Search for new values; Beatrice Magdoff-Fairchild

What. You're reading from a group. Or a member. I'm not going to mention or them because there are 64 some of you people maybe in Wisconsin. Maybe he's living in Colorado. Without me on it modeling.

We will remember that many times I walk the red river. Is a good thing there. We're not particular of your every word of truth. For one important thing if you think about we have nothing to rodeo program or program.

We're not selling anything. It's the will to get an idea of yours. Figure out why you didn't like it. This is one so that we hope in this way that we are reaching from the grave or words and lean on you passing that those radio engineers an audio man. And occasionally with a herd of Howard. You're absolutely right you did on it once or twice and it's a very were overcome by committed worlds or kept your

wonderful son from the war from me probably know me better than most people used to sweep around. Road I was sure when it came to the form is that right of the noise. Because the old breed of cattle he was one of the woman naturally want to herd me was a good evening wave. This was picked up a few plays you know about looking relaxed because of my magnificent front door. And though I can honestly

talk what you're going to hear are going to. Discover. It was my goal. This little group here in New York. The New Yorker or. Rather what made your mother mother remember that woman. So our whole media rolled up with

court. This was a woman who went on to get a room. Then those border the guards that you were their principal concern in the room who it really broke toward the virus. Normally to work with you working on or. Remember from which we were going to the

general move through what the wrong result want to be like that. Well. We'd like to talk about. It. I'll get there. But it's exciting and interesting enough. To surpass. Many other small problems all large ones. So. I'm going to work and see if I can eat you know what ideas I. Am.

And tell you what I know about it. Sometimes of course. Has played a significant and incalculable growth in the development of manga. And. In two important aspect. One has been through the technological progress. Based on scientific discoveries. And the application of these discoveries has allowed man. To live a better and more comfortably. And has taken the burden. Of obtaining percept. This comes easily now. We have no. Problem about it. And so that and we've even gone further than is given as cures were disease and increase beyond jeopardy of. Whether this is a good or a bad thing is another problem.

In any case there's another thing that science has done. And that is it has allowed him. To use his innate curiosity. His desire to learn about his surroundings. About the nature. Of man or. About the nature of life. And has given me what seems to be extremely important for me. And him tonight. For the exercise of his ever growing. Well his desire and me to think and create. It's interesting that. I was young I was at least domesticity hated ones that we know about. Less. And I play in a very

interesting way that I wear. In a fashion. That's related to their instincts. Their instinct which has been really determined. By hereditary by power as in when did on their brain from their genetic composition. And one of the step. That. Is merely a word. It is a learning. How they perform. How do we warm and how to protect themselves. And these instinctive behaviors. These is that I've been impressed a lot. Within a few months. To be mature and to take care of himself.

Because he is live in this small image or. How to Play was protection now trying to man. Man is quite a. Man doesn't mature for many many years. But. How does a child. A child to immediately increases manual dexterity. And because he isn't born. He has to learn this is hard. He's did an accent you can learn. To communicate. This he learns through language. And attacks. And he has to learn to use his mind. He has to learn. And interestingly enough. I know.

That. He never learned yours. And this is a beautiful. He plays by losing his mind. He never was. Because it was a new and new place to go. There is a new idea and new discoveries. New excitement. So when we talk about science and human and one. When just talking about the. Great progress. And I'm great. With. The game but likely. To. Be. At. The center. Thank you. The excitement of this.

Let's see what some of our. Insan. Simonton. Examines in human life but tonight. This is one of. The kinds of things in. Racing. We talk about. Quasars. Walk. Arm. Dan Brown's. Evolution prompting the synthesis. I. Can mention a dozen others these are new but they mean nothing to you it's when you get in there and why should one is mathematically. Abstraction. Or attempt.

To learn. About the nature. Of the world around them. And life. But revenue I want to get. Some of the new things. In the physical sciences in the biological sciences. And. What we think about it and where we're going and what you back up and say I want to read about. The progress. Not. Too long. We discover a radio signal somewhere on two in space. And these came from what are now down were writing sources never for you and me they're friends with us. What is a quasar.

If we wanted a radio telescope. In the direction of a choir. We get it. Incredible. We don't get it from the sun. We don't get it from the nearby stars. But. This star it is is radically large to produce that just as a matter of fact. This. Is such. That. We can comprehend. We don't know what it is inspectors back in give us. And just very recently we have that we saw something a bright star something with a telescope. Well now. There's nothing on earth or. There's nothing in the stars or the galaxy that matters these

things we know we have to. Devise a new theory new idea new to try to explain these ways. And. Another thing is that these we get what we call a red shift. Never mind what it means. It's 16 percent. This is an age it ought to be like 1 or 2 percent. This tells people who are working in astronomy and ways that if we apply our. Standard theories the ones that work for everything this. The stars must be too big like years ago. What does that mean. It means that if we look at it today we

are looking at what occurred two billion years ago. This from Barry is to the extent of our infinite you. Well what do we get it maybe we don't. Now we have to start applying relativity or revising our series of relativity. There is a relatively Einstein's general theory is applicable but not sufficient to explain. So we will grow. We will have a new perhaps in relativity in gravitation in a method of explaining something which we have never found. Well. Let's go to the very small. The subatomic part.

Now 40 years. Beginning in a century the end of beginning this century we knew there were because we could tell something like an atom existed if we threw a ball at it it bounced back in such a way as we could define an atom. Then we knew about the electron the beginning of the century. Those were two particles we had and what we wrote a hydrogen atom without and unlike. The electron ways. I want to tell you how large that we would know two billion light years. Now let's talk about the size of the electron. And for this I would have to consult my note because I never know how to put it in reasonable terminology. The electrons way up.

One hundred billion. And we can detect that we can measure them. We know where they are how they react. We know what we can do with them. So we are from towns which were about 2000 times heavier than very small. And there was a great discovery that there was a particle of. Which was concerned with light light is a wave. But yet there is a dual action. It sometimes behaves like a heart. And sometimes like. And it is very small. Well. The time wasn't ready if we were just pushing to the east. Then with the development of the quantum and with large

nuclear energy we slowly start to discover. Other. Subatomic particles one of them was beauty one. That's beautiful is the neutrino. The neutrino. And yet it was. Well it's because even. We were asked to light a new part. To the part was postulated. So that we would not destroy the Law of it or all of it and it's based on

this particle had no way no charge and yet it was it was very recent. That a part of. It took something like carbon chloride you know what to do. This. But now instead of a theoretical basis we have this. What else do we know. They're up proximately to. Up. Every charge. Some of them only exist for a millionth of a second. And we. Now. Makes a nice story. There are 30

of light hearted. There are about 50 of the heavier ones called Barrett and there are 70 of various other. Species. Now if you listen to me if you don't say why every time a theoretical business thinks of a particle he's going to find it. Of course every time he thinks of a particle he's going to find it. We're up to two hundred. But now they are. What has happened within the past year is that. Matt in terms of a very specialized businesses have been able to set this in some some kind of a speech. We know. Two

hundred different names but we now have three and two. That's a new and the concept isn't really new because the way they do it is much the way the elements fit in to whiskey liking them and their theory of. Atomic. Theory. So that we I don't know whether we are. And I think that nature and life is chaotic. And we weigh the small man has made a great accomplishment we have organized it. Quite interesting I get a little more as I go. Quite interesting that. The physical theory of

Thurmont and. Whether you know what said state very simply that nature always go toward this day of order everything becomes as it progresses as we dis order creases the chaotic behavior becomes more apparent. Well. In what I tell you so and what. Is interesting because we seem to be ordering. We're putting things into a more generalized. Well I don't think my theory of thermodynamics is bad. I think what's happening is that we're starting to see that order and it isn't until we see

the tremendous extent of order. That we can appreciate that disorder and how the universe is running down. But this is. Proven. Well let me go on and say what argument about. Light orange is like. A hundred years. Everyone was pretty a lot of scientists were in the oranges. What I did was decide that life came from the primordial ooze from sort out my.

Martian garbage and that if you mix the zing greedy ends together. Love me how we would. It was a great deal of speculation. And this man wants to know where an organized. Human were very highly organized and what we want to know was where did we come. This is my intellectual. Well all these of mine always show. Organisms bacteria. But the sad truth. Oh most immediately after that as. We

live that life was or ways. But only if the atmosphere was. Once there the subject was brought in. Doesn't make good sense. What Mr postulated. So. Nothing of it. Until. Fairly recently say 20 30 years ago when a Russian standard school his name was suggested. Life originated when they are. In what we call a reducing atmosphere. We laid today in an oxidizing. I won the original I did it was reducing. And. Yuri and his coworkers at the University of Chicago show that if you take the ingredients of organic material.

And put a spark. We get some of the gist of which is me. So this my good sense and open rooms there in those spots. But this is one thing increase of knowledge so we can get it and start speculating back. But before we speculate much more about the origins of law what are you about. One what do we know. Well. There are several interesting work which when we think about the possibility of the origins of why some organic material was created and the oceans

and waters were full of these organic material it's all separate. How do these molecules. To perhaps. If you get a relatively complicated testicle I guess it turns out that the chances of forming something like a protein out of organic material is extremely small. But do net ignitor which continue as species no matter what is even smaller. Well assuming this story and the right combination of several hundred of me we have the

beginning and the beginning. The basic material organic material within the oceans of the work upon which. Now if this process is so statistically and. Easy. How is it that a bacterium remains a bacterium. And a dog remains a dog and a cat a cat and mouse. Because to. Historically from the beginning the chances were small. Well what. Happens. Is we know today. That. This species the kind of species it is is the me printed on a genetic code which replicates. And.

Shows the same kind of pattern except for. Small accidents here and there. This pattern is containing in what we call everyone's DNA. This is that aid. And. Abet. And this that can then work or to make words sentences paragraphs child like a human being. And there's a book called human purses. These When these ten chapters hold purses. These two chapters bacteria persist and maintain their own species. Well when someone production

let me. Know when I'm supposed talk about. And these are viruses and what viruses. Are composed of the simplest of all about a lot of things with. A back. Tear in a simple it is simple single sound word in it. I mean simple. It has genetic material or proteins it's enclosed in a cell with a virus and it has only two things. It has protein and genetic material and the genetic material is responsible for the continuation of the virus and it will only replicate itself reproduce the same kind of thing we put in when it is in crowded tact with an appropriate hose.

Each virus has its own nose. Now are viruses good or bad. Well there's certainly bad for you when you have it. And they're good for the molecular biologist because they are a wonderful tool with which we can study the processes of life. So now let us introduce the virus into a cell and see what happens. Within 20 minutes in a bacterial cell. This break it has lost all its life because the virus has taken over the factory of the cell and has replicated it to produce of the order of two to several hundred. An exact copy of itself. It's like sending an order to a factory where you produce automobiles. Tomorrow we want

to. Say. We don't know but tomorrow. We've taken over all of the wrong material. We destroyed whatever there was in concept of automobile and produced to it. Well the virus does this thing. What good is it. Well. Not only does it in some instances destroy this now because it used up it on its nutrient and mechanism and so on in any other so many of these things around it but the pressures that you grated into burgers but some of the virus doesn't do that. It becomes integrated with. It it touches to the genetic material that becomes part of it

and the cell functions normally and no more viruses are well in that case. What's. Under a slight disturbance such as for instance ultraviolet radiation. Out of nowhere after many many generations after the virus been introduced suddenly we knew it. We just are the barriers between virus. And cell and I am only talking about genetic material never mind the proteins and what it looks like. The ones which kept them in a sort of metal stable state where the cell could function and the virus was not replicated boom. We've changed it. Well I just think. One of the

terrible diseases of man for which we have no cancer at the moment. First last thing before we think of a cure which we might want. First let's think what might cause it. Who would it be. The integration of some foreign genetic material. Into a cell. Could it be a barge. Could it be an error it could. Men have the beginnings or the possible measure stable equilibrium. Between cells. And virus or cell and answer which is only displayed upon some discharge. We don't know the answer. But I give you an example.

And this is not an on lightly. Idea of what the host is and we think that we will find it too. As an example. Mass is infected with a virus. Polly. Polly Yoma causes tumors. Now if you look at the tumors There's no virus in that human. Well. What happened. But. If you try to match. The genetic material on the virus with the chiller. And there are method technical methods for doing it there's a tremendous match like 50 or 60 percent between virus genetic material and tumor genetic material.

Now let's try to match. Mouse genetic material with this tumor producing virus genetic material. There's 20 percent much normal miles and cancer and using virus. Have a 20 percent. Go a little further. Let's take a tumor producing virus and match it with man. When the person of man corresponds to a tumor inducing virus. Let's take tumor and using virus and magic with salmon with bird with bacterium. No relationship.

So that this tumor producing virus. Has. Or. Mammals. Have 20 percent and with tumor producing it. Now this is a particular. But maybe we have this unique it and maybe cancer appears when some disturbance appears when the equilibrium is brought up. Some interesting studies have been now answered but let us say about evolution. You now know that. Darwin. Examined the finches and the gallop as he measured them beat their bills their holler. Their

They were all seated eating burgers their bills were design for seat. Well recently climatic conditions changed in the US. There were no though not sufficient sea to support the change. According to Darwin's theory of slow mutation should have occurred over a period of. A million years perhaps now with birds less half a million years. So the bird could adapt to eating worms and of the food. You know what happened to these hunters the most incredible things. Whatever small. Bird whatever small mental ability this is

what it ought to do in your situation. The bird took it to spear and crashed it through a grab or a worm. And that gave the bird. I think this but I don't know Mary wonder was the revolution but I don't believe so. He might have had a new theory of psychological evolution perhaps or intellectual evolution of the species. In any case these birds are now worm eating birds their bills are not designed for it but they have learned to use tools. Something we have attributed to man alone and no other species. And the other thing that is of interest is that younger a bird too. Never eaten worms will reject the new food except that and then point is made upon their minds and

slowly they acquire this imprint and this has been shown to be so. So they will now adapt to a new. So within a generation of finches there are rather. Spearing. Think is using. It's an adapting to work group. Well what more do we know about evolution. Not from Darwin's point of view but from what we have learned today that what we know about evolution is. That. We have to get these numbers up. Oh yes. We want to find out. What. All the species having we do for instance by looking at the genetic material the DNA and comparing one with another. And then

that I would dear friend. Else what has 29 percent of its genetic material in common. And that man and those have 20 percent in the man will be working on this one. Two friends one day saw a friend his good friend who always has all the answers. He went up and said Joe do you know you what 20 percent mouse. It just on this information was so excited about it. And Joe was a short man pulled himself up in great dignity to his full life very and said Ellis I don't care. Tell me how much line. Well I do. Our friend Alice Bolton hasn't done that as yet but

perhaps a little bit more. But there is a relationship and as a matter of fact. If one uses this kind of intricate in your relationship. Oh I must reassure you with if your egos or man has absolutely nothing in common with a bacterium but only 11 percent with a side. So where I had a bacterium and are you one of mine to get genetic match. All of the interrelation of species one finds that it has taken man and the 80 to 100 million years in which of his genes change. Incidentally when you do this kind of M ness is a nice.

Sort of. On objective chemical technique they find that man and chimpanzee have a 100 person. Well alright we pat ourselves on the back and say well the experiments are still crude and indeed they are. But the important fact is that the common feature between men and the other vertebrates persist throughout. And if you think of how long it would take this man to change into another man so that his genetic material changes it will be ob the order of a hundred million years. So we've taken a long time. At least we can put numbers on it. Um. There are.

You know with these things we can do. And we can change the genetics of virus for our convenience. Perhaps we can change the genetics too. Let's think what this will mean. Oh might be bad except that which is going to hit any other man. Who the idea is to say well we have upgraded secretaries who were like well we have a breed of artist who will all look alike or a breed of mad scientist who will all look alike who is going to design it and who is going to decide. But I think this seems to us as an unlikely possibility. I think it is because men and mammals are very picky

but you know we do this with viruses. We can change them. To give us information to suit our end so that when we talk in terms of man and the knowledge about genetic material will be birds. Because Do we want agreement or do we want to I don't know the answers. We might be better off designing. I certainly would not like to be on any committee that would but never mine. But. If there are a lot of encouraging and exciting things for instance I am one of the most exciting. In terms of new set new ideas. These are things we never heard about in science 20 years. This is new exciting concept.

So there might be life if we investigate it. The atmosphere. And the condition of Mars we might find life there. I don't know whether we will find intelligent life. But there might be microorganisms and the chances of. A space rocket. Isn't very unlikely either in 1969 or 1971. Imagine we might be on Mars by now whether there's a life and what this life is like and what its origins were. I saw some. Photos. Just last week of Big Bird. I was taken from a site you know if you look at these photographs there are no signs of life on Earth. You take all kinds of pictures and all kinds of places

no signs of. A thousand Martian came to this earth and want to know there was life on earth never minute TELEGIN life at least bacteria for some time. You know with intelligent life he would know because if he had a radio be sent down to really like guess what he would pick up. The television and the Beverly Hills hillbilly quartet or something. Saturday this is our emissary from Earth. But they would point out. The television signals and that is all. So to discover. And explore Mars. We have to really go down. We may know their instrument already designed that might do it. And it seems like a likelihood. Well now let's see.

Will all of these things you know we can correlate using our new exciting and drama many visitors are orders of white white self. Exploration and hoping from all of this to get some kind of a unitary principle something that will tie everything in so that I can come to you in three years from now on the Cooper Union and say ladies and gentleman I have only 10 minutes worth of material and that all that's necessary because in ten minutes I can give you a unitary principle that this is one of our great things because this means making order out of chaos.

And with each step forward that we have. Monthly thought better of particles and mathematical abstractions that gene when first called a gene was considered a mathematical abstraction or physiological extract abstraction which had no way of the damage of being demonstrated. We now know we can take it out put it in a test tube and work with it change it and use it the same true Bapi atom and the subatomic particles in physics so that what we have done here I think through science is perhaps because of like his great search for new ideas and new concepts has also created some new venues. Now these new values you're not aware of Norma because these new values do not appear as new

today or tomorrow or last week. They only have here is new. In retrospect. And. It's. Neat. To enqueue and then and what we from the evolution of that is as we find even with these wonderful exciting discoveries is not new it's just that the acceleration of progress is so great only that it appears so that we have to adjust. To new concepts and hope. And work for the incubation of these concepts to form new values by which we can move. In whatever you do or whatever one does in science or in.

Illinois. Illinois. I like you very much. But it was my pleasure. Ladies and gentlemen we will have a very short innovation usually to follow for those of you who are not coming back for a question period in May I was there obviously the next year we might remember that on Friday night we have a very fine ballet company coming out of Boston and that will conclude was good like your program of the year on Friday night with the Boston Ballet we glued to our series.

I'm sorry.

Well I tell you you couldn't tell from a skeleton what the anthropologist and generally appears at relatively middle allday and primitive people never survive. And if they did most of it was not recorded.