National Association of Educational Broadcasters Convention - Radio Session 1 - Radio Reconsidered - Tape 3 / Radio Session 2 - International Radio Reconsidered - Tape 1

Are you telling me something but I think I learned more out of a discussion than out of a lecture or out of reading a textbook. I urge you to consider this it doesn't cost much and I think you can. Really. Educate not only those who know they want to be educated but those who don't know they want to be educated because they will be stimulated to think. I run out of time so I will stop. Thank you. Melissa. Three very brief announcements. Marjorie Newman the region two radio director has asked me to announce that following our business session at 4:15 this afternoon Region 2 radio will hold a meeting and they should all congregate outside the meeting room. The colonnade grove at the Commodore Perry let me remind you again that the luncheon the south after noon will be at the Stephen Austin hotel ballroom with Mr. Calle and. Of Westinghouse discussing radio on the American character. Luncheon tickets for those of

you who still do not have them. I believe can be had you would have to check downstairs at the registration desk. They can be good and I might point out also that there will be certificates to all of our member stations. Who have. Given programmes to the NPR network during the past year and a half. And they will be presented during the luncheon as well. And there are a few other surprises at the luncheon including some entertainment. And finally I'd like to call your attention to the fact that tomorrow night's banquet where call Ron is the guest speaker. And these tickets also are still available. The production grant awards for NPR will be announced at that time. So I urge you to be sure that you do have your banquet tickets and on time. I think what we had best do because of time. Is to limit any remarks formally from the floor to five minutes and then

take a formal stretch for about five minutes so that you're going to refill your coffee cups so that we can move on to international radio reconsidered. The one thing that I know I feel and I am sure you people feel. Is that the common denominator of all five of our speakers this morning. Proves what we all of us know deep in our hearts. And this is that these are people. Who are doing something that they believe in. And I for one. Have never been prouder to be associated with radio. Now I will call up for any questions or comments from the floor. And I think we'd better limit it to just a few minutes. Yes or. No. What do I mean when I say the experts eventually call in.

If a. First or both sides of the telephone conversation are on the air somebody will call in and ask our MC a question. And maybe a technical question which he doesn't know the answer. He will simply say I don't know. It may be a discussion on which he has a point of view but not full information. Within a. Fairly few minutes usually. Maybe not till the next time the program is on the air maybe not till the next day somebody will call in and say on that subject you were talking about 4 minutes ago or a half hour ago with that guy. What you don't know is. And give him the information that he didn't know. So that. If it's a technical question where there is a specific Yes right or wrong answer. How high is the Empire State Building and he doesn't know how high the Empire State Building is. Somebody will call in with the answer to how high the Empire State Building is. If it's a question of point of view they're all expressed over a very

short period of time. Now the question yes. I believe. In the. Whole article saying the yellow. Thing. But this one heart. How they say you will always be a hero. You know easy. To. Say it's. Not necessarily. If that's the only solution or the best solution. I would tend to question whether it is the only or best solution. Most of the time. These. To our position your. Quality. Of. Your thinking is not. Being done quietly. The man may be a regular man and man enough and used it. As going out. I said you know. Now some might call it the are all the next but close little

Say what you thought my niece was an All-Star this is the life. And the man who is in their future. It is not there. It. Is. For the Chinese so that. They will get one movie. Where. You're heading. Back a little. Bit closer. Than ever I know that language. Required information. This one here. That's true. And it is certainly an approach to the kind of programming we do. The trouble with that is. That. If you are going to conduct. A Let's say you have a guest expert on water fluoridation. In your studio for an hour. Even if you were to publicize this as widely as you possibly could. Not everybody who was interested in water fluoridation would be able to listen at that particular time or would even know that was that it was on the air. And further if you went out

ahead of time to point to a program on water fluoridation for an hour or for two hours or for however long anybody who was not interested who doesn't know that he is interested in the question of water fluoridation is not going to listen. The other approach is that because we will talk about whatever you want to talk about. With. You maybe they're calling up to talk about. How to get a man on the moon. And while you're waiting to talk about how to get a man on the moon you'll find out something about water fluoridation and suddenly a whole new field is opened up to you that you didn't even know you were interested in. By extension this kind of planning anything. Now I grant you that there are two sides of this coin and it is a decision that the broadcaster has to has to make as to which side of this going on which side of the coin he's going to put his money. Which program approach he's going to follow They're both legitimate approaches certain. How much ABC paying for scripts. We're paying $400 a scripts. It's an 18

minute show. Bided once it's to nine minute back that's somewhat above scale. We also hope. That there will be. We can't promise it but we would hope that in radio today it would be more redos than there was before. So it becomes a reasonably decent stipend. For. Well. Over and. Over. But. The segments that I played run the run the entire gamut. I think the shortest of them was 25 minutes the longest was 55. There's no formula the the material Embley performing the function dictates the like. One more question. I'd like it to Mark who got two answers. Either because while it might have. Been a finalist conceived much to the distress of the continuity

7c partment his being a nighttime show. Which means to us that it can be filled with what we call attention with what they call violence. However the violence and eye shows is. Not the overt violence we look this is not in every script I don't mean that but one area that we have tried to. Which has come to us is the violence in modern life which is not ordinarily thought of as violent. We have a program for example. About an obscene phone that obscene phone calls now this is a violent thing and we we we treat it in terms of. Violence. We have a show about a man of middle class suburbanite losing his job and with us this becomes a. It's a violent club and. A personnel process is really a very violent

thing. And we try to look at this our violence is in this area. But we did it is conceived very much as a as a nighttime show. And if you wanted to be oversimplified you could call it mystery and suspense. We call it. Things that go walk in the night. Last question George. First thing. Are. You going to. Have. A. Documentary. Here. Yes. In terms of the actual use of most of these productive most of these programs the that we own outright there are a few where there are. For one reason or other of. Contract or or copyright problems but most of them would be available to you for rebroadcast if this is what you mean George.

I don't know that I could answer that off him. You know here and now but I certainly don't talk to you about it. See if we can figure out some way I'm delighted to do it anyway I could be. Well gentlemen we've reconsidered radio and I think there's no question that the answer is. RADIO Yes. Thank you very much. I ask that you. Well fill up your coffee cups and get back to your seats as soon as possible so that we can start with our second session. And. At.

A convenient length. Now let's turn our attention to a specific phase in this reconsideration of radio. A phase in which most of us have been involved one way or another or at least I think we have anybody who is broadcast Masterworks from France and who hasn't. Tends to look at himself as at least in a corner of international broadcasting. Anybody whose station is located somewhere near a national border. Has at least a little. Slop over audience in the general area of international broadcasting. But that's hardly a look at the field. And if you'll check your program and notice the affiliations of the gentlemen who are here now you'll see that perhaps we haven't really been giving. Adequate consideration to. What the what it is. What's involved in it one of the different points of view about it. So let's turn quickly to that now. And edict for. Our present purposes is that introductions

will be at a minimum so that we can devote time to the ideas and also so that we can continue our days activities expeditiously. The first speaker in this session is George be approached who is executive director of the Thomas Alva Edison foundation. The executive director of the National Commission for cooperative education. And as almost all of you know. The chairman of the broadcasting Foundation of America. Mr. probed is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Met and professor of American history at New York University. Those of us who have been with this kind of a movement for some time. Can go beyond the present and recall Mr. Probus credits in a large number of areas and programs in which we are very proud including the Jeffersonian heritage ways of mankind and democracy in America in which he was especially instrumental. With no more elaborate introduction then let's consider a new perspective for American radio. George Provost.

Thank you. For a. Little. Less charming friends. We're all interested in innovation. You heard a lot of new things this morning. And I think probably if there's any text from my speech while I'm trying to interest you in some new things. One author present a credential for that my credential is as follows. When I arrived in Dallas yesterday afternoon on Braniff flight 3 6 9 I was informed as were many of you that the connecting flight to Austin was canceled approved has been canceled for days. I checked around as far as I can determine. I think I'm the only person who got. Two other. Passengers in a similar situation and we chartered an airplane at a cost of $24 apiece and flew down here in an hour and 15 minutes. And I bring that to your attention to prove that there is some advantage

in being a little unconventional and getting off the beaten track. It's a pleasure to be here. Although it's the wrong time. These are the times that try men's souls and everybody is stuck with a lot of rhetoric. And here is too much. At a time like this. What I want to talk about as a perspective. And the word perspective is I take it to mean it here as depth. And different vantage point looking at what we've been doing traditionally from a different point of view. And to do this effectively. I need to go rapidly over a lot of things to make sure that you know some of my assumptions and you're sure that I know what I'm not talking about. The first sentence I devote is to the broadcasting Foundation of America. I don't tend to spend any more time on it than the sentence that it brings into the United States

more foreign produced documentaries scientific cultural and news programs than any other agency in America. My second assumption is. That everybody here knows that the public interest convenience and necessity in the Communications Act of 1934 is a phrase transported bodily from earlier use and congressional legislation in regard to the regulation of the canal boats. I will assume that everybody knows that the FCC isn't joined by this Communications Act of 1934. To study new uses for radio. To provide for experimental uses of frequencies and quote generally to encourage the larger and more effective use of radio in the public interest. I further want to make clear that any speech. Interested in the subject of improvement of radio. One must devote some time to television. The two

cannot and should not be divided. If you're interested in the improvement of either one. They are interrelated. They rise and fall together. I'll assume that a society based on the enjoyment of comic books and rock'n'roll is not as satisfying as a society that provides its citizens with a great literature and artistic creations of the world. I will assume therefore I'm not talking to the educational broadcaster who wrote to me a few months ago as chairman of the FIA saying he did not have any use for international programme service or reviews of opinion comment and development because Talk would interfere with the image of bright sound that he wanted the station to achieve. And I will further know that you all are aware that one of the most distinguished American educational radio series of the past 20 years it was the ways of mankind and it was suggested by an anthropologist Robert Redfield at the

University of Chicago. And that leads me to want to read a passage from his book. Post humous book the social uses of social science and what she says about education. And I think the Says a great deal about our problem. Redfield talking about education says education is a desirable experience of a particular kind. And this respect like falling in love joy and the state of grace. It is a good thing that happens inside people. As a teacher. I often think of education as something I am doing to somebody else. But I must admit that I am not often sure that I have done it. In my own self. I feel now and then the educational experience and in the lives of others I see its signs. Its Causes are obscure but I should not be a teacher. If I did not

think that there is much that can be done to bring about this desirable kind of experience. I therefore I also assume that you agree with Alfred North Whitehead when he says the mind is never passive. It is a perpetual activity. Delicate receptive responsive to stimulus. You cannot postpone its life. I also would like to. End this way summarize what our problem is in the area that we are working on by pointing out that it is similar to the problems of molecular biology that my friend Professor John Platt a physicist at the University talks about in the following brilliant passage. He says of molecular biology with its vast informational detail and complexity. It is a high information field. For years and decades can easily be wasted on the usual type of low information

observations because you get so much facts all the time or experiments which give you more facts than you can consume. If one does not think carefully in advance about what the most important clue conclusive experiments would be. And he then says it pays to have a top notch group debate every experiment have had a time and to have the habit spread throughout the field. And he says the progress of physics. And the progress of molecular biology are the result of these two practices. Well I also assume. Because I was in many years in the same position and I fled from that you're all underpaid understaffed and unappreciated which follows from the fact that you're. Under finance. And to turn out of that problem. Which is what I would like to talk about how could we improve the

character and characteristics and service educational broadcasting in America. I'd like to turn for a moment and review some of the unreported highlights of the process of getting the television channels reserved for education. This is the one victory one great victory we've had in 40 years of trying to get something done about educational broadcasting. Everybody unless the defeats the point that I want to. Emphasize here is that in that instance there was mobilized as a result of the efforts of about a half a dozen to a dozen people. A wide spectrum of people in the United States from a lot of areas outside of educational broadcasting. We brought about 190 witnesses before the FCC including George Meany Senator Brecker. Professors all kinds of people.

They all recommended our proposals. And then there was an interesting characteristic to our proposal of getting the reservation the part of the spectrum. The precedent for it is the Northwest Ordinance of 1785 which sets aside one section of land and each township in the Northwest Territory and sets of aside for education. So when we asked for this reservation. For education it was in keeping with the ideas on which the Northwest Ordinance was based. This was repeated frequently and to the attacks that we were a bunch of commies and gauged and seizing part of the public domain we could report that the Founding Fathers did done this and that they were aware that a popular government without popular education is either a farce or a tragedy. So we come then to a situation where this month the chairman of the FCC has made a speech which I hope you've all noted and which he has

called for long range thinking on the problem of financing educational television. I hope he will eventually include educational radio in his plea for. Everybody working on this problem. And in the speech delivered last October the second which I urge you to get. He points out how small the budgets are for Program Operations and he says there comes a point at which it's futile to expect brilliance imagination artistry and boldness to be long supported by a bootstrap tied to a shoestring. And he says the problem is money. I turn now to a brief rundown of what you may all be from other with but I want to see the dimensions of the scene in which we operate. We have a situation in American broadcasting today where the maximum total expenditure on both educational and educational educational

television educational radio would not come to a total of over 80 million dollars that's generous. To do that I have thrown in an estimate of 20 million dollars as representing the value of the service in the educational area provided by the networks and various public service features. This is a situation where we have. A country that this year during this current year the listeners are purchasing 9 23 million radio sets and they're purchasing 9 million television sets. We have a situation in which last year the radio industry and figures reported the FCC reported an income of six hundred eighty million on which they made profits of 51 million. The television advertisers reported an income of one but billion. The radio or the television stations reported income of 1 billion 600 million on which they made profits of three hundred and fifty million dollars.

Now we have a further situation in which the total number of stations that we have in this country according to the chairman. Is two hundred ninety three radio educational radio stations and 93 educational television stations. We have then a situation in which those stations are supported by an expenditure of 60 65 million dollars a year. And we have some interesting comparisons that I wish now to bring to your attention. This last spring I spent three weeks in Japan. And I want to compare what the Japanese are doing financially with what we're doing in the field of educational cultural informational broadcast in Japan under a public corporation called NHK. There is an expenditure figuring that in terms for them. First my first figure I give to you is a straight dollar.

Figure based on three hundred sixty per dollar and in a moment I'll. Moderate that figure in the direction in which it really represents in terms of what's accomplished in Japan NHK has this year an expenditure of two hundred six million dollars and the commercial broadcasters both television and radio have an expenditure of two hundred seventeen million. Now the 200 million dollars that NHK is spending it's really two hundred six but for purposes of making my figures clear I say 200. The 200 million dollars pays for the following services to network. Radio networks throughout the country to television networks throughout the country want to color television service. The first one has one hundred sixty six radio stations for the first programme the one hundred twenty five radio stations for the second programme one hundred sixty two general television stations one hundred fifty two educational television stations one of their two television

state services straight into classroom school room. The rest is a cultural John. Now in Japan and Tokyo as they built the buildings for the. Gas for the Olympic games you could hire a man who is a trained experienced steel construction worker. To work from 7:00 in the morning to 5:00 in the afternoon. Seven days a week with two days a month vacation for a total of one hundred twenty five dollars worth of yen. When he went to lunch it cost him 10 cents. If you build the Pan-American building in New York City it costs you a minimum for a steelworker of a thousand eleven hundred dollars a month. You can make conservatively I. Factor of times seven to come to the equivalent of what they're able to buy. They're spending one billion four hundred million dollars on these two radio services

to network television services in terms of what would cost American money to buy what they're doing. Or to put it another way they total annual income of the Japanese a 60 billion dollars. They're spending two hundred million dollars or spending one third of 1 percent of their national income on this cultural informational service one third of one percent. We have an annual income in the excess of six hundred billion dollars if we spend one third of 1 percent on the same service. They're buying the educational and cultural broadcasting service in this country would be spending two billion dollars. This is a measure of how far we are behind. In terms of what they're doing now what do they buy with this money. Well one of the things that they buy is the kind of service that we are somewhat in need of. You're all familiar with Mr. surround study in which he points out as a result all the

detailed work and it's reported again this morning a pediatrician's at an Army base that children by and large are spending as many hours before television. As they do in school. We spend 30 billion dollars in this country on the school system. We spend a total of two and a quarter billion dollars on the entire television radio industry. Selling goods entertainment. 80 million dollars or less on an educational Broadcasting Service. The Japanese are spending the equivalent of one third of one percent. We would have to spend two billion dollars instead of 80 million. Do I make myself clear. Do I make myself clear. How far behind we are even when you make the comparison the springs to my mind. I recall in 1948 the annual and IEP meetings when we would sit in bars at the end of the meeting and our annual budget was $700.

$700 and we would worry about could we get out a newsletter once a month was there enough money to pay for mimeograph ing services. Some one of the member institutions would put the money in. While we've made enormous strides in all of this is 964. But I cite the Japanese example because it shows perhaps how far we have to go and that it might be worth spending 2 billion dollars to give the children in this country in the time that they're out of school in front of these SATs and listening to this these media. The kind of service which doesn't really deserve the criticisms that we see on all sides. Doesn't lead to constant tension between the commercial broadcaster and the FCC. And I would make some use of what is. As Dr. Almer K. Moore puts it a most constructive creative

years of a life time years of three four five and six. All his measurements of human intelligence learning ability show we are all over the hill. After the age of seven and we're never that good again. Why don't we make use of the waste and miracle of the twentieth century. Here's my plea. For it. It was. Thank you George for this perspective. All too seldom considered I suspect. Our next speaker John Wigan. Of the Voice of America. Born in Bombay India of American parents educated in public schools in Massachusetts and at Stanford. A producer at NBC radio beginning in 1929 followed by experience as a radio producer with a New York advertising agency directed names ranging from not in Truman to Jack Benny. John spent most of the

Second World War in Rio de Janeiro as ready officer for Brazil in the office of inner American affairs. He's been a freelance magazine fiction writer. Joined Voice of America in 1954 and also has taken time for foreign duty as a public affairs officer with us I asked Miss Ross now special projects officer of the Voice of America and one of the Real Friends of American educational broadcasting. I'm pleased to present John Logan any type of. Thank you John my good friends. I want to reassure you and perhaps myself that I'm in the right place this international I think you can see that we have no. Transmitters in the United States. We are radio. We like it. We believe in it. I think it's the most flexible medium the most the swiftest the one that can get to the. Get to its destination without

screens and elaborate apparatus. Just. Woke up and a reporter to a microphone and let the man and they with a little transistor and. Take us up. May I remind you that the Voice of America is owned by you. And it it it it's an agency of the federal government. And your taxes support it. It's the largest. Single radio organization in the United States in terms of of what it is transmitter power and person know. If you add up what of all the AM stations I think about a thousand watts. They all approximate the power that the voice puts out around the world. And we're educational to a few. If you'll permit me I think

educational radio is supposed to be informative I think and we try to be and it's an occasion when it's persuasive and we try to be persuasive. It was born on the 21st of February 1940 to the 24th funny on where you were at the time it was a news broadcast in German read by William Harlan Hale who is now the editor of horizon. He went on the air about nine o'clock Eastern and 9:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. But who ever heard it of course in Germany are German occupied Holland and Belgium or France. I heard it recorded three in the morning according to their clocks but three on the twenty fifth of February at all. Right all right. At all events the broadcast which those sleepy monitors heard on that early February morning. Began with the German words. Yet heard

Szymon house. You are listening to voices from America. Now Stephen of course is the plural of voice means voices but it can also mean opinions. Reviews can even mean melodies. Musical stories. Young Strauss wrote Stehman asked a vein about meaning and Tales from the Vienna Woods. But yet her own Z didn't sound just right to the Madison Avenue types in our budding radio set up so soon afterwards they tried another one here screeched America s. The Voice of America this is more like it. That's the next one has to go on was Italian and George you're part of an hour and you know going to the service with the words. Grace have bought J-Date out Erika This is the Voice of America. Now we had it there was a phrase of the Madison Avenue snap.

It was more languages when on the air they carried translations of various Spanish to Mexico on the country's south and Portuguese to Brazil used a voice of the United States of America because those countries are not going to let Curiously enough this tag didn't really become official for a long time. As far as the United States government was concerned we were the radio division of OWI or the International Broadcasting Service doesn't like that but on our broadcast we were and we continue to be the Voice of America. It's a good name. And all of us who work for it or proud of it. But we all know that it is not and never could be quite accurate to speak of. Our voice of our country. It couldn't be one voice of America. They have to be thousands of voices of America. Have to tell a Tarion state can speak as one person. The chief of state can. Speak without fear of contradiction but an open society like ours demands

equal time. The broadcasting service of the United States Information Agency vanishes microphones and equal time to almost every conceivable Voice of America almost every conceivable voice in America that broadcasts Democratic politicians in Republican politics. It broadcasts American farmers workers businessman artists writers actors musicians doctors philosophers northerners Southerners Easterners Westerners lawyers baseball players clergymen Housewives college students and college professors. These are all voices of America now not necessarily American voices. Some of them may be in truth foreign voices voices of foreign visitors to America. Voices in America. Some years ago a man named Nikita said to gauge Khrushchev found himself physically in the United States. He talked a great deal while he was here. And much of what he said was carried by the Russian service of the Voice of America

beamed to the Soviet Union. He was a voice in America. However as his loyal technicians back in the Soviet Union were there they watched the clock as usual and when the Russian program of the Voice of America came on as usual they turned on all the jammers and blacked out their own leader. He was a Voice of America. And I said that among the Voice of America were college students and college professors. This brings me to the point which you've all been waiting patiently for. Point where any and the Voice of America meet. Obviously American universities and colleges are places where strong important voices of America heard. These are voices that should be heard beyond the boundaries of the United States. They have information they have opinions and should be heard abroad. Now there are several ways that this can be done. I hope to discuss profitably one way collaboration between the Voice of

America program people and the NEA membership. I won't belabor the matter of national interest I trust you'll all grant the Voice of America operates in the national interest and therefore of people and institutions contribute to the Voice of America broadcasts that working in the national interest to. Cause any people and institutions are already working in the national interest just by being educators. I just want to make it plain that you'd still be working in the national interest if you worked on material for VOA. But now what sort of material. A number of you have already borne the brunt of my sly suggestions and personal requests at these annual meetings. My long distance telephone calls and my begging letters so you know pretty much the sort of thing VOA can use. But many more of you have not been favored with my begging bowl. And I thought it might be worthwhile to outline some possibilities to you.

First of all I hope you will be I will agree that American education is an important area for Voice of America listeners to be enlightened about. It's a matter of fact there are some aspects of American education. That very much need to be explained sometimes defended by our listeners. There are many aspects of American youth that need to be explained. There are professors and university administrators among some of the emerging countries and Asia Africa Latin America who practice what you might call cultural condescension at second hand. They go along with some of the more hidebound groups in Europe and the United Kingdom who are convinced that Americans are cultural barbarians that American education is a joke and that American youth is brassy shallow materialistic arrogant ignorant oversexed and completely out of

hand. The staff writers and VOA can and do write skillfully about. Erudition and I suggested Bay Colony and John Dewey in education for life and the Land Grant Act and free higher education for all who want it. But demonstrating a fact is always more persuasive than stating. And the more shop professors who participate in radio programs heard overseas. The more talented American students. And happy and satisfied foreign students whose voices are heard by young listeners abroad. The sooner that myth about American mediocrity and education will fade away. During the past five years many of you here have been sending radio program material to VOA in increasing abundance and quality. This material has presented shop professors attractive American undergraduates and happy foreign students.

Already this program material of yours has helped to create a more favorable conception and I think a truer one of American education and American youth. For that matter of the American scene in general. A while back a number of you undertook to take four minute monologues by foreign students. I call them spoken letters because they were addressed to the parents of their respective students. VOA broadcast them with advance notice to the parents so they could hear the voices of their sons and daughters coming to them from far away America. I ran into some snags with the spoken letters due mainly to lack of staff help of my own. And I had to suspend the idea temporarily. But I'm ready to go again with a limited number of languages. I hope back an interest in working on the idea. Of. A spoken letter is essentially a damn I'm doing fine monologue. There are few restrictions and cautions not many. No particular direction to the foreign students. Obviously they should be in

good taste. They do not have to be pro-American but it would be regrettable if America were slanted. We would rather not have students taking pot shots at third countries or attacking groups in their own countries. Four minutes is the outside limit three minutes is really better. The idea it was tried out and was very successful. At spoken that is. A variant of this idea has been suggested and we'd like to try it. If you ma'am imagine one of our most listened to programs is the question box. This is an all language services and English. It's easy to understand why we're wrong all the changes and format you know referred questions to a well-known expert panels with big names and so forth but the main thing is that young. Raj Kumar Modi and India wants to know if Americans are religious or not. And these days the question to be answered by one of the staffers in the VOA

Indian service based on material furnished in by the central researchers. But we think it might be interesting and more convincing if the question were answered by say Chandra law or an Indian student at Stanford. So this is one idea I would like to try out. Are Americans religious Chandra gives the answer. The Third Programme idea involves visiting professors from abroad. What they would talk about how long they would talk whether they would use English of their own languages is wide open. An Iraqi mathematician teaching at Vanderbilt for a semester might feel like speaking for eight or 10 minutes on the subject of the mathematics department of Vanderbilt. With a word or two thrown in about the city of Nashville. Another idea involving faculty might be very interesting. We started to try it a couple of years ago but I regret to say we didn't follow it up again partly due to lack of staff in Washington. This idea requires a couple of Turkish students of.

Kenyans are Vietnamese Indonesians. A couple students from emerging countries who are both studying with a professor. Same professor who is acquainted with their country students would discuss with this man what problems in their country they would feel equipped to tackle. By virtue of their American education for example a professor of civil engineering who is acquainted with West Africa. Could discuss with two of his students who happen to be going ion this the problem surrounding the vaulter dam project. Another idea would simply be a series of talks by faculty members directed to countries or regions where they study or taught. These talks would be in English or if the professor feels up to it in the language of the country. One very promising program is hard to organize and hard to produce. But when it comes out

it's terrific. And that's a round table discussion by foreign students in their own language. I don't know how many of you have ever directed a broadcast in a language which you can understand. But let me tell you it's cracking experience because we we have done it in.