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Hey Kuwaitio, John Boe and Ossalam Alaykum. Welcome to Black Journal. I'm Lou House of William Greaves. This month, Black Journal covers the opening of the Malcolm X University in Durham, North Carolina. Another segment, Soul Sounds and Money. Deals of the Economics of Black Music and includes performances by Smoky Robinson and Gladys Knight and the Pips. What have you got brother Bill? Well, a very good friend of mine, Lou, just had a baby, at least his wife did. His name is Lou House. How praise is the Allah? That's Sister Betty and our little Queen. In addition to the nation, Yaa Assanti Waah. That's Assanti Bill. Yaa for Thursday and Assanti Waah for an African Queen who was a warrior. Beautiful. Well, turning to serious matters, Lou, the Black athletes across the country have begun to take this whole matter of racism very seriously, the protesting it both on and off the field. At the University of Wyoming, 14 Black football players have protested against the racial policies of bring-em-young university and the Mormon Church. This is John Griffin Flanker for the University of Wyoming.
Griffin won't be catching any more passes for the Cowboys. He and 13 other Black football players were fired by coach Lloyd Eaton for wearing black arm bands to protest the racial policies of the Mormon Church and its university bring-em-young. These are the suspended athletes, the Black 14 they call them. They have risked their college education and possible professional football careers to express their feelings about the racism of the Mormon Church. The Mormons believe Blacks are cursed with a mark of cane and so won't accept us as full members. With the coming of fall, football and its pageantry captures the attention of most Americans, but there's an irony in this homecoming celebration which precedes the game against San Jose State.
Now the music will resolve for a team on which no Black athletes are permitted to play. But the issue of the right of Black players to protest has raised a furor across the nation and has even spread to White athletes. Today every member of the visiting San Jose team wears an arm band and support of the Black 14. Previously undefeated Wyoming won this game against San Jose State, however they went on to lose their next four games played without the services of the Black athletes. To stand the Black 14 have taken demonstrates the role the Black athlete is assuming he has become an activist in the struggle for racial justice. No longer
content to merely distinguish himself on the playing field. At the center of the controversy his football coach Lloyd Eaton. Lloyd Eaton bumper stickers three per dollar for you guys come right in with you look like you could use one. Eaton a strict disciplinarian fired the players because they violated two of his coaching rules one for bidding football players from taking part in student demonstrations the other barring the formation of factions or groups within the team. The athlete's protest against racism has brought the full way to the state down in their heads. The administration most of the students and citizens of Wyoming support the coach. But the athletes are not entirely alone a small group of students and faculty regard the incident as a denial of civil rights. The contract they were going to play BYU and if they didn't like it they didn't have to sign the contract. Trying to demonstrate that we don't approve of the races
attitude of coach Eaton and the fact that the university has compromised for this racism on his car. What is more important human rights are winning football. This is supposed to be the equality state not the football state. The reactions to the issues are emotional and the controversy which might have been solved by the school administration is brought all the way to the state capital. Governor Stanley Hathaway. The players are suspended for the balance of this football season. They're suspended on the basis that they refused to play in the last BYU game without wearing black arm bands and the number of them said they would not play football again with Lloyd Eaton as coach. So in other words the matter is closed as of for this football season. It's closed as of for this season yes sir. It's up to them. They got they have the time right now. Willie Black, an old
friend, Chancellor of the Black Student Alliance on campus and leader of the protest. I broke off any negotiations. That's another trap. We're not breaking off any negotiations but we're not being negotiated with so we're going on with our thing. The athletes describe the incident leading to their suspension. Tri-Captain Joe Williams. We decided to wear the black arm bands. I didn't necessarily have to be black arm bands. It could have been black socks and anything but we just decided the black arm bands as a starting point I would say. So we all decided to go over NAND 30 and tell Coach Eaton how we felt and listen to his reasons for why he didn't want us to wear the arm bands and we felt like that they were strong enough that they were well we just went over the top to try to find out something to try to work out a compromise or work out something. Gentlemen we'll just save a lot of time and a lot of breath because you were no longer on this
football team. Where is it that he stated before we could even open our mouths that we are through and that we were saving the taxpayers a lot of money because we were all on scholarship second semester and he told us that well I guess now you fellas can go on Negro relief or colored relief but he kept making the regulatory statements like this and then he pointed out the individual and saying well you know better than to test me you know like he's really God. The dismissal caused a great stir on campus meetings were held with the governor the administration the coach a student faculty committee and the black 14 the school's position was reviewed then a press conference was called coach Eaton president Carlson and school officials were present the black players were not invited coach Eaton was asked if as a result of these deliberations his rule against protest had been modified. Yes sir it has been reviewed by the coaching staff and the
rules as we have had for the coaching staff as far as a descent of student on campus so forth now pertain to the athlete only as his contestant is playing time is concerned. For as far as the black athletes being reinstated. In view of this dramatic reversal what the black 14 now be reinstated and permitted to finish the season. We said at the completion of this football season each one of the black athletes would have the opportunity to come in with the coaches review their situation and the possibility of continuing in the Wyoming football program. If you say the rule it was bad enough for you to relax it in that words if the rule is bad enough for you to relax it then and if the rule was the basis on which you dismiss them what it seems to mean that it's concomitant with that relaxing that these students these football players will be reinstated in their formal positions. You regard it they're underlying rights they're civil rights
in any way have been abrogated. They're right to protest. I think that you need to look at the total matter it isn't a matter of rights protest but also group action if you have group action as I understand I think through all these hearings I've almost found out how to become good football coach too and I think certainly one of the things is very strong discipline as it relates to team participation. I think we see the results of this and part of that is there are a number of rules and one of the rules is group participation as well our faction developing within a team I don't think it's matter where where the faction you develop it doesn't work with the team and you come first and then the civil rights would be second. I know sir you're putting that word in you. Rather than get any debate should we have questions. A lot of people out of the 14 including myself felt like sometimes just giving up you know saying to hell with this man you know like
let's just forget it and leave you know because we don't we're not fighting for anything you know this eaten has everything so tied up and it says so little in his own behalf and his own defense and it's still winning battles but not the war but sometimes you being the opposition in this war feel like you're being defeated because you've lost a few battles you know. Many black athletes are lured to campuses like this one with attractive offers recruiters extoll the virtues of campus life and offer large scholarships but the athletes often find they are being used for their athletic prowess with little regard for them as individuals. At Laramie there are only 150 black students in a student body of 8500 this only magnifies the problem the black athlete usually faces. You should really check out the university before you enroll into it and know what you get
into because it's a bad thing not to have social life know where to go you know and really to be looked down upon and you not really involved in universities just like homecoming this week like what is in for us you know it's nothing for the black people here on campus you know that's why a lot of them took off and went to Denver so I like to tell all of those and says it you know there's nothing wrong with a black school you know I mean it's sweet and you with your people and it's no none of this happily you know. I was at University of Wyoming two years ago and at the time I had this running with Mr. Eaton I was going with a white girl at the time and I was confronted by Coach Eaton that if I continued to date this girl that I would have to find another school or stop seeing her at all if I want to stay here. Well naturally I felt this
was he was imposing upon my rights as human being so I left but as Joe said there are no black girls here not that you would you can count them you know they don't make a big part of the population of University of Wyoming and they expect you to play football come home study eat and do the same thing I mean this is what the black athlete is expected to do no social life we're not human beings we're not men it's not one incident that makes you what you are see it's not one man saying you can't talk that provokes you know the provocation is already there by the mere fact that you are black and that you are in a white sphere you know and WACP lawyer William Waterman will take the players case to the federal court. It's the early shadow of a doubt that
your constitutional rights have been violated aside from you know the constitutional guarantee of free speech and and things of that nature I think there are other circumstances that we're going to have to talk about regarding this this case that's going to demand a great deal of commitment from all of us we're going to have to be brought out that when you take a feel regardless of what endeavor it is you're not just at least for us you're not just a man or an athlete you are a black athlete and as a result of that you you're an advocate it looks to them you know like things are proceeding at such a slow pace and I like the analogy of being in the eye of a hurricane if you can get outside you'll see a whole lot of things going on they want to know in L.A. they want to know in Dubuque they want to know all over this country what's going to happen to those black athletes up there an amazing thing is how in the heck did they get how did they hang together so long because everyone knows what you're up against so we go and the thing that's amazing is that in each instance you check one of the dudes every you know one
time I'm talking to Joe Williams and he says remarkable things about freedom that I didn't know was any I talked to we all high saw I talked to Mel and today I'm talking to Chad and he's coming through with some stuff I never heard before you know and it suggests something about freedom you don't have to plan your words that's right the university posted an announcement can sing a planned open form where the athletes dismissal was to have been discussed now to members of the track team are anxious to quit their coach also takes a hard line on protest they've come to see BSA leader Willie Black he called me that same night and told me of my constitutional rights myself a rise of more important that you think I should go home he suggested that I go home if a white person feels he's having trouble if he's an authority he feels he's going to have trouble with some blacks generally try to make it unpleasant for the blacks and then the black generally leaves and he is there to do the same thing they read the same injustice on another brother who comes unsuspecting to the to the same place see and that's it that means evading and not fighting you
don't just sit out of the bag you stick in there you hang in there I agree I'll agree with on education it's it's as important you know but when it clashes with me being a man I mean I let the education go I'm gonna be a man with or without education the key and that we've learned by this engagement of black 14 black athletes this is what all the bells all over the world are watching is that the brothers are not having up they're hanging in there hmm they're hanging in there and you're going to have to do the same watch your son the wind was just blowing away the thumbs back to that then hold him to well with the end yeah willie high saw sums it up for the black 14 I'm going to meet co-teen again you know you might
be 52 years old at least one year he may not be a football coach but I'm going to meet him again you know and from this experience I'm going to be prepared for the next coach evening and I'm going to solve it firsthand you know because I made a mistake by sitting there and letting this man holler at me and my other black brothers but I'll be damned if he walked in here now you know because I'm more aware not only of myself but of my black brothers say you're going to have to sacrifice some things but no loss is greater than the game you know that you're getting the end if you win and even without winning an illegal court of battle the the game has tremendous because you are now a man you know longer boy yeah dignity and pride and everything up to me this is more important than I could lose a distance to two those some dynamite cats bill well bill the
elections are behind us it's all over about the shouting and there seem to be a few elections to shout about Carl Stokes has been reelected mayor of Cleveland William Hart has become the second black mayor of east orange new jersey and market floyd is now the first black judge elected to New York Suffolk County District well it's happening all over the country Lou we're beginning to get our candidates in there's still a tendency though especially in the south for black folks to avoid supporting a black candidate for fear that he won't be elected anyhow and to concentrate efforts on the white candidate who they think will be most sympathetic to black issues but actually these black candidates often have sufficiently progressive platforms so that they could with solid backing from the black community and from the progressive segments among white voters to win elections bill well we've got to get our heads together and that in Detroit for example Richard Austin started his campaign with many blacks thinking he couldn't make it but 70% of the eligible black voters turned out to vote for him and he lost by only 7,000 votes if 80 to 90% of the eligible blacks turned out he might have been elected
the inherent irony in what passes for justice under our judicial system has been blatantly revealed in the case of black panther leader Bobby Seal judge Julius Hoffman had him bound and gagged in a court of justice and then sentenced him to four years for contempt because of this act many black people feel that judge Hoffman himself is guilty of committing a crime and should be made to stand trial as far as black people are concerned Bobby Seal is just one of many of us to be unjustly tried and unfairly sentenced his present situation dramatizes our apply throughout our history in this country freedom of expression is usually denied us more often than not our mouths are gagged freedom of movement is often denied us in jobs housing and education our arms and feet may as well be bound Bobby Seal was tossed in jail for trying to determine and present his own defense for trying to express the contempt many black people feel for the injustices of America's court system and by
the way bill out the National Association for Educational Broadcasters Convention which was held in Washington D.C. recently the ad hoc committee for minority affairs drew up a series of resolutions which were successfully passed the committee was headed by Lionel Managas of new mood new breed in Philadelphia and you brother Bill grieves a black journal it was could deeply concerned over the extremely low percentage of black people employed in the production and decision making areas of broadcasting now the fact is that out of 1800 hours of network broadcasting each each month only one that's black journal is black controlled that the ad hoc committee to put through a resolution on the necessity for expanding black programming now without such expansion our freedom of expression and television also remains bound and gagged so afro-americans they must seek the freedom of expression which the price president is seeking for the Nixon administration seven months ago black journal reported a situation at Duke University in which afro-american students attempted to introduce a black studies program
veterans were denied by the Duke administration at Duke the black student group then announced their intentions at a rally in the black community of Durham North Carolina the afro-american they do are faced with three alternatives as to our future course of action one we could remain here the second alternative is for us to destroy the place the third alternative is for us to withdraw from Duke and refuse to legitimate time at a legitimate system we have chosen the latter alternative and we will continue our education by establishing an institution which will speak to the needs of students and especially black students in this way we will put it into the cost destruction of our humanity when the black student movement first started at Duke the brothers agree that they should stay on campus but create the black studies
program themselves after the university's refusal however the movement took a different turn advise a Howard Fuller articulated the new thoughts of the students that black students will not move the institutionalized black studies programs on white campuses because if they do to me it's going to be another form of integration at another level another form of white people controlling the educational process of black people while seemingly saying that what we're really about is doing something relevant for black people but in the final analysis it will be the same old control the same old education and the same old relationships the black students that are withdrawn are also going to go to school Malcolm X liberation university is going to open next Monday go to open next Monday and it's going to be a university that's going to speak to the needs of
black people on October 25 Malcolm X university moved from its rented downtown Durham classrooms to its own building in the black section brothers and sisters celebrated all day long the labor and skill that constructed the Malcolm X university building came from brothers throughout
the community architectural plans and materials came in from all over the country now in its infancy Malcolm X university has 50 students from 17 states a two-year curriculum and a semester in Africa program plan for the next year its creation was hailed by brothers both in the United States and abroad I like to read some excerpts from a statement by brothers Stokeley Carmichael I am very very sorry that I cannot be with you for the opening of Malcolm X liberation university an event which I consider to be one of the most important events that is taking place in our struggle I say that it is important because of what this institution would mean to us in terms of the direction that it should must and will give to our brothers and sisters all over the world with an undying love for black people wherever we may be Stokeley
the guest of honor was sister Betty Shabazz widow of the late Malcolm X a lot of people nowadays are saying this is a flash struggle this perhaps might have been some years back but because of the treatment of blacks we can say and it is not an undocumented legend this is a fact that we are treated the way we are treated because of the color of our skin when we leave our homes our communities in our state if we even have to leave it really regardless of how much money you have in the bank regardless of how many degrees you have during sister Shabazz remarks white railroad workers repeatedly interrupted her by ringing the train bell
finally a visiting professor from a northern university climbed on top of the engine and made sure that there would be no more interruptions from that train if anybody feels that he is going to cut short of effort by either vaping down on us or this building we are going to do whatever is necessary to do to put it back in time oh
after taking care of business the Malcolm X University faculty and students presented sister Shabazz with souvenirs of her visit to Durham Cortan Cox a representative from Malcolm X sister school in Washington DC closed the ceremonies Malcolm X University the Nairobi College in California the community in Chicago just starts it's not enough for us to sit up here and put Malcolm X on a pedestal and to praise it because the fact is that our this is just a start that the question now now that Malcolm X is complete is where is our black high school the question now is where is the black kindergarten the question is where are the black technical schools where are the black agricultural schools where is every aspect that governs our mind from the craze of the grave where are they and how
do we begin to build them that is the fundamental issue for us today as a people at the end of the long day brother Fuller spoke of MXU's future role in the black liberation struggle well I think this I think that one thing that black people have to do is that we have to begin to view our institutions and our ideas we have to begin to view them as temporary at best that is to say that the nature of our movement dictates some flexibility and although we have a two-year plan if it were to happen that we found out that we really weren't relevant to the needs of black people did I think we should go out of existence I don't think we should get hung up on ego trips and get caught into this is our thing and it's got to remain our thing is only important when it is really our thing meaning that it is all the black people say Malcolm X universities and colleges are beginning to spring up in different parts of the country as the
black community searches for more control of the educational processes that touch upon the black experience we're also looking for more control of the economic processes which are used by others to exploit our creativity in the field of music particularly where we've had our greatest expression financially the black community has very little to show for its labor but In the past, one method of survival in the rough business of music was for the writers,
musicians and band leaders to get together to help each other. Writer arranger Fred Norman and songwriter Walter Bishop describe how one of those groups operated in the thirties and the forties. All the Cristiano Club was formed by JC Johnson to get all the songwriters, publishers, musicians together, one body. And in that club we remember we had Fast Waller, we had Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Claude Hopkins, a lot of guys, all the top band leaders at the time. And the old thing was when a songwriter wrote a song, he wants to get it spread around, record it, or broadcasts, then club members that get together, that's it. We work on this guy's song. It was a wonderful organization. It's the same thing that's happening today only differently, it's not organized. The writers go out to get these plugs from these different sources, but they don't go as a body. It's like individuals.
And I guess now they don't need it. The younger writers, they have a much better opportunity, more outlets than we had then. So it lived, in fact, they had about three major recording companies those days. When you get today, oh, my way of feeling, we've always been the innovators to a great extent. I won't say 100%, but fads and expressions and waves of styles come from the black writers. Actually, as long as we, like you say, have a big stick in this thing culturally, and control it culturally, we're always on the scene. This is the Dell Shield Show coming to you in New York over WLIB FM at 107.5. The black experience in sound, we've got Brother Jack McDuff, big Joe Williams, Harris Ward Martin. Radio commentator, Dell Shields, head of the National Association of Television and radio announcers, feels that it will take more than just soul for the brothers in the record industry to get themselves together. I think one thing has to be done, and that is that black people have to start becoming more aware of really what the political problem is.
And the political problem in this country is simply one of dollars and cents. We have not taken time out to learn what dollars and cents are. You know, Dow Jones average is still something that's kind of alien to most of us. And this is because we have been systematically excluded from the economics of the business, or in fact, the economics of life. The record business in this country today is a billion dollar business. And a billion dollars is quite a sum of money. I don't think that black people control one half of one percent of that total. There is only one black company in the business, and this is Motown Records. Four years ago, there were no policy-making executives in the business. Today, there are a few vice presidents here and there. They still don't have the tremendous responsibility, nor the authority to really be involved in policy-making. They are used somewhat as sounding boys.
But there is no encouragement for young black people, or for talented black people to come to the business and become owners. This is one of the big problems. So many people, let's take the Beatles, for instance. The Beatles publishing company, they as well as worth well over ten million dollars. Now, this is, in less than ten years, that these kids started out in England after listening to Soul Music and developing their own sound and bringing to American shores the very thing that the American people rejected, which was black music. They're greatly influenced by it. But they understood something about money. So, every time somebody records a Beatles song, the Beatles run to the bank. So, business, you're sort of an at number one year, an advocate of self-help. And you really think that a black man can make it, unquote. Without a doubt, I don't feel that there's any door in this country that's going to be closed to me. It may be closed the first time, but I'm going to keep pushing and keep pushing. If I get my foot in the door, I'm going to make it. See, I'm not looking for love from the man.
You know, I care less what he thinks about, he's going to respect me. In the music business, we are, as I said earlier, we are 60% producers in this business. Now, if we are 60% producers, then I think we have a rate to a fair share of the action. It's just that simple. We're just going to lay down like a track now, right? So, Janet, you're going to be singing the lead on this when we do it? Who's the exit lead? We're both going to sing lead, but I'll just pay Tamarina's time. That's all right. Okay, living proof, ocean song, take one, rolling. One, two, three, four. Originally, I was concerned when I first came into the industry with jazz. People like Cecil Taylor, Sunraj, John Coltrane, Pepper Adams, Curtis Fully, you're a lot of teeth.
From there, I moved into a period where I was doing basically folk music, recording people like Pete Seeger, the Clancy Brothers, and from folk music, I got into folk rock. And I like to think that I was one of the initial contributors to that field, because I was the guy to put the electric sound on Bob Dylan, to combine the dance beat of rock and roll with the message of the folk song. So, if I wanted to be a success with a company that was basically a white company that was oriented toward the white market, then I had to make whatever music was selling on that market. Jazz was accepted in a white market area long before R&B was, and then R&B came in, white kids finally learned how to dance, and then all started to happen. Most of the young rock groups are filled with teenage boys
who have become sex symbols, and most of the people who run record companies are 40, 50, 60 years old. I don't think most of them want to create a new black sex symbol. I do not classify myself as a militant. I classify myself as a person who for a long time has put out a lot of love and a lot of patriotism toward America. I have tried to arm myself with the best education that I could get. I've tried to, every time I was hired by any company to form my job honorably. I am giving America its last chance. Now, if America doesn't reward the people who have been willing to do that, who've been willing to prepare themselves, who've been willing to make whatever sacrifices are necessary to get a chance to get their product or their personalities exposed to the country, if they won't give us a photo confidence on that type of feeling, on that type of initiative, then one of these days the people like myself, we're going to come out of our shell and then I think America will find out
what black militancy is really like. But my philosophy has always been that I want black people to share in all the dollars that are made in America, not just in black dollars. So I don't see why we have to lock ourselves into a black income screen and essentially live off of our own fat like a camel off of his hump. Let's get some of the other fellas fat in our pockets too. Motown has done the job that I would like to see any black enterprise do. It takes something out of the black heart, out of the black spirit, out of the black consciousness, out of the black brain power, develop it, package it, and put it on the market in America and make everybody like it whether they be black or white. Yeah, we're in the business of producing phonograph records in terms of our primary interest. Of course we have to have singers, we have to have songwriters, we have to have musicians, we have to have technicians, and clerical help. Okay, we're located as you know here in Detroit which is Motown's home.
And most of the residents, most of the people in Detroit know that this is a place they can come and try to break into the music industry. So in coming to us, maybe any of the three that I mentioned before, maybe a group who's been gigging locally, you know, maybe be a high school group who sings after classes or in between classes, you know, says, let's go and see if we can get on record. And so they'll come to Motown and request an audition which of course we run regular auditions to listen to the prospective talent. And if they sound like they're together, you know, they sound together, then we sit down and talk to them, explain to them what is involved in becoming an artist, you know, and we'd like to sign a contract with them and discuss it with their parents or with their attorneys we really want to do. And hopefully there's a meeting of the minds and we have a recording artist. Now we have an artist who knows who we feel or who we feel has some potential as a recording group.
Now we have to put the elements together. Now we have to put a song with the artist. Music Music As Smokey Robinson has been playing in New York or he and the temptations and we'll take time and go to the high schools to talk to the students to spend some time with the students. And these are the artists who really deal and touch the people.
And that's what we're keenly interested in and having them do and we support them and their endeavors in this connection all the time. And the very technical and the very technical areas of Motown's production of photographs, records, our engineers, our display operators, our mastering engineers, our evaluators. These are black people. What's more important to look at what they're doing here in the company, I think, says a great deal. This is our mastering room where the tapes are sent after session is cut. The session tape itself is divided into eight electrical parts. Each part corresponds to one of the buttings that we have here on a control board. And with these buttings I can control the volume or loudness of each instrument or group of instruments. Now with all of the buttings out and a sound can this is coming through to speak
or we can control basically the bass, the rhythm section of it, and create a final product. Music Now we have the voice and with these buttings I can eliminate the voice or eliminate the bass or accent the drum or eliminate the drum. Now with the elimination of the bongos we see we have basically the same product. Now with them all in, now we'll just be able to mix the entire product. Now basically for a session mix this is what we have. And the actual product or the finished product will basically sound like this man. Now we have the voice and with these buttings we see we have basically the same product.
Now with the elimination of the bongos we see we have basically the same product. Music And very recently when Gladys Knight and the Pips were appearing at the Copa at their engagement they were delighted that the opportunity of appearing for the NAACP's fundraiser dinner show was terrific. Since there's a great deal of diversity of opinion among our leaders from the most militant to the most conservative. We do not feel that we are capable to say this is the role to play. Black form is designed for that purpose to put on wax so we can widen the distribution.
Widen the distribution of the black ideas which are fermenting which are necessary for us to address ourselves to an order to understand what this black struggle is about and what it may do for us. There is a Stokely Carmichael's first album entitled Free Brother Huey which deals specifically with Huey on the West Coast having been incarcerated as a black panther and his subsequent problems in getting released and held without bail and whatever. And Stokely's philosophy of why black people should get together to free brother Huey any black any black owned enterprise whether it be the record business or otherwise in this particular society is going to have many many problems which in many times are tantamount to be unsurmountable because of the nature of the society and it's racist overtones. In the music industry the problems in terms of motown have been especially difficult to overcome.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee years ago was a stepping stone to the black music of today while blacks played it whites controlled it are laying catchy new sounds into the huge profits from the white and black community. Well from Stoke's record company a new Memphis sound is emerging and it's aimed at and supported by black folks. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee.
They echoed across the Mississippi River in the town of Memphis Tennessee. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River.
The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River. The black music they echoed across the Mississippi River. The public television network.
Series
Black Journal
Episode Number
18
Producing Organization
WNET (Television station : New York, N.Y.)
Contributing Organization
Library of Congress (Washington, District of Columbia)
AAPB ID
cpb-aacip/512-ns0ks6k508
NOLA Code
BLJL
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Description
Episode Description
This episode contains a look at the "soul music" record industry. It focuses on current trends in soul music and examines whether the industry exploits and controls the black performer. Appearing in the segment are Smokey Robinson of "The Miracles"; Gladys Knight and the Pips, who record for the Motown Record Co.; and Isaac Hayes ("Hot Buttered Soul," Stax-Volt Record Co.). There is also a segment on the black athlete, examining his place in the professional sports world and on the college campuses of America. Who is the black athlete? How does he feel about his present status? These questions are presented in the segment, which may have included a panel of prominent black athletes from various professional sports. The black athlete is also seen through an incident which occurred recently at the University of Wyoming. Prior to a football game with Brigham Young University, the team's 14 black players approached Coach Lloyd Eaton to discuss a possible protest against the racial policies of BYU in light of its Mormon teachings. The 14 players, who were wearing black armbands, were immediately dismissed from the team on the basis of the coach's rules barring protests and group action of any kind. "Black Journal" develops this story through interviews with suspended black players, the coach, and some of his supporters in the incident - including Wyoming Governor Stanley Hathaway and University President William Carlson. The incident is viewed not merely in terms of the right to protest, but as it illuminates the social problems facing the black athlete in a university setting. There is also coverage of the dedication of Malcolm X University in Durham, NC, the first of several such freedom schools now being established around the country. Black Journal #18 is an NET production (Description adapted from documents in the NET Microfiche)
Series Description
Black Journal began as a monthly series produced for, about, and - to a large extent - by black Americans, which used the magazine format to report on relevant issues to black Americans. Starting with the October 5, 1071 broadcast, the show switched to a half-hour weekly format that focused on one issue per week, with a brief segment on black news called "Grapevine." Beginning in 1973, the series changed back into a hour long show and experimented with various formats, including a call-in portion. From its initial broadcast on June 12, 1968 through November 7, 1972, Black Journal was produced under the National Educational Television name. Starting on November 14, 1972, the series was produced solely by WNET/13. Only the episodes produced under the NET name are included in the NET Collection. For the first part of Black Journal, episodes are numbered sequential spanning broadcast seasons. After the 1971-72 season, which ended with episode #68, the series started using season specific episode numbers, beginning with #301. The 1972-73 season spans #301 - 332, and then the 1973-74 season starts with #401. This new numbering pattern continues through the end of the series.
Broadcast Date
1969-11-24
Asset type
Episode
Topics
Race and Ethnicity
Media type
Moving Image
Duration
00:59:10
Embed Code
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Credits
Executive Producer: Greaves, William
Host: Greaves, William
Host: House, Lou
Interviewee: Knight, Gladys
Interviewee: Carlson, William
Interviewee: Hathaway, Stanley
Interviewee: Robinson, Smokey
Interviewee: Hayes, Isaac
Producing Organization: WNET (Television station : New York, N.Y.)
AAPB Contributor Holdings
Library of Congress
Identifier: 1999548-1 (MAVIS Item ID)
Format: 2 inch videotape: Quad
Generation: Master
Color: Color
Duration: 0:58:48
Library of Congress
Identifier: 1999548-3 (MAVIS Item ID)
Generation: Copy: Access
Color: Color
Library of Congress
Identifier: 1999548-2 (MAVIS Item ID)
Generation: Master
Color: Color
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Citations
Chicago: “Black Journal; 18,” 1969-11-24, Library of Congress, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed March 28, 2024, http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ns0ks6k508.
MLA: “Black Journal; 18.” 1969-11-24. Library of Congress, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Web. March 28, 2024. <http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ns0ks6k508>.
APA: Black Journal; 18. Boston, MA: Library of Congress, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-512-ns0ks6k508