSHOTS.

>> THE BULLET CAME THROUGH THE PASSENGER SIDE WINDOW, STRUCK ME ON THIS SIDE OF ARM, EXITED HERE IF I WOULD'VE MAYBE JUST TAKEN FOOT OFF BRAKE FOR A SPLIT SECOND, IT COULD'VE POSSIBLY STRUCK ME IN THE CHEEK OR THE HEAD OR WHATEVER MAY HAVE YOU, I MEAN, WHO KNOWS?

>> Reporter: KYLE WAS ABLE TO DRIVE HIMSELF TO A NEARBY HOSPITAL, WHERE HE WAS TREATED AND SENT HOME WITH BANDAGED ARM. THE COUPLE'S DECISION TO LEAVE THE CITY WAS ACCELERATED BY THEIR CONCERN FOR FIVE-YEAR OLD CHASE AND SEVEN-YEAR OLD EMERSON. THE TRAVIS FAMILY IS PART OF A TREND HERE IN CHICAGO. ON AVERAGE, MORE THAN 10,000 AFRICAN-AMERICANS LEAVE THE CITY EVERY YEAR, AND DATA SHOWS AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF BLACKS LIVING IN THE SUBURBS. RESEARCHERS ARE BEGINNING TO CALL THIS MIGRATION "BLACK FLIGHT." FROM 2000 AND 2014, JUST OVER 200,000 AFRICAN-AMERICANS LEFT CHICAGO, THAT'S ROUGHLY ONE OUT OF EVERY FIVE BLACKS. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO URBAN PLANNING PROFESSOR JANET SMITH SAYS GUN VIOLENCE IS A KEY FACTOR IN THE MIGRATION, ESPECIALLY FOR FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN.

>> WHEN WE MAP OVER POPULATION LOSS AND LOOK AT WHERE CRIME IS, AND WE LOOK AT THE FACT THAT THAT POPULATION LOSS HAS A LOT OF CHILDREN, YOU SEE A RELATIONSHIP. WE'RE SEEING FAMILIES FIRST MORE SO THAN HOUSEHOLDS, YOU KNOW, SINGLE PEOPLE OR TWO-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS WITH NO KIDS.

>> Reporter: THE CITY'S VIOLENCE TURNED TIERRA WINSTON INTO A SUBURBANITE. SHE AND HER 14-YEAR OLD SON, TYRIEK, WERE CONSTANTLY WORRIED ABOUT THEIR SAFETY IN THEIR OLD NEIGHBORHOOD, ROSELAND, ONE OF THE CITY'S MOST ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED.

>> THERE'S LOT OF GANG VIOLENCE, LOT OF DRUG TRAFFICKING. SOMETIMES I WOULD BE VERY LEERY ABOUT HIM RIDING A BIKE, GOING OUTSIDE. I'D HAVE TO KEEP THE WINDOWS OPEN SO I CAN KIND OF KEEP AN EYE ON HIM.

>> Reporter: AT HOME ONE SCHOOL NIGHT, TWO YEARS AGO, THEY TOO HAD A CLOSE CALL.

>> I HEARD GUNSHOTS, COMING, LIKE RUNNING, RUNNING PAST MY WINDOW. SO, I WENT TO MY MOM'S ROOM BECAUSE SHE WAS ASLEEP, AND I WOKE HER UP. AND I TOLD HER I HEARD GUNSHOTS THROUGH MY WINDOW, AND THEN I HEARD PEOPLE RUNNING. I WAS, LIKE, PRETTY SCARED.

>> Reporter: NO BULLETS ENTERED THEIR APARTMENT, AND TYRIEK WAS NOT HURT. BUT FOR TIERRA, THAT WAS ENOUGH. SHE DECIDED TO MOVE TO THE SUBURB OF DOLTON.

>> AS SOON AS I WALKED IN, I WAS LIKE: THIS IS IT! THIS IS MY HOUSE.

>> Reporter: NOW TYRIEK PRACTICES HIS JUMP SHOT WITHOUT THE FEAR OF GUNSHOTS.

>> IT'S BEEN DIFFERENT. I LOVE MY HOUSE, LOVE THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

>> Reporter: THE NEIGHBORHOODS THE WINSTON AND THE TRAVIS FAMILIES HAVE LEFT BEHIND NOW GRAPPLE WITH A DWINDLING POPULATION. CHICAGO URBAN LEAGUE PRESIDENT SHARI RUNNER SAYS MIDDLE CLASS BLACK FLIGHT IS HURTING THE CITY'S TAX BASE.

>> SO, IF YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT BEING A PLANNER, A CITY PLANNER, YOU'RE THINKING ABOUT ANTICIPATING REVENUE FROM TAXES FROM PEOPLE WHO LIVE AND WORK IN THE CITY. ALL OF THOSE ASSUMPTIONS HAVE TO BE RE-LOOKED AT, AND HOW DOES THAT IMPACT CITY AS A WHOLE IN TERMS OF HOW IS IT GOING TO MAKE THAT UP AND PROVIDE THE RESOURCES IT NEEDS AS A CITY TO PROVIDE FOR CITIZENS.

>> Reporter: RUNNER SAYS THE CITY NEEDS TO INVEST MORE IN BETTER HOUSING IN THESE COMMUNITIES AND IN THE YOUNG PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN THEM.

>> WE HAVE PROGRAM CALLED OPPORTUNITY WORKS THAT SPECIFICALLY TARGETS 16-TO-24- YEAR-OLDS TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY'RE JOB READY, THAT THEY HAVE ACCESS TO JOBS SO THEY CAN BEGIN TO BE CONTRIBUTING PARTS OF OUR COMMUNITY AND WILL STAY AWAY FROM THOSE OTHER KINDS OF ACTIVITIES THAT WILL PUT THEM AT RISK FOR BEING INVOLVED IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM.

>> Reporter: THOUGH LEAVING CHICAGO WAS A TOUGH DECISION FOR THE TRAVISES, KYLE AND CARLA HAVEN'T LOOKED BACK.

>> YOU CAN'T HELP ANYONE ELSE, WHETHER IT BE THROUGH CIVIC ENGAGEMENT, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, ETCETERA. IF YOU'RE NOT AT PEACE AT HOME. WHAT'S MOST IMPORTANT FOR US IS PROTECTING THE FAMILY NUCLEUS.

>> Sreenivasan: FOR MORE ON" BLACK FLIGHT" AND THE IMPACT OF CHICAGO'S GUN VIOLENCE, I AM JOINED HERE AT WTTW BY "USA TODAY" REPORTER AAMER MADHANI.

>> SO WHAT IS THE IMPACT, THE RIPPLE EFFECT ON THE COMMUNITY WHEN YOU LOSE 181,000 BLACK RESIDENTS IN THIS SPAN OF TEN YEARS?

>> IT IS ENORMOUS. YOU ARE LOOKING AT A CITY THAT IS ALREADY GOING THROUGH THIS FINANCIAL SITUATION. WE HAVE ABOUT $20 BILLION UNDERFUNDED PENSION SYSTEM. WE HAVE A CREDIT RATING THAT IS ABYSMAL. WE CAN'T AFFORD TO LOSE MORE PEOPLE AND WE CAN'T AFFORD TO LOSE PEOPLE LIKE THE FOLKS YOU ARE TALKING TO THAT HAVE THE MEANS TO LEAVE CHICAGO. THESE ARE MIDDLE CLASS, WORKING CLASS PEOPLE WITH SKILLS AND EDUCATION. THOSE ARE TAXPAYERS, YOU KNOW, IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT -- I THINK IT IS OFTEN WHEN WE LOOK AT VIOLENCE IN PLACES LIKE CHICAGO, IT IS CHICAGO FOLKS TO TALK ABOUT, BUT WHAT IS HAPPENING TO THESE FAMILIES JUST AS MUCH AFFECTS ME WHEN THEY LEAVE AS IT DOES THOSE AFRICAN-AMERICANS COMMUNITIES.

>> PUT THIS IN KIND OF A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. I MEAN, IT HAS BEEN CALLED ALMOST A REVERSE MIGRATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS BACK TO DIFFERENT SOUTHERN CITIES WHERE MAYBE THERE SEEMS TO BE OPPORTUNITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE.

>> RIGHT. SO YOU LOOK AT THE BIGGEST 0 POPULATION, DECLINE SINCE 2000, AND DETROIT, CHICAGO, NEW YORK WHERE IT HAS BEEN GREATEST, WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT DETROIT AND CHICAGO COMPARED TO NEW YORK, NEW YORK HAS A LOT OF -- YOU HAVE SEEN VIOLENCE NOSE DIVE A BIT, BUT IN CHICAGO THERE IS THIS DARK CLOUD THAT COMES WITH THIS HUGE FLIGHT THAT IS GOING ON, AND, YOU KNOW, YOU LOOK AT WHO IS AFFECTED BY VIOLENCE AND YOU LOOK AT 500 PLUS MURDERS THIS YEAR, WE ARE ON PACE FOR THAT, THE VAST MAJORITY OF PEOPLE WHO ARE KILLED HAVE TIED -- HAVE TIES, BUT THEN YOU LOOK AT SOME OF THE FOLKS YOU JUST TALKED TO, YOU KNOW, HOW CAN YOU NOT LEAVE IF YOU GOT SHOT IN THE ARM AND YOU HAVE A FIVE-YEAR OLD AND SEVEN-YEAR-OLD, THAT IS A PERSON'S NEIGHBOR, I WOULD THINK ABOUT LEAVING.

>> RIGHT. AND THE ECONOMISTS SAY IT IS MOST RATIONAL DECISION TO PROTECT YOUR FAMILY OR PROTECT YOUR LIFE. I MEAN, THERE SEEMS TO BE A TENSION HERE ON THE ONE HAND, WE WANT TO SUPPORT THE IDEA OF THE AMERICAN DREAM AND SOMETIMES TO DO THAT, THEY ARE ESCAPING A NIGHTMARE.

>> ONE IS JUST OPPORTUNITY,.

>> RIGHT SOME OF THIS MIGRATION HAS BEEN GOING ON SINCE THE SEVENTIES. THERE IS INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE STEEL MILLS, AND THERE ARE STILL OPPORTUNITIES, AND EARLIER THIS MONTH, HERE IN TOWN, SOUTH SIDE, THAT HAS A BIG AFRICAN-AMERICAN AND LATINO POPULATION THAT DONALD TRUMP AND HILLARY CLINTON AND BERNIE SANDERS HAVE BEEN TALKING ABOUT, THEY JUST LAID OFF 600 PEOPLE. WHY WOULD YOU STAY IN IN SOME OF THESE NEIGHBORHOODS AROUND IF YOUR JOB ISN'T THERE? IF YOU OR I JOB WAS LOST WE WOULD GO TO WHERE THE NEXT I DON'T KNOW IS.

>> IS THERE A PLAN, I KNOW THE CITY SAID HER HERE IS AN OPPORTY PROGRAM BUT HOW DO YOU GET AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF UNEMPLOYED YOUNG PEOPLE WHO ARE IN THESE COMMUNITIES AN OPPORTUNITY TO DO SOMETHING AND THEN ACTUALLY KEEP THEM THERE?

>> IT IS A GIGANTIC PROBLEM. IT IS NOT UNIQUE TO CHICAGO. THERE HAS BEEN SOME PUSH FROM THE PRIVATE SECTOR, HOWARD SCHULTZ FROM STARBUCKS HAS MADE THIS SORT OF THE PRIME PROJECT, IT IS ABOUT SAVING A GENERATION. BUT THERE AREN'T ANY SORT OF QUICK ANSWERS TO THIS. THE CITY TRIES HARD TO GETTING TEENAGERS AND YOUNG ADULTS INTO SUMMER PROGRAMS, WHETHER WORKING FOR THE CITY OR PRIVATE ENTERPRISES, BUT WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT, YOU KNOW, NEXT TO HALF OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN BETWEEN 20 AND 24 THAT ARE NEITHER IN SCHOOL OR EMPLOYED, AND THE CITY THE SIZE OF CHICAGO THAT IS ENORMOUS, THAT'S AN ENORMOUS PROBLEM.

>> THIS IS LIKE WHAT IS HAPPENING OVERSEAS IN WAR TORN LANDS.

>> IT IS NOT DISSIMILAR TO WHAT I REMEMBER SEEING IN IRAQ POST 2003 AND WHEN THEY DISBANDED THE ARMY, DISBANDED THE IRAQI ARMY AND YOU BASICALLY PUT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF MILITARY TRAINED YOUNG MEN WITHOUT JOBS OUT ON THE STREET, YOU HAVE TO TURN TO SOMETHING. YOU HAVE TO MAKE MONEY AND PUT FOOD ON THE TABLE.

>> AAMER MADHANI, USA REPORTERS, THANKS FOR COMING.

>> THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

>> >> Sreenivasan: CITIES COPE WITH ALL KINDS OF QUALITY OF LIFE ISSUES: COMMUTING AND TRAFFIC, CRIME AND POLICING, POLLUTION AND OVERCROWDING, NOISE AND NIGHTLIFE. THE DUTCH HAVE PIONEERED HAVING SPECIAL MAYORS TO MIND THE NIGHT, AND THE MODEL IS GAINING NOTICE ACROSS EUROPE. THAT'S THE SUBJECT OF TONIGHT'S SIGNATURE SEGMENT, CO-REPORTED WITH "CITYLAB," THE SISTER SITE TO "THE ATLANTIC" DEVOTED TO CITIES OF THE FUTURE AND THE PEOPLE WHO SHAPE THEM. THIS SEGMENT IS ALSO PART OF OUR NEWSHOUR WEEKEND SERIES "URBAN IDEAS," WHICH LOOKS AT INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR GOVERNING AND SOLVING PROBLEMS IN CITIES AROUND THE WORLD." CITYLAB" CONTRIBUTING WRITER FEARGUS O'SULLIVAN HAS THE STORY FROM AMSTERDAM.

>> Reporter: THE DUTCH CAPITAL OF AMSTERDAM IS FAMOUS FOR SCENIC CANALS, BICYCLE-FILLED STREETS, AND MUSEUMS OF OLD MASTER PAINTINGS. AMSTERDAM IS ALSO KNOWN FOR ITS" ANYTHING GOES" ATTITUDE, WITH MARIJUANA SMOKED IN COFFEE SHOPS AND ITS RED LIGHT DISTRICT WHERE PROSTITUTION IS LEGAL. SINCE 2003, AMSTERDAM HAS HAD A PUBLIC OFFICIAL DEDICATED TO MAKING THE CITY THRIVE AFTER DARK. MIRIK MILAN IS AMSTERDAM'S" NACHTBURGEMEESTER," WHICH MEANS" NIGHT MAYOR."

>> THE NIGHT IS ALWAYS TREATED DIFFERENTLY THAN THE DAY. WHERE YOU HAVE A PROBLEM AT NIGHT, THE FIRST REACTION OF CITY OFFICIALS OR THE MAYOR WOULD BE, "OH WE HAVE TO STOP THIS," INSTEAD OF BRINGING ALL THE STAKEHOLDERS TOGETHER AND FINDING A SOLUTION. SO OUR FUNCTION IS TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN ALL THE SIDES.

>> Reporter: WHILE NIGHT MAYOR MIRIK MILAN DOESN'T WIELD ANY OFFICIAL POWER, HIS JOB IS TO ACT AS A LIAISON BETWEEN GOVERNMENT, RESIDENTS, AND NIGHTLIFE CULTURE. MILAN IS ELECTED BY A COMBINATION OF INTERNET VOTES, AND A PANEL MADE UP OF NIGHTLIFE BUSINESS OWNERS. TOGETHER, BUSINESS OWNERS AND THE CITY COMBINE TO PAY THE NIGHT MAYOR'S SALARY. ARE THERE ANY MISCONCEPTIONS OR STEREOTYPES ABOUT NIGHTLIFE THAT YOU FEEL YOU HAVE TO DISPEL?

>> YEAH. OH, OF COURSE. YEAH. LOTS.

>> Reporter: WHAT SORTS OF THINGS?

>> OH, NIGHTLIFE IS HEAVY DRINKING, PUKING ON THE STREET, TROUBLE. THAT'S WHAT PEOPLE SAY. INSTEAD OF THINKING, OH, NIGHTLIFE MAKES THE CITY A NICE PLACE TO LIVE IN, CREATES AN AREA IN WHICH PEOPLE CAN EXPRESS THEMSELVES, AND TO CONNECT WITH OTHER PEOPLE.

>> Reporter: IN A CITY THAT HOSTS MORE THAN FIVE MILLION TOURISTS A YEAR, BALANCING THE NEEDS OF A THRIVING NIGHT TIME ECONOMY AND THE NEEDS OF THE CITY'S SLEEPING RESIDENTS IS NO EASY TASK. WE'RE IN REMBRANDTPLEIN, IN CENTRAL AMSTERDAM. IT'S ONE OF THE BUSIEST AREAS IN THE WHOLE CITY FOR NIGHTLIFE. THE THING IS THAT THINGS CAN GET A LITTLE BIT ROWDY AROUND HERE, AND THAT'S WHY THE MAYOR OF AMSTERDAM AND THE NIGHT MAYOR OF AMSTERDAM GOT TOGETHER TO HIRE HOSTS FOR THIS SQUARE TO MAKE SURE THAT THINGS RUN JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE SMOOTHLY. 20 "SQUARE HOSTS" PATROL THIS SQUARE ON WEEKENDS FROM 11:00 P.M. TO 5:00 A.M., MAKING SURE PEOPLE FOLLOW THE RULES: NO BIKING AFTER 11:00 P.M., "STAY CLASSY," AND IF NATURE CALLS," USE A LOO." LORRAINE KOORNDIJK IS A PATROL LEADER.

>> WE HELP PEOPLE WHEN THEY'RE LOOKING FOR PLACES TO GO, OR TRANSPORTATION. WE HELP PEOPLE WHEN THEY'RE FEELING SICK. THEN WE TRY, WHEN THEY GET INTO ARGUMENTS, WE TRY TO CALM THEM DOWN. AND AFTER THEY'RE DONE PARTYING, WE TRY TO GET THEM HOME.

>> Reporter: ANOTHER EXAMPLE: WHEN THE BARS AND CLUBS ARE MANDATED TO CLOSE AROUND 4:00 A.M., MASSES OF PARTYGOERS FLOOD OUT INTO THE STREETS AT THE SAME TIME. NIGHT MAYOR MIRIK MILAN'S COUNTERINTUITIVE SOLUTION? A PLAN TO ALLOW SOME CLUBS TO STAY OPEN ALL NIGHT.

>> IF THE PEOPLE CAN JUST LEAVE WHENEVER THEY WANT, YOU HAVE REALLY A LOT LESS PRESSURE ON THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

>> Reporter: RADION, INSIDE THIS FORMER DENTISTRY SCHOOL, IS ONE OF TEN AMSTERDAM CLUBS LICENSED TO STAY OPEN 24 HOURS A DAY. OWNER STAAS LUCASSEN SAYS ONE KEY ADVANTAGE IS THAT IT'S LOCATED IN THE LESS POPULATED OUTSKIRTS OF THE CITY.

>> ARE YOU NOT GOING TO MAKE TOO MUCH NOISE OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD? IS IT OUTSIDE OF THE CITY CENTER?

>> Reporter: ANOTHER FACTOR HELPING IT GAIN A 24 HOUR LICENSE IS THAT RADION IS NOT JUST A NIGHTCLUB. AFTER PARTYING ENDS AT 7:00 A.M., AN AREA OF THE CLUB TRANSFORMS INTO A PLAYROOM FOR NEIGHBORHOOD KIDS.

>> I THINK THAT'S REALLY LIKE A MODERN DAY NIGHTCLUB. SO THE PEOPLE THAT LIVE AROUND IT SHOULD ALSO BENEFIT FROM THE FACT THAT THE NIGHTCLUB IS THERE.

>> Reporter: THE ACTUAL MAYOR OF AMSTERDAM, EBERHARD VAN DER LAAN MEETS SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR WITH NIGHT MAYOR MILAN AND CREDITS HIM WITH HELPING TO KEEP THE PEACE.

>> HE IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THOSE THAT GO OUT IN THE NIGHT, AND THOSE THAT SLEEP IN THE NIGHT AND WORK DURING THE DAY. HE'S A KIND OF MEDIATOR. HE GIVES IDEAS, HE HELPS TO MODERATE THE DIALOGUE. HE BRINGS IN EXPERTS. HE GIVES GOOD WARNINGS WHEN YOU NEED HIM IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS. HE'S ALWAYS THERE.

>> WELCOME, WELCOME TO THE FIRST EVER NIGHT MAYOR SUMMIT.

>> Reporter: AND JUST LAST MONTH, AMSTERDAM HOSTED THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL NIGHT MAYOR SUMMIT, BRINGING TOGETHER ACTIVISTS, RESEARCHERS, CLUB OWNERS, AND NIGHT MAYORS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. PARTICIPANTS DISCUSSED TOPICS LIKE BOOSTING INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND TRANSPORTATION, THE ROLE OF NIGHTLIFE IN MARKETING A CITY, AND HOW TO ACCOMMODATE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN CITIES DUE TO GENTRIFICATION. ONE OF THE PEOPLE ATTENDING THE SUMMIT WAS ISABELLE VON WALTERSKIRCHEN. SHE'S THE PRESIDENT OF ZURICH, SWITZERLAND'S "NIGHT CITY COUNCIL," WHICH WAS STARTED JUST LAST YEAR. IT HAS A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT APPROACH COMPARED TO AMSTERDAM: MADE UP OF ALL VOLUNTEERS, IT HAS NO OFFICIAL CONNECTION WITH THE CITY. DO YOU THINK THERE'S AN ADVANTAGE TO BEING INDEPENDENT IN THAT WAY?

>> THE BIG ADVANTAGE IS THAT WE'RE NOT REPRESENTING A BRANCH, SO WE DON'T HAVE TO TAKE CARE OF NEEDS OF ANY STAKEHOLDER, BUT WE CAN TAKE CARE OF THE WHOLE CONSTRUCT OF NIGHTLIFE.

>> Reporter: IN FRANCE, PARIS AND TOULOUSE ARE AMONG THE LATEST TO INSTALL NIGHT MAYORS, AND LONDON IS CONSIDERING CREATING A "NIGHTTIME CHAMPION" POSITION. BUT THE CONCEPT REMAINS PREDOMINANTLY DUTCH. AT LEAST 10 CITIES IN THE NETHERLANDS HAVE NIGHT MAYORS, INCLUDING HERE, IN THE NORTHERN CITY OF GRONINGEN KNOWN FOR ITS LIVE MUSIC VENUES. NIGHT MAYOR CHRIS GARRIT HAS HAD TO DEAL WITH MANY ISSUES, INCLUDING NOISE.

>> I THINK A GOOD NIGHT MAYOR WATCHES THESE TWO FACTS: PEOPLE CAN SLEEP WELL AND PEOPLE CAN PARTY HARD.

>> Reporter: GARRIT TOOK ME AROUND HIS CITY OF 200,000 PEOPLE ONE SUNDAY EVENING. FIRST STOP WAS A PUBLIC ARTS CENTER WHERE MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE HAD COME OUT FOR A CONCERT. GRONINGEN HAS NO RULES ABOUT CLOSING TIMES, WHICH MAKES THE CITY A MAGNET FOR REVELERS ACROSS THE NETHERLANDS. THE NEXT STOP, A LOCAL BAND WAS PLAYING AT A BAR ACROSS TOWN. EVEN IN THE SMALL CITY OF GRONINGEN, A BIG PART OF THE NIGHT MAYOR'S JOB IS BEING A MEDIATOR BETWEEN CLUBS AND NEIGHBORS WHO MAY HAVE ISSUES WITH THE SOUND. AFTER MORE THAN FOUR YEARS, GARRIT IS STEPPING DOWN AS NIGHT MAYOR THIS MONTH, BUT STILL BELIEVES IT'S A CRUCIAL ROLE.

>> I THINK IT DOESN'T MATTER HOW BIG THE CITY IS. THE CULTURE ALWAYS NEEDS A VOICE TO SAY SOMETHING. BECAUSE THERE'S ALWAYS MORE RULES AND REGULATIONS GOING ON. IF NOBODY STANDS UP, THEN THE CULTURAL CLIMATE CAN BE GOING DOWN.

>> Reporter: IN AMSTERDAM, NIGHT MAYOR MIRIK MILAN SAYS NIGHT MAYORS HELP CITIES PROMOTE THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF NIGHTLIFE.

>> WHAT PEOPLE REALLY OFTEN FORGET, IS WHEN THERE'S LOT OF PEOPLE DANCING, THERE'S A LOT PEOPLE WORKING.

>> Reporter: AMSTERDAM HAS A BIG NIGHTLIFE INDUSTRY. IT HAS A LOT OF TOURISTS. IT HAS A SOFT DRUG SCENE. IT HAS A SEX INDUSTRY THAT'S QUITE ACTIVE. A CRITIC MIGHT SAY THAT THE NIGHT MAYOR'S ROLE IS JUST ABOUT MAKING VICE EASIER TO ACCESS FOR PARTIERS AND TOURISTS. IS THAT ALL THERE IS TO IT?

>> WHEN WE SEE THE NIGHT TIME ECONOMY, WE SEE IT AS A PLACE WHERE A LOT OF DEVELOPMENT IS HAPPENING FOR THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY. THINK OF ALL THE PHOTOGRAPHERS, FILMMAKERS. OF COURSE, D.J.'S, AND LIVE MUSICIANS. THEY HAVE A PLATFORM IN WHICH THEY CAN DEVELOP THEIR TALENT. SO THAT'S THE VALUE THAT I SEE IN NIGHTLIFE.

>> THIS IS PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND, SUNDAY.

>> Sreenivasan: UKRAINE IS CELEBRATING ITS VICTORY IN THE POPULAR, ANNUAL EUROVISION SONG CONTEST. UKRAINIAN SINGER "AMALA WON THE TOP PRIZE WITH HER SONG "1944," ABOUT THE WORLD WAR II DEPORTATION OF 200,000 MUSLIM TATARS FROM CRIMEA TO THE SOVIET UNION. MANY UKRAINIANS DIED EN ROUTE OR IN EXILE, AND SURVIVORS WERE ALLOWED TO RETURN TO CRIMEA ONLY IN THE 1980'S. JAMALA, HERSELF A TATAR, SAID HER GREAT GRANDMOTHER WAS AMONG THOSE ORDERED DEPORTED BY SOVIET DICTATOR JOSEF STALIN. RUSSIA ANNEXED CRIMEA FROM UKRAINE TWO YEARS AGO, BUT JAMALA DENIED HER SONG HAD POLITICAL OVERTONES AND REFERRED ONLY TO THE EVENTS OF 1944. WHAT WOULD YOU PAY FOR A LOCK OF A FOUNDING FATHER'S HAIR? AN ANONYMOUS BIDDER PAID ALMOST $7,000 FOR 14 STRANDS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S HAIR YESTERDAY AT HERITAGE AUCTIONS IN DALLAS. JEFFERSON'S DOCTOR SNIPPED THE LOCK AFTER THE THIRD PRESIDENT AND MAIN AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE DIED IN 1826. IF YOU'RE COUNTING, THAT'S ROUGHLY $500 A STRAND. PRESIDENT OBAMA SAYS THE WORLD IS BECOMING MORE INTERCONNECTED AND BUILDING WALLS WON'T CHANGE THAT. SPEAKING AT RUTGERS UNIVERSITY GRADUATION IN NEW JERSEY TODAY, THE PRESIDENT, WITHOUT NAMING DONALD TRUMP, LAMBASTED TRUMP'S IDEA OF A WALL ALONG THE U.S.- MEXICO BORDER.

>> SUGGESTING WE CAN BUILD AN ENDLESS WALL ALONG OUR BORDERS AND BLAME OUR CHALLENGES ON IMMIGRANTS CONTRADICTS THE EVIDENCE THAT OUR GROWTH AND OUR INNOVATION AND OUR DYNAMISM HAS ALWAYS BEEN SPURRED BY OUR ABILITY TO ATTRACT STRIVERS FROM AROUND THE GLOBE. THAT'S HOW WE BECAME AMERICA. WHY WOULD WE WANT TO STOP IT NOW?

>> Sreenivasan: THE PRESIDENT MAKES HIS FINAL COMMENCEMENT SPEECH AT THE U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY IN COLORADO NEXT MONTH.

>> Sreenivasan: AND FINALLY, ON MONDAY'S NEWSHOUR, SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT MALCOLM BRABANT REPORTS ON THE ONGOING STRUGGLE BETWEEN RADICAL AND MODERATE ISLAM IN BOSNIA. THAT'S ALL FOR THIS EDITION OF PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND, WITH A SPECIAL THANK YOU TO OUR COLLEAGUES HERE AT WTTW IN CHICAGO. I'M HARI SREENIVASAN. GOOD NIGHT. Captioning sponsored by WNET Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org

>> PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY: LEWIS B. AND LOUISE HIRSCHFELD CULLMAN. BERNARD AND IRENE SCHWARTZ. JUDY AND JOSH WESTON. THE CHERYL AND PHILIP MILSTEIN FAMILY. THE CITI FOUNDATION. SUPPORTING INNOVATION AND ENABLING URBAN PROGRESS. THE JOHN AND HELEN GLESSNER FAMILY TRUST. SUPPORTING TRUSTWORTHY JOURNALISM THAT INFORMS AND INSPIRES. SUE AND EDGAR WACHENHEIM, III. CORPORATE FUNDING IS PROVIDED BY MUTUAL OF AMERICA-- DESIGNING CUSTOMIZED INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RETIREMENT PRODUCTS. THAT'S WHY WE ARE YOUR RETIREMENT COMPANY. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: AND BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING, AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. This program is brought to you by... I was born in Wuxi. It's a small town near Shanghai. When I was four years old, from Wuxi, we moved to Beijing. And my -- I'm from a very big family. We have 12 children.