PBS NewsHour Weekend; PBS NewsHour Weekend : KQED : June 29, 2014 5:30pm-6:01pm PDT

♪ >>> ON THIS EDITION FOR SUNDAY, JUNE 29th, THE PRESIDENT PROPOSES A $2 BILLION AID BILL TO HANDLE THE RECENT SURGE IN ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION. >>> IN OUR "SIGNATURE" SEGMENT, RAP MUSIC LYRICS PLAYING AN INCREASINGLY PROMINENT ROLE IN CRIMINAL CASES ACROSS THE COUNTRY.

>> I CAN TELL YOU IT'S IN THE HUNDREDS.

>> HUNDREDS OF INSTANCES?

>> HUNDREDS OF INSTANCES WHERE LYRIC ARE BEING USED AT SOME POINT IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS. >>> AND WHAT HOSPITALS AND DOCTORS KNOW ABOUT YOU THAT YOU HAVEN'T TOLD THEM. NEXT ON PBS "NEWSHOUR WEEKEND."

>> PBS "NEWSHOUR WEEKEND" IS MADE POSSIBLE BY -- JUDY AND JOSH WESTIN, JOYCE V. HAIL, THE WALLECK FAMILY, IN MEMORY OF MIRIAM AND IRA D. WALLECK, THE BERNSTEIN FAMILY, BERNARD AND IRENE SCHWARTZ, THE CITY FOUNDATION, ROSALYN P. WATER, CORPORATE FUNDING IS PROVIDED BY MUTUAL OF AMERICA, DESIGNING CUSTOMIZED AND GROUP RETIREMENT PRODUCTS. THAT'S WHY WE ARE YOUR RETIREMENT COMPANY. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT IS PROVIDED BY -- AND BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING. AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. FROM THE TISH/WNET STUDIOS IN NEW YORK. >>> THANKS FOR JOINING US. PRESIDENT OBAMA IS EXPECTED TO ASK CONGRESS TOMORROW FOR AN EMERGENCY APPROPRIATION OF $2 BILLION TO HELP THE NATION DEAL WITH A RECENT SURGE OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION. SINCE LAST OCTOBER, MORE THAN 50,000 UNACCOMPANIED MINORS MOSTLY FROM CENTRAL AMERICA HAVE BEEN APPREHENDED AFTER CROSSING INTO THE U.S. ALONG THE TEXAS BORDER WITH MEXICO. THE PRESIDENT SPOKE ABOUT THE ISSUE DURING AN INTERVIEW THAT AIRED THIS MORNING ON ABC.

>> WE HAVE TO HOUSE THESE KIDS AND TAKE CARE OF THEM UNTIL THE MACHINERY UNDER CURRENT LAW ALLOWS US TO SEND THEM BACK.

>> THE PRESIDENT ALSO IS EXPECTED TO ASK CONGRESS TO GRANT THE HOMELAND SECURITY DEPARTMENT NEW POWERS TO FAST TRACK THE SCREENING AND DEPORTATION OF MINORS ENTERING THE COUNTRY ILLEGALLY. DURING THAT SAME INTERVIEW, THE PRESIDENT ALSO TALKED ABOUT HOW THE MOVEMENT OF TERRORIST SYMPATHIZERS BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST RAISES THE TERROR THREAT HERE.

>> WE'VE SEEN EUROPEANS WHO ARE SYMPATHETIC TO THEIR CAUSE TRAVELING INTO SYRIA AND NOW MAY TRAVEL INTO IRAQ, GETTING BATTLE HARDENED. THEN THEY COME BACK, THEY'VE GOT EUROPEAN PASSPORTS, THEY DON'T NEED A VISA TO GET INTO THE UNITED STATES.

>> ON THAT REPUBLICAN, NEW YORK CONGRESSMAN PETER KING WENT FURTHER.

>> NOT ONLY ARE THERE THOUSANDS OF EUROPEANS WHO HAVE VISAS SENT TO THE UNITED STATES GOING TO SYRIA, THERE'S ALSO AT LEAST 100-PLUS AMERICANS WHO ARE OVER THERE IN SYRIA RIGHT NOW. SO ANY OF THESE PEOPLE CAN GO BACK TO THE UNITED STATES AND CAN CARRY OUT THE TYPE OF ATTACK THAT THEY'VE BEEN TRAINED IN IN SYRIA.

>> IN IRAQ TODAY THE GOVERNMENT'S EFFORTS TO RECAPTURE NORTHERN CITIES RECENTLY SEIZED BY ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS REPORTEDLY HAS STALLED. IRAQI GOVERNMENT TROOPS USING TANKS AND HELICOPTERS TRIED TO MOVE IN TO TIKRIT ABOUT 90 MILES NORTH OF BAGHDAD. BUT THE COUNTEROFFENSIVE WAS HALTED, AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS REPORTEDLY RETREATED AFTER WHAT WAS DESCRIBED AS HEAVY FIGHTING WITH MILITANTS FROM THE ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ. THE GOVERNMENT PLACED IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES ON THE ROAD TO SLOW THE GOVERNMENT ADVANCE. THIS WEEKEND, RUSSIA DELIVERED FIVE FIGHTER JETS TO THE GOVERNMENT IN BAGHDAD IN AN EFFORT TO TURN BACK THE EXTREMISTS. >>> UNEASINESS IN IRAQ HAS LIFTED OIL PRICES HERE AT HOME. AND THAT MEANS HIGHER GAS PRICES FOR THE UPCOMING JULY 4th HOLIDAY WEEKEND. A GALLON OF REGULAR GAS IS EXPECTED TO AVERAGE $3.68. THE HIGHEST IT'S BEEN OVER THE JULY 4th WEEKEND IN SIX YEARS. BACK IN 2008, IT WAS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER, $4.11. >>> FAMILY MEMBERS OF 19 ELITE FIREFIGHTERS KILLED A YEAR AGO DURING A WILDFIRE IN ARIZONA HAVE DECIDED NOT TO ATTEND A PUBLIC COMMEMORATION TOMORROW. JUST DAYS AGO, FAMILIES OF 12 OF THOSE KILLED FILED A WRONGFUL DEATH LAWSUIT AGAINST THE STATE ALLEGING NEGLIGENCE IN FIGHTING THE BLAZE. A WILDFIRE CURRENTLY BURNING IN EASTERN ARIZONA HAS SCORCHED NEARLY EIGHT SQUARE MILES. COMMUNITIES IN THE AREA REMAIN UNDER AN EVACUATION ORDER, AND WHILE THE FIRE HASN'T GROWN, OFFICIALS SAY THEY HAVE YET TO GET THE BLAZE UNDER CONTROL. >>> THERE MIGHT BE A NEW TREATMENT OPTION FOR THE MORE THAN 21 MILLION TYPE ONE AND TYPE TWO DIABETES PATIENTS IN THE U.S. -- FRIDAY THE FDA APPROVED A WHISTLE-SIZED INHALER CALLED AFREZZA. THE INHALABLE DRUG ACTS MORE QUICKLY THAN INJECTABLE INSULIN BUT WILL CARRY A WARNING FOR PEOPLE ALSO SUFFERING FROM CHRONIC LUNG CONDITIONS LIKE ASTHMA BECAUSE OF POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS LIKE BREATHING PROBLEMS. THE FDA SAYS THAT MANUFACTURERS MUST STILL TEST FOR AFREZZA'S POTENTIAL TO HEIGHTEN THE RISK OF LUNG CANCER. THERE IS NO DATE YET ON WHEN THE DRUG MAY BE AVAILABLE. >>> IT'S GAY PRIDE WEEKEND, AND THERE WERE PARADES AROUND THE WORLD TODAY. THIS OF THE SCENE IN NEW YORK WHERE AN ESTIMATED MILLION PEOPLE TURNED OUT. IT'S ALSO THE 45th ANNIVERSARY OF THE STONEWALL RIOT IN GREENWICH VILLAGE. THE EVENT SEEN AS TRIGGERING GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT. >>> A SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY OF NOTE. A NEW MAMMAL SPECIES. THE CREATURE WHICH LIVES IN THE DESERT OF NAMIBIA IN SOUTHWEST AFRICA LOOKS SOMETHING LIKE A MOUSE WITH A LONG NOSE AND WEIGHS A SINGLE OUNCE. IT IS ACTUALLY GENETICALLY LINKED TO ELEPHANTS. BIOLOGISTS WHO DISCOVERED IT ARE PLANNING TO PLACE MINIATURE RADIO COLLARS ON THE ANIMALS TO STUDY THEIR HABITS. >>> AND A CORRECTION -- LAST WEEK WE MISTAKENLY REPORTED THAT GEORGE ZIMMERMAN HAD USED IN'S STAND YOUR GROUND LAW AS THE BASIS FOR HIS DEFENSE DURING HIS TRIAL FOR SHOOTING TRAYVON MARTIN. STAND YOUR GROUND OF NOT USED BY ZIMMERMAN'S DEFENSE. WE REGRET THE ERROR. >>> THE OBAMA ADMINISTRATION HAS DECIDED TO TRY THE MAN ACCUSED OF ORCHESTRATING THE 2012 TERROR ATTACK IN BENGHAZI, LIBYA, IN THE NATION'S CAPITAL. THAT ATTACK LEFT FOUR AMERICANS DEAD INCLUDING AMBASSADOR CHRIS STEVENS. WE'RE JOINED NOW FROM WASHINGTON BY MICHAEL SCHMIDT OF THE NEW YORK TIMES. SO THIS IS PRETTY UNUSUAL FOR SEVERAL REASONS. LET'S JUST TALK FIRST OFF HAVING THE VENUE IN D.C. THERE'S ALREADY SOME PUSHBACK. THIS IS A VERY EXPENSIVE PROPOSITION.

>> YEAH. TYPICALLY IN THE PAST SINCE POST 9/11, THESE TERROR TRIALS HAVE BEEN IN NEW YORK OR IN ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA. THERE'S A REAL ADVANTAGE TO HAVING THEM IN NEW YORK BECAUSE THE JAIL IS ACTUALLY CONNECTED TO THE COURTHOUSE BY A TUNNEL SO YOU DON'T HAVE TO MOVE THE SUSPECT EVERY TIME ON A -- IN A CAR THAT HE HAS TO APPEAR IN COURT. WE SAW THIS YESTERDAY WHEN THE HEARING WAS OVER, A BIG MOTORCADE CAME FLYING RIGHT OUT OF THE COURTHOUSE, THE STREETS WERE SHUT DOWN, SIRENS WERE BLASTING, THIS WERE MEN IN BULLETPROOF VESTS AND MACHINE GUNS ON THE STREET. SO THAT IS SOMETHING WE'LL PROBABLY SEE EVERY DAY THAT THAT SUSPECT HAS TO BE MOVED BACK AND FORTH HERE.

>> ALL RIGHT. WHAT ABOUT THE EVIDENCE IN THE CASE? THE FBI WASN'T ABLE TO GET TO THE CRIME SCENE SO TO SPEAK FOR WEEKS.

>> YEAH. THIS IS AN INTERESTING CASE. THIS IS NOT JUST A MURDER THAT HAPPENED AND THE POLICE CAME OUT AND THEY PUT UP THE TAPE AND THEY WENT AND DID THEIR EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND THEN WENT BACK AND INDICTED IT N FRONT OF A GRAND JURY. THIS IS SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WORLD. INVESTIGATORS WEREN'T ABLE TO GET IN TO THE CRIME SCENE UNTIL SEVERAL WEEKS AFTER IT ACTUALLY OCCURRED. THIS WAS AFTER MEMBERS OF THE MEDIA HAD GONE IN, AFTER MILITIA MEMBERS HAD -- COULD GO BACK AND GO THROUGH WHATEVER DOCUMENTS WERE STILL AT THE U.S. MISSION THERE. SO THIS HAS NOT BEEN IDEAL FROM THE BEGINNING. ON TOP OF THAT, THE CASE WILL RELY IN PART ON WITNESSES FROM -- FROM LIBYA WHO WILL HAVE TO COME OVER AND TESTIFY AND WILL HAVE TO STAND UP TO CROSS-EXAMINATION IN THE COURTS HERE. SO THIS IS NOT YOUR AVERAGE CASE.

>> YOUR REPORTING SAYS THAT HE WAS COOPERATIVE UNDER INTERROGATION ON A U.S. WARSHIP BEFORE HE GOT HERE. YET HE HAS PLED NOT GUILTY. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE TYPE OF INTELLIGENCE THAT HE SHARED?

>> WELL, THERE'S A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GIVING UP EVERYTHING ABOUT WHAT HIS ROLE MAY HAVE BEEN AND BEING COOPERATIVE WITH THEM ABOUT, SAY, WHAT THE SECURITY SITUATION IN LIBYA LIKE. WHAT HE KNOWS ABOUT PAST OR PRIOR PLANNED ATTACKS, OR SORT OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE -- WHAT TIES AL QAEDA MAY HAVE TO GROUPS IN THAT PART OF THE COUNTRY. SO COOPERATIVE DOESN'T NECESSARILY MEAN THAT HE GAVE UP ALL OF THIS STUFF ABOUT THE ATTACK. IT MAY HAVE BEEN ABOUT OTHERS' ROLES IN THE ATTACKS AND SUCH. SO WE KNOW THAT HE'S BEEN COOPERATIVE, BUT BEYOND THAT WE DON'T HAVE A TON.

>> AND WHAT'S THE TIMELINE EXPECTED FOR THIS TRIAL?

>> WELL, WE KNOW THAT HE'LL BE -- HE HAS TWO APPEARANCES SCHEDULED COMING UP. ONE ON WEDNESDAY AND A FEW DAYS AFTER THAT THE FOLLOWING WEEK. WHO KNOWS, THIS COULD BE SOMETHING THAT GOES ON FOR A VERY LONG TIME. HE'S ONLY BEEN INDICTED ON ONE COUNT. THAT'S SORT OF A PLACEHOLDER. AND THE GOVERNMENT'S EXPECTED TO INDICT HIM ON SEVERAL MORE GOING FORWARD AS HE GOES FORWARD WITH THE CASE. THIS IS SOMETHING THAT COULD GO ON FOR MANY, MANY YEARS.

>> MICHAEL SCHMIDT OF THE NEW YORK TIMES FROM WASHINGTON. THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> THANKS FOR HAVING ME. >>> NOW TO OUR SIGNATURE STORY. TONIGHT WE LOOK AT A CONTROVERSIAL NEW TOOL IN THE PROSECUTION OF CRIME. THE GROWING USE OF RAP LYRICS TO HELP ESTABLISH MOTIVE OR INTENT, OR EVEN TO FIND WORDS THAT MIGHT BE INTERPRETED AS A CONFESSION. CRITICS SAY THE PRACTICE IS MISGUIDED AND UNDERMINES A DEFENDANT'S CHANCE TO GET A FAIR TRIAL. WE HAVE THE INVESTIGATION.

>> Reporter: SEVEN YEARS AGO, MIDDLE OF THE DAY IN NEWPORT NEWS, VIRGINIA, SOMEONE STARTS SHOOTING.

>> 911.

>> THREE SHOTS, HE SHOT THIS BOY.

>> WHEN LOCAL POLICE ARRIVED AT THE SCENE, THEY FOUND TWO YOUNG VICTIMS. A 20-YEAR-OLD WAS LAYING NEAR DEATH ON THE FRONT PORCH. HE'D DIE LATER AT THE HOSPITAL. A 16-YEAR-OLD WAS ALREADY DEAD BEHIND THE HOUSE FACEDOWN IN THE GRASS. POLICE COULDN'T FIND ANY LEAD. NO WITNESSES, NO WEAPON. SO A DOUBLE MURDER INVESTIGATION WENT NOWHERE. BUT FOUR YEARS LATER, A NEW DETECTIVE NAMED CARLOS NUNEZ WAS ASSIGNED TO THE CASE. HE GOT A TIP THAT A LOCAL RAPPER NAMED ANTWAN STEWART, SEEN IN THIS VIDEO, WAS THE SHOOTER AND THAT STEWARD WHO USES THE STAGE NAME TWAN GOTTI HAD WRITTEN A RAP SONG BRAGGING ABOUT THE MURDER. AT THE TIME, STEWARD WAS AN UP-AND-COMING RAPPER WITH A CHARGE FOR GUN POSSESSION. HE SANG WHAT SOME CALL GANGSTA RAP. FOCUSING ON VIOLENCE, DRUG DEALING, AND GANG LIFE. ONE SONG CAUGHT THE DETECTIVE'S EYE. WHEN NUNEZ HEARD IT, HE BELIEVED STEWARD WAS BRAGGING ABOUT THE MURDER. LISTEN -- ♪ EVERYBODY SAW [ BLEEP ] NOBODY SAW WHEN [ BLEEP ] ♪ ♪ I POKED HIM .357 ♪

>> Reporter: SOME OF THE DETAILS MATCH, THE SHOOTING HAPPENED ON A PORCH, NO WITNESSES IMMEDIATELY CAME FORWARD. OTHERS DON'T -- TIME OF DAY IS WRONG, THERE WASN'T A STABBING, THE CALIBER OF THE GUN IS WRONG, AND THERE'S ONLY ONE VICTIM MENTIONED, NOT TWO. BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, IS THIS EVIDENCE OF ANYTHING? IS IT JUST A SONG, OR IS IT A CONFESSION? BASED LARGELY ON THAT RAP AND ON THE ACCOUNTS OF TWO WITNESSES GIVEN YEARS AFTER THE SHOOTING, THE RAPPER WAS ARRESTED AND CHARGED WITH DOUBLE MURDER. STEWARD CLAIMS HE'S INNOCENT. HE'S BEEN IN JAIL SINCE THE TIME OF HIS ARREST. DURING HIS INITIAL INTERROGATION, THE DETECTIVE ZEROED IN ON STEWARD'S RAP LYRICS.

>> RAP SONG THAT YOU SANG WAY BACK THEN -- EVERYBODY WAS CHOKING AND NOBODY WAS SMOKING.

>> WHAT HAS THAT GOT TO DO WITH ANY [ BLEEP ] --

>> AND OFF THE PORCH, .357 --

>> WHAT THAT'S GOT TO DO WITH ANYTHING --

>> THE MURDER, TALKED ABOUT THE MURDER.

>> WHEN I WAS IN INTERROGATION, THAT'S THE FIRST THING HE THREW AT ME. THE DETECTIVE THREW THAT AT ME SAYING YOU KNOW I GOT EVERY SONG YOU EVER MADE. BUT I AIN'T KNOW NOTHING HE WAS TALKING ABOUT.

>> SO YOU HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH THE KILLING OF THOSE TWO MEN.

>> NOTHING AT ALL. I DON'T KNOW NOTHING ABOUT IT.

>> Reporter: JAMES ELLISON IS STEWARD'S LAWYER.

>> IT SEEMS LIKE THE RAP LYRICS SORT OF FORMED THE BASIS AS THEIR INVESTIGATORY TOOL AS TO WHY THEY STARTED THINKING THAT MAYBE IT WAS ANTWAN STEWARD THAT HAD COMMITTED THESE -- THIS DOUBLE MURDER.

>> Reporter: THOUGH THE LYRICS WERE CENTRAL IN BUILDING THIS CASE, THEY WERE CITED IN AN AFFIDAVIT, IN THE INTERROGATION, AND PRETRIAL HEARING, THE PROSECUTOR ULTIMATELY DECIDED NOT TO PLAY THEM FOR THE JUROR. IN MANY OTHER CASES, NATIONWIDE, RAP LYRICS ARE PLAYING AN INCREASINGLY PROMINENT ROLE IN CRIMINAL CASES.

>> WHEN SOMETHING OCCURS IN THAT VIDEO, AND THAT RAP MATCHES THE CRIME, IT'S GOING TO BE REAL HARD IN A CRIMINAL COURT TO TRY TO ATTEMPT ON BEHALF OF THE DEFENSE TO SECLUDE IT.

>> Reporter: DAVID LEBAN IS A FORMER GANG PROSECUTOR. HE'S NOW THE CEO OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS.

>> ON BEHALF OF PROSECUTORS, IF IT'S MATCHING, THAT WOULD VERY MUCH BE ANOTHER PIECE OF EVIDENCE THAT WE WOULD LIKE TO ADMIT IN THE CASE BECAUSE WE THINK IT IS RELEVANT.

>> I CAN TELL YOU THAT IT'S IN THE HUNDREDS.

>> HUNDREDS OF INSTANCES?

>> HUNDREDS OF INSTANCES WHERE RAP LYRICS ARE BEING USED AT SOME POINT IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS.

>> ERIC NIELSEN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND IS A SCHOLAR OF RAP AND A STRONG CRITIC OF ITS USE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. HE SAYS IT TOO OFTEN MISTAKES A MUSICAL ART FORM FOR EVIDENCE OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR.

>> I MEAN, WHAT PROSECUTORS HAVE FOUND IS THAT WHEN THEY COULD INTRODUCE RAP LYRICS AS EVIDENCE, PARTICULARLY IN SITUATIONS WHERE THEY DON'T HAVE STRONG EVIDENCE OTHEROTHERWISE, ARE STILL ABLE TO SECURE CONVICTIONS.

>> NO ONE TRACKS EXACTLY HOW OFTEN RAP HERE RICK USED TO SECURE CONVICTIONS IN COURT. JUST AS KNOW ONE KEEPS TRACK OF HOW OFTEN THEY'RE USED TO SECURE PLEA BARGAINS BEFORE TRIAL. THERE ARE NO HARD AND FAST RULES ABOUT USING THEM IN COURT. A JUDGE HAS TO WEIGH A LYRIC'S RELEVANCE VERSUS UNFAIRLY PREJUDICING THE JURY. THERE ARE SOME CASES LIKE THIS WHERE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN A RAP AND CRIME IS CLEAR. IN 2003, GREEN BRUTALLY KILLED HIS WOOF AND RAPPED SPECIFICALLY ABOUT COMMITTING -- HIS WIFE AND RAPPED SPECIFICALLY ABOUT COMMITTING THE MURDER. THE LYRICS WERE PRESENTED AT TRIAL, AND HE WAS SENTENCED TO LIFE IN PRISON. ♪

>> OTHER CASES AREN'T AS CLEARCUT.

>> THREE SPECIFIC WORDS ARE WHAT PROSECUTORS HOPE WILL LINK HIM TO THE ALLEGED KILLING --

>> TWO YEARS AGO IN LOUISIANA, A RAPPER NAMED TERRENCE HATCH WAS TRIED FOR FIRST-DEGREE MURDER. PROSECUTORS ARGUED THAT A FEW CRYPTIC WORDS OF ONE RAP SONG WERE IN FACT A CONFESSION. HATCH WAS FOUND NOT GUILTY. ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL USES OF RAP LYRIC IN A TRIAL WAS THE CASE OF VANTE SKINNER. SKINNER WAS CONVICTED IN 2008 OF SHOOTING A FELLOW DRUG DEALER OUTSIDE HIS NEW JERSEY HOUSE. DURING HIS TRIAL, PROSECUTORS READ 13 PAGE OF SKINNER'S VIOLENT, GRAPHIC RAP LYRICS. THESER LYRICS THAT HAD BEEN -- THESE WERE LYRICS THAT HAD BEEN WRITTEN MONTHS TO YEARS BEFORE THE SHOOTING. PROSECUTORS READ THEM TO SHOW SKINNER'S ALLEGED PROPENSITY TO VIOLENCE. AN APPLE CAT COURT RULED THE EXTENSIVE READINGS UNFAIRLY PREJUDICED THE JURY. STATE SUPREME COURT IS WEIGHING WHETHER SKINNER DESERVES A NEW TRIAL. TO CRITICS LIKE ERIC NIELSEN, PROSECUTORS RARELY IF EVER SHOULD USE RAP AS EVIDENCE IN COURT. HE SAYS IT'S AN ART FORM THAT INTENTIONALLY USES ELABORATE WORD PLAY AND EXAGGERATION. AND WHILE IT MAY OFTEN CONTAIN GRAPHIC VIOLENCE, NIELSEN ARGUES THAT'S A REFLECTION OF THE COMMUNITIES WHERE MANY YOUNG BLACK MEN LIVE. HE SAYS RAPPERS ARE CREATING CHARACTERS, NOT WRITING DIARIES.

>> THAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DISTINCTION THAT CONSTANTLY GETS MISSED IS THAT THERE IS AN AUTHOR AND A NARRATORME. WE SEEM TO BE ABLE TO GRASP THE CONCEPT WITH EVERY OTHER ART FORM THAT USES THE FIRST-PERSON NARRATIVE. BUT RAPPERS WHO GO THE EXTRA MILE TO SIGNAL THAT THEY ARE INVENTING A NARRATOR WITH THEIR USE OF A STAGE NAME, WE STILL REVERT BACK TO THIS IDEA THAT THEY'RE THE SAME, THAT WE CONFLATE THE TWO.

>> YOU DON'T BUY INTO THE ARGUMENT THAT THIS IS ALL FICTION. YOU BELIEVE IF THEY ARE R RAPPING ABOUT A VIOLENT, CRIME-RIDDEN LIFE, THAT THAT DOES TELL YOU ABOUT THE ARTIST THEMSELVES.

>> ABSOLUTELY. I WOULD SAY YOU CAN'T HAVE IT BOTH WAYS. AND I'D SAY THAT I'M RAPPING ABOUT STUFF BECAUSE THIS IS WHAT I LIVE IN, AND THIS IS WHAT I SEE EVERY DAY. AND THEN COME IN TO COURT AND SAY EVERYTHING THAT I SAID IN THE RAP IS COMPLETELY UNTRUE.

>> SO IF THAT SONG IS A MADE-UP STORY, WHY DO YOU WRITE A STORY LIKE THAT? WHY ARE YOU TELLING THE STORY?

>> THAT'S MY LANE, I'M IN THE LANE FOR -- THAT'S WHAT IT IS. I GOT TO KEEP BUILDING MY BRAND UNTIL I GET TO BE WHERE I WANT TO BE. I FOUND SOMETHING THAT I'M TALENTED AT, AND FOUND A WAY TO MAKE MONEY OFF OF.

>> JANUAANTWAN STEWARD SAYS LIK OVER NOT RAP SELLS. IN THE VIOLENT, GANG-RIDDEN STREETS WHERE HE GREW UP, IT GAVE HIM PLENTY TO RAP ABOUT.

>> EVERYDAY LIFE WHERE I'M FROM, IT JUST GUESS ON. LIKE YOU WALK DOWN THE STREET, YOU MIGHT SEE A NEEDLE THAT WAS USED FOR DOPE LAYING ON THE GROUND. KNOW WHAT I MEAN? YOU GREW UP IN THAT ENVIRONMENT YOUR WHOLE LIFE, IT'S THAN HARD, IT COMES NATURALLY.

>> I THINK IT BECOMES EVEN EASIER TO SORT OF NEGATE RAP AS ART WHEN THE RAP ITSELF IS PROJECTING STEREOTYPES OF CRIMINALITY ABOUT PARTICULARLY YOUNG BLACK MEN IN THE UNITED STATES. AND SO I THINK PROSECUTORS HAVE A VERY POWERFUL TACTIC, AND ONE OF THE THINGS MOST POWERFUL ABOUT IT IS THAT IT ALLOWS THEM TO PLAY UPON BUT UNFORTUNATELY ALSO PERPETUATE THOSE ENDURING STEREOTYPES.

>> WHAT ABOUT THE ARGUMENT THAT THE CONTENT OF SOME KINDS OF RAP MUSIC IS SO VIOLENT THAT IF YOU NAUGHT IN FRONT OF A JURY, THAT IF THE PROSECUTION SAYS THIS GUY RAPS LIKE THIS, AND WE THINK HE'S GUILTY OF X, THAT THE JURY WILL BELIEVE ANYTHING?

>> I DON'T THINK THAT MATCHES REALITY OF WHAT HAPPENS IN A COURTROOM. WE MUST GET A UNANIMOUS JURY BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT. AND PLAYING A RAP IS NOT GOING TO CONVICT SOMEBODY. IF IT WAS, THEN YOU'D HAVE RAP BEING PLAYED EVERY DAY, AND WE WOULDN'T NEED TO WORRY ABOUT PRODUCING OTHER EVIDENCE.

>> ANTWAN STEWARD'S DOUBLE MURDER TRIAL LASTED THREE DAYS. WITH NO MENTION OF ITS LYRICS BY THE PROSECUTION, THE CASE HUNG ON THE TWO EYEWITNESSES WHO IDENTIFIED HIM FOUR YEARS AFTER THE FATAL SHOOTINGS. THE JURY FOUND STEWARD NOT GUILTY OF EITHER MURDER BUT GUILTY ON A RELATED WEAPONS CHARGE. HE'LL BE SENTENCED LATER THIS MONTH. IN THE MEANTIME, STEWARD SAYS HIS ARREST AND THE PUBLICITY AROUND IT HAS DRIVEN UP DOWNLOADS AND YOUTUBE VIEWS OF HIS SONGS. >>> HEAR FROM THE BROTHER OF A MAN WHO WAS BROUGHT TO TRIAL IN PART BECAUSE OF RAP LYRICS HE WROTE. VISIT NEWSHOUR.PBS.ORG. >>> A STORY PUBLISHED A FEW DAYS AGO CAUGHT OUR ATTENTION AND DESCRIBED HOW HOSPITALS BUY INFORMATION ABOUT YOU TO DETERMINE HOW LIKELY YOU ARE TO GET SICK AND WHAT IT WILL COST TO TREAT YOU. WE'RE JOINED PIE ONE OF THE CO-AUTHORS OF BLOOMBERG NEWS. WHAT ARE THEY BUYING AND WHO ARE THEY BUYING IT FROM?

>> THEY'RE BUYING THE SAME DATA THAT RETAILERS HAVE BEEN USING FOR YEARS TO TARGET PRODUCTS AT U. WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT IS INFORMATION THAT'S COLLECTED BY COMPANIES CALLED DATA BROKERS WHICH CONTRACT EVERY TRANSACTION THE CONSUMER -- WHICH CAN TRACK EVERY TRANSACTION THE CONSUMER MAKES WITH A LOYALTY CARD, THEY CAN FIND OUT HOW MUCH YOUR HOME IS WORTH, CHA KIND OF CAR YOU OWN, WHETHER YOU LIKE ROCK CLIMBING OR HIKING BASED OFF OF PUBLIC DATA BASES OR WEB BROWSING HISTORY. FOR YEARS RETAILERS HAVE USED IT TO SEND A COUPON OR FIND OUT WHO WANTS TO SUBSCRIBE IT TO THEIR LIST OR PRODUCT. NOW HOSPITALS ARE SAYING CAN WE USE THIS DATA, THIS INFORMATION TO PREDICT WHO'S GOING TO GET SICK AND WHO'S GOING TO END UP AT THE EMERGENCY ROOM.

>> SO WHY ARE HOSPITALS INTERESTED IN HAVING THIS KIND OF INFORMATION?

>> WELL, UNDER OBAMACARE THEY HAVE AN INCENTIVE TO KEEP PATIENTS HEALTHY BECAUSE THE LAW CHANGE THE WAY THEY ARE PAID. UNDER THE LAW, HOSPITALS GET PENALIZED IF YOU COME BACK TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM FOO FREQUENTLY. AND IF A HOSPITAL ISN'T MEETING CERTAIN PATIENT QUALITY AND HEALTH OUTCOMES. AND INSURERS ARE FOLLOWING THE SAME MOLD, TOO. INSURERS NO LONGER WANT TO PAY FOR HOSPITALS WHO ARE JUST DOING MORE AND MORE TESTS AND PROCEDURES OVER AND OVER AGAIN. THEY WANT TO BE PAYING FOR QUALITY. SO HOSPITALS ARE GOING TO BE HELD ACCOUNTABLE IF PATIENTS ARE TOO SICK, IF PATIENTS ARE COMING BACK TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM TOO FREQUENTLY.

>> WHAT ABOUT ALL OF THIS INFORMATI INFORMATION, AS A PATIENT, AM I OPTING IN OR OUT OF IT? IF THERE'S SOMETHING WRONG, CAN I CORRECT THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE HOSPITAL IS GOING BY?

>> RIGHT NOW HOSPITALS ARE AT THE VERY EARLY STAGE OF USING THIS DATA. BUT THERE'S A VERY LARGE HOSPITAL CHAIN CALLED CAROLINA'S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM. THEY OWN OVER 900 HOSPITALS, NURSING HOMES, PHYSICIANS' OFFICES THROUGHOUT NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. SO THEY'RE KIND OF ON THE FOREFRONT OF USING THIS. WHAT THEY HOPE TO EVENTUALLY DO IS TO ALLOW PATIENTS TO OPT OUT. BUT ONLY TO OPT OUT OF SOME OF IT. IF YOU'RE NOT FILLING YOUR PRESCRIPTIONS, THE HOSPITAL FEELS THEY WANT TO KNOW, AND THEY SHOULD BE ABLE TO KNOW THAT. IF YOU DON'T WANT THE HOSPITAL KNOWING WHAT YOU'RE BUYING AT CVS OR AT THE GROCERY STORE, YOU CAN HAVE AN OPTION TO OPT OUT OF THAT. CERTAIN THINGS THEY WANT TO DEFINITELY KNOW ABOUT YOU BECAUSE THEY'RE NOW BEING HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR YOUR HEALTH.

>> AND BRIEFLY, THEY CANNOT USE THIS TO DISCRIMINATE AGAINST A PRE-EXISTING CONDITION EVEN IF THE INFORMATION TELLS THEM THAT YOU MIGHT HAVE A HEART CONDITION, RIGHT?

>> ABSOLUTELY. THERE'S A LOT OF THING THAT'S ILLEGAL FOR HOSPITALS TO DID, AND IT'S BOUND BY THE SAME PRIVACY RULES AS ANYTHING ELSE THAT YOU WOULD SHARE WITH YOUR DOCTOR.

>> SHANNON, THANK YOU VERY MUCH.

>> THANK YOU. >>> THIS IS PBS "NEWSHOUR WEEKEND SUNDAY." >>> IN ENGLAND, SCIENTISTS ARE EXPLORING WAYS TO DIAGNOSE BREAST CANCER THROUGH A ROUTINE TEST RESEMBLING A PAP SMEAR. IT MIGHT BE ONLY A FEW YEARS AWAY. ITN REPORTS.

>> Reporter: JUDY STEWART WAS DIAGNOSED WITH BREAST CANCER THREE YEARS AGO. SHE'S HAD A SERIES OF TREATMENTS -- CHEMOTHERAPY, RAID RAO THERAPY, AND MORE. FORTUNATELY IT'S BEHIND HER. JULIET NEVER HAD AN INDICATION SHE COULD BE AT RISK. NEITHER HER MOTHER NOR HER GRANDMOTHER HAD BREAST CANCER.

>> I STILL FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE WEARING BRAS UNDER MY ARM. AFTER CHRISTMAS I GOT A BIT OF A LUMP, TINY LUMP, BUT I WAS ILL. I HAD A COLD, A COUGH, VERY BAD HACKING COUGH. I THOUGHT IT WAS A GLAND. DIDN'T CROSS MY MIND IT WAS CANCER.

>> Reporter: MOST SCREENING IS FOCUSED ON WOMEN UNLIKE JULIET WHO DO HAVE A FAMILY HISTORY OF BREAST CANCER. NOW SCIENTISTS ARE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF CREATING A NEW TEST WHICH COULD BE APPLIED TO ALL WOMEN. ONLY 10% OF WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER DEVELOP IT AS A RESULT OF AN INHERITED FAULTY GENE KBO-- E KNOWN AS BRCA 1 OR 2. THAT LEAVES WOMEN DEVELOPING BREAST CANCER WITH NO FAMILY HISTORY WHATSOEVER. THAT'S WHY THE RESEARCH COULD BE A GAMECHANGER. USING BLOOD SAMPLES, SCIENTIST AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON IDENTIFIED A SPECIFIC FAULT IN WHITE BLOOD CELLS. THIS WAS PRESENT IN ALL WOMEN WHO DEVELOPED BREAST CANCER REGARDLESS OF FAMILY HISTORY. THE SAME TO DEVELOP THE TEST FURTHER. AND THEY HOPE THAT WITHIN FIVE YEARS AN ORDINARIER SOME TEST COULD ALSO BE USED TO PREDICT YOUR RISK OF BREAST CANCER. IT'S AN EXCITING DEVELOPMENT FOR THOSE WHO WORK IN CANCER RESEARCH. BUT WITH CLINICAL TRIALS YET TO BEGIN, IT'S VERY EARLY DAYS. SO IN THE MEANTIME, WOMEN ARE URGED TO CONTINUE TO BE CAUTIOUS AS ONE IN EIGHT OF US WILL BE AFFECTED. >>> LATE NEWS. PRESIDENT OBAMA WILL NAME BOB McDONALD, THE WEST POINT GRADUATE AND FORMER CEO OF PROCTER AND GAMBLE, TO TAKE OVER THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS. THE U.S. IS REPORTEDLY RUSHING 75 HELLFIRE MISSILES TO IRAQ TO HELP IRAQI GOVERNMENT TROOPS TRY TO RECAPTURE TIKRIT. >>> ISRAEL'S IRON DOME MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEM REPORTEDLY INTERCEPTED TWO ROCKETS LAUNCHED FROM THE GAZA STRIP TODAY. ISRAEL RETALIATED WITH AN AIR STRIKE THAT KILLED ONE PALESTINIAN. IN NIGERIA, ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS ARE SUSPECTED IN ATTACKS THAT LEFT DOZENS DEAD. CHURCHGOERS WERE AMONG THE TARGETS. >>> AN ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL BANKERS IS WARNING OF AN ASSET BUBBLE CITING A DISCONNECT BETWEEN RISING MARKETS AND DISAPPOINTING GLOBAL GROWTH. BETWEEN RISING MARKETS AND DISAPPOINTING GLOBAL GROWTH. >>> THANKS FOR JOINING US. -- Captions by VITAC -- www.vitac.com >T >V>>> "PBS NEWSH MADE POSSIBMADE POSSIBLEMR COLEMANCOLEMANS, JOYC COCP WALLEP WALLECWALLECK FAMIL PHILL PHILLIP MILSTEPHILLIPD PAND IRENE SCHWARTZ, THE C FOUNDATIOP FOUNDATIOFOUNDA CORPORACORPORATE FUNDING FOUNDATIOP FOUNDATIOFOUNDA CORPORACORPORATE FUNDIN IS PROY MUTUP MUTUAL MUTUAL OF AME CUSTOMIZED INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RETIREMENT PRODUCTS. THATPTHAT'S WHY WE'RE YOURT COMPANY. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT IS PROVIDED BY -- AP AND BY THE CORPORATION PUBL PUBLIC BROADCASTING AN CONTRIBUTIOP CONTRIBUTIONS STATISTATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE. THAN Narrator: ON MAY 8, 1931, A SENSATIONAL TRIAL TOOK PLACE AT THE BERLIN CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT. THE STAR WITNESS WAS THE LEADER OF GERMANY'S FASTEST-GROWING POLITICAL MOVEMENT. TWO YEARS BEFORE HE CAME TO POWER, HITLER WAS SUMMONED TO BERLIN BY A YOUNG JEWISH LAWYER CALLED HANS LITTEN, WHO FORCED HIM TO ACCOUNT FOR THE MURDEROUS VIOLENCE OF HIS FOLLOWERS IN THE CITY. WHAT GERMANY REQUIRES IS A REVOLUTION, WHICH MEANS A MENTAL REVOLUTION, A SPIRITUAL REBIRTH. WHO ARE YOU ADDRESSING? THE COURT. HE'S TAKEN ON THE TASK OF CROSS-EXAMINING THIS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS MAN-- AT THIS POINT, PROBABLY THE MOST DANGEROUS MAN IN THE WORLD. I BELIEVE THE COURT CAN HEAR YOU QUITE COMFORTABLY. YES, IT CAN.