The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour

you'll of our iran again good evening leading the news this thursday this was decision day on the tar nomination for the senate armed services committee president bush held talks with allied leaders in tokyo major banks raised their prime lending rate to eleven and a half percent we'll have details in our new summer in a moment judy woodruff is in washington tonight after the news summary the light japanese emperor hirohito's role in world war two we have an excerpt from a british documentary and we examine the charges that makes with the journalist who made it edward baer former us ambassador to japan and when reischauer and japanese journalist accu key condition and charlayne hunter gault continues her series of black history month conversations tonight pollock publisher parking lot of looting singing everything

everything everything additional funding is provided by the john d and catherine t macarthur foundation a catalyst for change and the station and other public television stations and the corporation for public broadcasting president bush's nomination of john tower to be secretary of defense appears to be headed for defeat in the senate armed services committee where a solid democratic majority appears ready to send his nomination to the full senate with a negative recommendations power has been accused of financial improprieties womanizing and having a drinking problem accusations some say are substantiated by fbi investigations and others say are not before casting his vote committee chairman sam nunn democrat georgia explained his decision i cannot in good conscience vote for an individual at the top of the chain of command when his history of excessive drinking

is such that he would not be selected to command a missile weighing a sack bomber squadrons boy trident missile submarine leadership must be established from the top down standards must be set from the top down if we want a sergeant in his post on the dmz in korea although lieutenant standing alert with her side refueling tanker in the midwest and the das standards as those who wear our nation's uniform we must make that clear here in the united states senate vote no on the job in japan where president bush is attending emperor hirohito's funeral white house spokesman marlin fitzwater said the president continued to support the tower nomination its waters said the white house will press for confirmation by the full senate robin finance committee today approved louis sullivan as secretary of health and human services after a long delayed but brief confirmation hearing

sullivan said he fully supported president bush's position against abortions and wanted to correct previous misstatements that gave the opposite impression i'm opposed to abortion except in the case of when the life of the mother is threatened or in cases of great for instance i support a human rights amendment embracing the exceptions just know that like president bush i would welcome a supreme court decision overturning roe versus wade one senator william armstrong did not vote for selling saying he wasn't satisfied that he strongly enough oppose the use of fetuses for medical research judy brown president of the american life league says solomon's abortion position remained unclear and he should not be confirmed the house at today began considering how to handle allegations of improper conduct against speaker jim wright committee is reviewing the report by an independent counsel who had been investigating ride for nine months

the committee's closed door meetings are expected to stretch into next week president bush arrived in japan today for the funeral of emperor hirohito and began a series of high levels diplomatic meetings jim angle of national public radio reports for the news hour from tokyo the hard way you live in tokyo and one pm local time after seventeen hour journey from washington that immediately began around reading or another eight hours the first was an hour to have lunch and with friends president francois mitterrand two years old when their talk with east west religion and they agreed that changes the soviet union wiz in new challenges and opportunities to the west of flavor this liquidity crisis on japanese prime minister set off a soccer powers japanese leader thanked the president for coming here for the funeral and the president

said he brings expressions of respect and sorrow for the light ever all the more than one hundred fifth nation board in tokyo for the most fuel presidents and prime ministers cain conferences security has been extraordinary thirty two thousand police haven't worked to ensure the safety of those gathered that favor latham speculate at least want to make sure they avoid a recurrence of nineteen eighty six when terrorists fired for rockets or western leaders were meeting here for an economic summit while the japanese are worried about protecting foreign leaders president bush who's busy having meetings with a number of them at the end of a long first day on the road to president of the seven leaders including hosni mubarak of egypt for the first song that israel favors a majority the president of the youth leaders and others about their views on the middle east peace process and american officials say several middle eastern leaders recognize the new opportunities that didn't exist before now that among other things for us and

meanwhile the funeral of the late airport continue an emotional moment in history as the nation there is the last official symbol of world war two after beating japan was divorced from traveled to china on saturday and make a stop in south korea before returning home on monday soviet leader mikhail gorbachev visited chernobyl today his first visit to the site of the world's most worst rather the world's worst nuclear disaster we have a report from david simmons of worldwide television news your job that it was intended to reassure everyone that nothing like it would happen again as he was guided bomb on three of its four reactors were working more damaged reactor have been shut down the premier league and that workers at the plant as well as local people his message was the same we've learned our lessons the soviet union would never again take anything but a very cautious approach on safety nuclear power and nuclear power stations were not to be toyed with

numerous safety measures have been introduced since the chernobyl disaster sent a radioactive cloud around the world and killed more than thirty people in the soviet union college of inspected many of the measures during his visit which came on the fourth day of his tour of the ukraine it already done his best to reassure people living close to the site of the new power station in the republic the kidnappers holding three american hostages in lebanon today vowed revenge against british author salman rushdie claiming that he had insulted islam and his novels the town in versus islamic jihad for the liberation of palestine released a picture of three captives with a message to a western agency but did not threatened to harm them the three r allen steed robert cole hill and jessica turner all kidnapped in january nineteen eighty seven from beirut university college ohio republican congressman don lukens was indicted by a columbus grand jury today on a misdemeanor charge stemming from allegations that he had sex with a teenage girl the fifty eight year old congressman who is divorced faces up to one hundred and

eighty days in jail and a fine if he's convicted the mother of a seventeen year old columbus girl as accuse lukens of paying for sexual relations with her daughter on two occasions once when the girl was thirteen years all in a statement today lukens categorically denied that he contributed to the delinquency of a minor at any time finally in the news two of the country's largest banks chase manhattan and republic national raised their prime lending rate half a point to eleven and a half percent the primaries when banks charged their biggest commercial model is that it often influences consumer loans and mortgage rates that's it for the news summary still ahead emperor hirohito's role in world war two and another in our series on black history month i am as we go now to the event that has drawn president bush and many of the world's

leaders to one city the funeral of japan's emperor hirohito in tokyo even after his death here anita remains a controversial figure more in europe and some asian nations than here in the united states because it won't want to memorize some countries declined to send high level representatives to his funeral but even in this country with its major post war relationship with japan there are sharply images of opinion for instance in a poll by the new york times cbs and tokyo broadcasting coverage today only forty one percent of those polled over age sixty five thought it appropriate that president bush attend this you know some sixty six percent of all americans in the poll agreed that hirohito had a great deal or some responsibility for world war two and contrast only thirty three percent of japanese in the same poll believed that the bbc has prepared a documentary describing the controversies over their own leader was wartime roll and challenging they often projected image of him as peacefully inclined bystander the documentary will air on public television stations next

week will shows three excerpts and then talk with a writer narrator edward baer former us ambassador edward reischauer and a japanese journalist we start with an excerpt about the emperor's roman japans invasions of manchuria and china in the nineteen thirties it contains some grisly footage some of the most brutal conquest in china followed an unsuccessful clue in nineteen thirty six by zealous young army officers who felt japan should be pursuing a more aggressive policy the weary joe felt the only way of preventing more energy party a free hand and johnny was unacceptable aggression as far as america was concerned that china with two important politically and economically to be allowed to form a japanese influence this was the first major step towards direct confrontation and he reaches apologists claimed

these generals tricked him into going to war but the record shows is any criticism was that they want winning fast enough japanese atrocities in the world it's been tens of thousands of civilians the region received regular detail reports from the china from the news new setup imperial headquarters will ruin inside the palace and we saw prince asaka several times after his return to joke you it's hard to believe the emperor was unaware of what was going on what you need to constantly in uniform he was not only going to hurt the top commander in chief rehearsals

critical decision was that the bombed pearl harbor us naval base in hawaii in nineteen forty one and get into war with the united states there is another excerpt the official japanese line is that he read it had no advance knowledge of pearl harbor and was in any case unable to reject the facts as i discovered would lead to a completely different story of the diaries and journals and beyond what he really does wartime army chief of staff show the emperor met with these admirals and generals in his palace they argued and debated endlessly and eventually decided on all of us in military terms he discussed with his chiefs of staff when will be the best time to attack pearl harbor and how to make a surprise attack on trial and as we see in the gallery of generosity are about it do you do that

joaquin will be on the palace grounds in their views than the bridge just sleep in an instant and this is true and sometimes when he uses a clinician and so after japan's devastating defeat in the warm us general douglas macarthur command of the allied forces occupying the country mccarthy had to make decisions about their leader that would guide this country's postwar relationship with japan here's another excerpt from a documentary from his desk his most urgent problem on arriving in japan

was how to deal with japan's war criminals and what to do with and for years ago international pressure to try the emperor as a war criminal was considerable united states senate and congress had passed a joint resolution to have him indicted he was number seven on the australian government's wanted list and france china the soviet union poland and many other countries wanted him sentence clearly knew he had to make a humiliating cormac offer on september twenty seven he went to the united states embassy for an extraordinary meeting of curiosity seeking macarthur hid behind a curtain the contrast between the feudal coffer in order is the keys on the small note is this smiling emperor informed this was such the first japanese newspaper editors didn't want to publish this picture which they considered disrespectful to that number here each of the total cost of he was ready to take

full responsibility for everything connected with the war he had good reason to believe this would be i'm across the top priority was a stable dose of pro american japan you it was far more effective to enlist your readers hailed as julien in the running of post war japan now get three perspectives on america's role in the second world war edward baer the writer and narrator of the bbc film hirohito behind the myth has been a foreign correspondent and editor of newsweek magazine for over twenty years the uk commission is the senior washington correspondent for japan's nine each a newspaper and edward reischauer a former professor of japanese history at harvard university and served as the us ambassador to japan from nineteen sixty one to sixty six he joins us from public station kqed's in san diego mr baer you for error but for the thesis in this documentary that hirohito knew a great deal more and carried a lot more responsibility for japanese actions in the second

world war including literally pre knowledge of things that the attack on pearl harbor then many americans have generally assumed up to now what is the source for this revisionist history what i think is really a revisionist history because they're a little it is actually knew the ice on in a public library the famous peter dollars which are a huge two volume will go on whiskey joe with margaret kidd knows it'll produce steel and she's confident for many years particularly for writing forty onwards until the end of the war there's the other book which the japanese professor and producer mentions the city on the memorandum and mostly elmo was the army chief of staff during the war they both are recorded in inordinate detail then meeting is amongst other things with he really didn't you know it was a was it a compulsive diary of dollars due he'd done everything is go scored twenty i had gotten store and india's daughter is all things which

i think are common knowledge but have been somewhat overlooked and some of these we accepted in the film and i think they do show that hirohito is not quite the totally innocent blameless and remote creature that he is assumed to be that's not the week that's not the only a basis for the film for instance the the national archives in washington a mine of information particularly the crossings cross examination of pre trial cause of the nation's all modesty deference and before the jirga draws in nineteen forty six to forty eight of them again and in a hit not just here does in fact say that the emperor knew about probably has given detailed operational plans by the navy he was interviewed by connell sackett his question michael second through fifth grade through april nineteen forty six film all this it seemed to me and it still seems to me that every year it there was not quite

the picture of the uva though that the person that he is assumed to be awful these units ambassador rice tried i believe that you quite strongly disagree with his point of view the swimmer john point of view as well and i do do a great deal to do with the coming of the war and so long as the wonder the war why he was paid in his is chief alan somebody compared with hitler and so on and was a hanging it and remove it for this country right but after the war and people again to study the record interviews dr land at their diaries those things and responsible scholars went over all of that that phone now this wasn't until then very low on the polls say he was of course aware of what was happening that to be because it didn't have a burial section and he gave his imperial section usually by just being present and signed

it and don't say anything i leave the room again that would be considered been pierce anxious about the weird as endless material it shows that he was very dubious about what was have been very unhappy about it right from the beginning he was an epic is even though they're taking over civilian government than his best to stop the use of those sort of he hit me couldn't do much he could talk to his advisors and they told me what they wanted to tell him yeah but it was not in a position to give orders to anybody the japanese army navy went on the grounds that they were the emperor's army and nobody could dictate to them so immune cells in the bend of the civilian government but only on the vampire so what to do they did though things then emperor had to just to see what would happen and he and his showbiz unhappiness about it many times though it actually took we're that type and that so that when you find

here declare peace in japanese surrendered during the war when they gave him allow him to do something you are the surprising reasons was in line with the wave and playing the whole time and the center says is to bear that responsible scholars the pentagon over the same materials including the same virus and things come to that conclusion he just is described laughter i think there is always be a controversy and then in the new york times today there was a letter from an associate professor godbey university on a teaching gaffney studies who says that in effect that what she is saying is that but the controversy is a very real one and that there isn't any real consensus i had immense respect for ambassador i shot knowledge of japan but i cannot help but on the line the fact that in the cdo memorandum in the killer dies you have all sorts of things which do not go to do not correspond quite to the utterly blameless picture that the owner of those images on terrorism well they need help before france for instance in japan

jet business units move into french indochina and this is the jumping off base it will be the jumping off place for the discreet on the mayor and the strikes i've operation what we know on the tempo of pablo which is of course the invasion of the pacific area and at one of these meetings several of these meetings and for here you are somebody informed questions he often sings in those are yellow on the divisions are you sending in to enter into china does joe three divisions he says is that in africa don't we need an air base in thailand as well as mona dano is the image of the stars of that be a bad idea because it would give the game away with it namely the japanese forces would be transiting through done at this sort of thing and there are there are dozens of so it's not just about drug a rush hour on a concrete example well a few cases in which he didn't ask questions are but if one can also look at those question time different light i think they're basically aimed at trying to point out to the military and

the only way to do that they're getting into very deep water in the quagmire of of conquest in and heavily populated lands of asia and there's probably china warned that this was a dangerous thing to do a good essay so directly or tell them not to do this because he felt that right to do that but he wanted his regular to that tension says this entirely differently from the way the us to receive no i'd like to go to back to in a moment in your thesis that american had a particular interest in painting this picture of the emperor but first kickstarter mr conley she as a japanese news to garnish a woodchip view of the two we've just heard do most japanese believed well has this video mini course we japanese do there has been two fossett a little bit of a temper and you know what kind of

lives near boston and in each and though as acting trying to act like they are constitutional monarch so he didn't couldn't be he stopped his subordinates to stop the war on the other hand he stopped the war or his own one of us when the cabinet couldn't be any decide which way google so in this as the japanese nation including myself it is very a grateful for him to save our lives by stopping all of course he was responsible for starting the war but he stopped the war and the third element is that he sort of democratize the japanese imperial household by declaring himself to be a human not the meeting got you say he started the war while he it couldn't be any the former east of the more because the integration will of war was signed on that is one name but i share the boys' form it he can indeed stop it because he's someone had

decided on armed mr barrow another part of your thesis as i understand it is that it was in the political interest of the united states occupiers of japan as they sought asylum at to have this more benign picture called the emperor promulgated in order to ensure a harmonious and also people as i think it's a preoccupation my writing absolutely i mean this is a vessel is it all in the national archives and of the freedom of information act the entire records of that period the wartime period and after of that and i spent many many weeks in in washington looking at them on paper along like phil and you find as early as nineteen forty four there a very top level discussions in washington very hard nosed ones and you realize that they're very high quality of the leadership then they were really planning a head the question of first arose when it was possible for american fans to build their care and big question practical question what do we have to pass a law and the answer came back very quickly know

because of food for various reasons it would increase the aggressive pigs and rescinded give the japanese people and besides says i think it was henry stimson all or paul macaulay all one of the that the big people are on emotion and then we will need a year later i mean it's ironic to think that at the time the preoccupations economic one didn't want in america to be responsible economic setback the book the the corrie was in in these reports of it is necessary to us in the first few months of the of the occupation and the first few years if the time comes when the new nominee and we can only prosecute and then also indicted that was the that was the view i would say up to in nineteen forty four in forty five it was different and warns without that he was not to be dutch be anyway and by the time a golf again to japan this was official policy of president truman burr and <unk> shower you were one of the policymakers at that time is that a version that you understand yes

absolutely harm them learn to keep him there because and make it easier to target that it will cause at one time said the word that if you were going to try to do away with the unburned could soon to be a war criminal he deputized many forces and so for those reasons i decided to accept an urn imperial system and that the japanese people themselves later decide whether or not they want to have an empiricist and i think about what the study would lead but the judgment as to whether the emperor was responsible not only for the war was a later one by scholars studying materials came seven years later and that was a very detailed study impact every scar know all that came out with the same conclusion that the emperor was not responsible well really the your implication in

your presentation mr barrett is that in and they're kind of running public relations they always drawn over the emperor for political reasons and that that distorted history in lebanon and just understand well that little things that happened immediately after the altercation for instance and this is documented in the game from the national archive orders went out to the american military newspaper stars and stripes was not mention anything about the the improv wrote during the war or indeed anything about his past little things like that it was a washington oriented decision to make emperor hirohito dollars walk of arts and appear in public and that he was to be humanized and the ocean to be a democratic person and this was not to be known to be about an american initiative this is all in in the records i guess the question is service director does that is that a distortion of history did america for east if that's not too strong a word a kind of a prayer persona on the world and on a version

of the emperor's history for political reasons which was very different oh yeah get them out of the controversy over the do the war and to humanize him and bring him in and to make you more risk reasonable person in japan and to denmark because of him that way but is that they fit in with his own temperament he saw himself as being a constitutional monarchy the nation and the world let's remember that two thirds of israelis after the war and during that time he's spending very very happily with a democratic government because this is very much more to his natural temperament his desires and was a no different from within japan had before what do you think has been the effect of presenting

the history and the way it's been presented you believe it's been presented with what has been the effect well i think that there has been as someone who is quoted a simplification of his wrote it our film the bbc film is not meant to be an anti anti japanese film or even an anti religion so it is saying was emperor hirohito quite the totally blameless and remote person that he is assumed to be an on the evidence of the film people make up their minds but i don't think that the but we we didn't embark on those with a kind of animosity but there is a fact of course that in the teaching of history to japanese people get the schoolchildren the it is extraordinarily convinced unless that a euphemism the team injected schoolbooks of the war seems to begin at hiroshima i think clyde have women innovate york times pointed out and i from working with several researchers and translators interpreters it does give me these

very high educated people who are products of the elite university system had absolutely no idea of what happened and within forty or a reservist a clinician yeah i think in all the midst of this point his vote taken because after all you see it as deadly situation has been somewhat so of course he did because of economic successes so much that this criticism and the other criticisms have been barely called shallow for us but that has been a big medicine and do you think that you can oppose any of its post war stability ian harmony and productivity and dynamism to the hat to the harmony that was created by having a non controversial emperor after the war if these debates about his role in the war had gone on internally with japan be the same country it is today oh i think it's quite vivid that point because the end what might have been the eyes of the public relations stand up the

heat on the low japan and that you know he made friends with the nation and then he invited us to the bill though economy and all these things and the store you see he has been quite happy in that that's a little much happy i should imagine than it will campbell and they're on top of that he has left the new emperor who is educated and the democratic principles poised to go by is this money and the new labor interests is they did it in the christian college although she's not a pop that's christian so these people now a new emperor in the us there have been no face to promote democracy and that that was their first message so be a new emperor and the efforts that a very popular perception of an issue commissions

or thank you for joining us from washington and there's a rush hour in san diego and a little again the next night the tower nomination the senate armed services committee met through most of the afternoon and early evening on the controversial nomination of its former chairman john tower to be secretary of defense as the committee moved to vote on the nomination senators wind up pro and con with speeches hear some excerpts in my view the right to get the our record and the committee is also review show a clear pattern of excessive drinking and alcohol abuse by the nominee during the nineteen seventies his close associates and friends have been seated in john powell had a drinking problem in the nineteen seventies in the last few days the administration has acknowledged that the nominee had a pattern of excessive drinking during this period gm's available and it indicates that the number of incidents in recent years of your novel go

against the background of a drinking problem in the nineteen seventies was a period there are still serious in nature i have surged in vain for several weeks or a point in time when the nominee himself acknowledged this problem and dealt with a decisive nominee made it clear that he has never sought medical assistants for his drinking problem one of the parties in the next secretary defense must be to restore confidence in the defense procurement process as well as the management system so the tower has no continuing financial interest in any of the companies for which he provided consulting services during the last few years that would require recusal as a lot of all i ever there's a significant public perception of a conflict of interest arriving from his receipt of large amounts of money from a few contractors in return for the services people for this is not a

classic conflict of interest issues that can be resolved on reverence of the rules governing governing the vestibule and recusal riley it reflects a fundamental policy judge as well individual can command the public on which is required if he is to lead the effort for the rise and implements a significant acquisition reforms in the department of defense as much as another college record which is how a commendable probably the john tower was a loyal patriotic american who has a solid record of public service also believe it is dedicated to our nation's security for me our this is not enough i'm skeptical as the nominee's ability to restore public trust in pentagon and i am concerned as to his ability to command the competence the respective is avoidance at the same the moral standards for the men and women in uniform finally i cannot in good conscience vote for an individual

at the top of the chain of command when his history of excessive drinking is such that he would not be selected to command a missile wing a sac bombers water and poitras saul silver and leadership must be established from the top down standards must be set from the top down if we want a sergeant in his post on the amc in korea although lieutenant standing alert with her side refueling tanker in the midwest and made the higher standards as those who wear our nation's uniform we must make that clear here in the united states and within several months but with a clear conscience all vote no on the towel nomination i have talked with every single senator who has served with him in this institution and its who is here today and many of those who have gone on to retirement that not one single united states senator

not one who is john tower can ever recall a single instance where and in his partial haven't interfered with his duty not want that body of evidence is in sharp contrast to the balance in my judgment renders little paulo man of conscience and women alike can differ in interpretation by second reason for voting for john gower is it the man probably knows him better than all senators that have served with him as now been elected overwhelmingly by the people united states of america as their chief executive officer of the united states george bush

unite together on one occasion in iowa that incident involved with different if there was never a doubt in my mind the president's knowledge of this individual removed the president knows this man be recognizable well that the nomination would be an unusual and unique way and indeed it represents a benchmark in the history of this institution no less than four hundred individuals by any count i've been interviewed and have come forth one way or another to express their view many of them being united states senators and others who have held positions of great responsibility in this country that indicates to me and

indeed tradition and history confirm that while this institution is by no means a rubber stamp it starkly we have accepted the president's judgment and his decision that he needs an individual to serve him in a specific about it the tower nomination is coded out to the full senate a final decision is expected there within the next two weeks i finally tonight we continue our series of black history month conversations charlayne hunter gault continues to be in charge we're either like history and it has had a greater impact in the nineteen sixties and the activism of the civil rights movement but also its own poets and scholars many of them were repelled by anger

by diana lee also known as hockey math ability and detroit born poet who turned out some of the most vivid poetic works of the sixties works like don't cry scream and think black because the work of such poets was most often aimed at the white establishment mainstream publishers ignored them in response an out of necessity sound like it started their own we caught up with hakeem out of duty during one of several special black history month appearances around the country like this one at california state university at northridge he says he's mellowed some but he continues to be a voice in anger and of challenge for the players to a business channel over their arms ayers was a porcelain generation we came into a movement which doesn't exist same love of the us but it did at that time and the movement he says he gave us a new

life that gave us directions gave them a substance often they gave us a way to articulate something and i've got to lay before even though ports like myself and an iraq dividing sites such as mari evans and others existed prior track around saying those two was never had the publishing companies or can the sixties didn't have the mass media in and habitats support network that we had and i was also writes a lot of movement as we were to invent some anger in the works will certainly and will stand and also tried to create alternatives to shoot people call ma were protests of issue analysis at the end some i on the outside looking in tell me nothin world press and how it survived fuel prices fall of nineteen sixty seven twenty two years old and primarily

to the publisher of black writers we have always in terms of corruption and john who published fiction nonfiction children's books on therapy says trump is so forth and basically does life not knowing they were publishing and a sidewalk and you have no doubt noticed or some idle money to fifty thousand twenty five thousand just on monday some prominent immigration in one ounce and composers and double bonus but i came out on a decade we had to be bold and on google wayside detroit michigan and arm their early i learned you know it's coming from the streets that only stay alive was that you had to step up their year to take chances rest are important early but the brothers never normal portrait of americans are in that spring as

he had always go beyond and is going to teach my children that he had been more town and it had to do several things well as a publishing i became an outlet now i for myself but for the north koreans you alluded to the fact that you think that this kind of effort is still necessary for black white there's a lot of people look a toni morrison and alice walker pulitzer prize winning writer is and wonder why you have to more sales or jewelry on our are exceptional writers and they deserve a revamped agency and more but the great majority of riders an icon of the wood breaking because there's always the ceiling like a dad is just like when james baldwin and ellison carolina like him a lot and even mark ward alexander there was always there was no more room for three or four of them wanted to push is the same thing today the think the black writers today would

come to you first or would go to white publishing houses i think most of us do have talked to and jolie you you go where most publicity has been an asset because it's and so many of them to find out that that you have an entree into the larger was an incumbent and all our other ewes are important that we realize that we still in africa and then the city we respond to was out there and then we've all been crippled are mentally retarded children dearly about other for five psychological deficit we have to be aware of every day every day every day like people are hit with the whole question of coal mined on our course all of them out of the world overeating after america's up with black on rattle not sure that we both use that why you brought this intense and so both just keep on moving the next is of course the air we have not

deal with that at a level we didn't fight it is every morning mimi well in terms of how to wear it see what to do with it with his natural of the strain or the sperm and the brothers neither the same question whether boyd is permanent war history was going to matter so this is a real problem in terms of whole question of minnesota of course is the whole question of language like english is a salute is presented as polish english using our italian problem has been that we go to these institutions then we put down because of the way we think and when i'm sent to students is that it is to learn a language you know showing which june another than they still causes poverty that we have real serious partner continued at churchill atacama students that is if you or your reading if you have a warm place to work in but if you have transportation if we have any candidate on syria's resources common in which allow you to go to mr

scheibe is an industry that often about eighty five percent world's people and therefore you can use so now allow you to two to fit all that of course to get the founder is one of fear is the fear in all of us assistance of fear going up into the worlds of fear of a white people as to fear of failing is the fear of this time to come into the world as a black man are black woman using the ceasefire of psychological problems have to be there with every day is this any better than really any progress since the sixties there has been some progress honestly believed that this was an american people understand we had when the center of the black community council i'm an identity self or magazine by youre going telework with me for bachmann standing with thirty six percent of their populations on the world

now if you cannot work that means animal one year that you view here bought yourself out of the whole black milk white middle class painting in question the more you don't have a job and a job he finds you and your family and he's a you could take your family that if you do not work can't work then the only options left off welfare klein now is less debilitating was black man for the guardian and hit the streets rather than girls of this mall is a big some people for someone as a little criminal gang in the black community as a result of white on black crime now obviously the era's black man cannot to carry that water to it uses a c latitude and go there and he found this generation of black writers reacting the same way that your generation did it as angry and ideas out there with that anger

and other the other concrete reasons for that arm i do feel that quote unquote integration has affected are many young creative people that they were the products of our struggle in terms of quote unquote integration that many of the young creative people today know the writers but the visual arts the musicians have gone to the schools and quote unquote of this education of happened so therefore have come out with another view of the world you can arm an old tune have not come through the type of seasoning that i and other writers of that came through and pick a part of our knowledge of this exceptions on sale for the most part of the law the worker discipline

young our survey do not have the kind of urgency how does it feel when you're fannie have to explain history of only twenty five years ago well as of the loss of memory among young people just really no ma'am and that's really won the major problems when you take people's memory of watching your sensitive and the so the sorts of the soil there's no connection the city and young people file amazing was thought up a license to that white people it into civilization to the world that we start that element of writing reading on the sears examination of the universe music architecture that first great wonderful world war ii to begin with the biggest things of the pyramids and how we we we bring the pianist enough on projects in the south side chicago it's a long distance but they're seldom on to our young

people realize that like people did not come to this country first class to the va they allow people who say that the reason this generation of young blacks don't notice because your generation i guess the mine to didn't pass at all i think that i've done her generation are failed to pass on our fort for a number reasons one a generation that was brought was dispersed destroyed and it if not destroyed bought all know what did not come out of a generation where the institutions needed it's a week we were nine to really develop it would enforce a major bike institute at the level that they were maintaining continue teaching alice and some say that even by exodus of a major universities and colleges are still a question mark today so yes they're not going to get that type of love of food and nourishment that i received

are a bit up of my colleagues who see this they just think that what happened in what type of people we would have out here today if they came through grade school and high school college and so forth nurtured on the work of mark walk out there and win the book's toni morrison and james baldwin ralph ellison claude mckay marcus garvey and malcolm x so it says something that they have the key finding these people are fossil out of moneys generation newness but we we cannot we cannot keep mean when i say we just can't keep making the circle and as well as the two shows us on point less were the families so important and so the reason we're calling for i think is part of the whole african centered movement is that it's important that we had to widen from the center from us sales and they would we we we we stretch out ok but you get a stretch out from the don't know about it so they and go anyplace else in the world and do with anybody without our embarrassment without

fear is an ode that anchor was on the anger of a now think that anger is gonna maintain as long as there is evil in this world of something the neighborhood and i we maybe that shower in a way nothing says i think anger is healthy when it does not destroy you listen to that that it is helping be able to take that anger and do good work aren't any would transform our yourself but those around it a mess i think that's our job i think it's part of my responsibility is to so i cannot be well was twenty years ago primus primus on progress and what has happen often we see riders and musicians who are the sixties they just down and i'm eating pasta sleigh bells you'll see too much an alliance known senator takes all

men like myself and women are like try to to not forget but to really just take our anger and bring it back in a way in which to allow our students our children to keep more meaning of what the same time be happy thursday's top story the senate armed services committee has voted down the nomination of john tower for defense secretary all eleven democrats voted against and all nine republicans for the nomination now goes to the full senate next week where president bush will continue to press for the nomination that word came tonight from japan where mr bush is attending the funeral of emperor hirohito that's our newshour for tonight robert macneil i'm judy woodruff thank you and goodnight everything everything

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many thanks there are in niagara falls