China today; Ruling elite and the masses, part two

And a subsequent entire rightist campaign in one thousand fifty seven. But the influence of the individual intellectuals in his capacity as a specialist a writer and a scientists remained. True to him nor new intellectuals up long in growing numbers in many sectors of a modernizing and industrializing society. Their general knowledge and special skills which are needed by the regime also constituted sources of many ideas which are opposed to Mao thought and policies. The conjunctions after all and newly emerging courses. Were considered to be a serious threat by the regime or at least by one group of leaders. They do when I was reported to have nuclear in December in

1964 1964. Indeed report in his report on the government. And this is an extremely important report because many of the problems which. Confronted the regime and which led to the Great Cultural Revolution. Were discussed in this particular report and I quote from Joe's report. For quite a long period of time. The landlord club of the bourgeoisie and other exploiting classes which have which have been overthrown. We will remain strong and powerful in our socialist society. At the same time. New elements new intellectuals and other exploiter will be ceaseless ceaseless play created in society in

party and government organs in economic organizations and in cultural and educational departments. These new elements and all the exploiters will will in variable a try to find their protectors and ages in the higher leading organizations. These Oh and Neil Bush elements and their exploiters will inevitably drawn pain in opposing socialism and developing capitalism. The difficult problem posed by the intellectuals. This even more bitterly reflected in foreign foreign minister Chinese. Interview with an editor of a newspaper now in trying to explain in trying to explain the

quote capitalist degeneration and quote in the Soviet Union the Chinee was quoted to have stated. At the 20th Party Congress a crucial upset that Stalin had killed many people. That is not important. That he had stimulated to code of personality that is secondary. Maybe Stalin made mistakes but there was a more serious one. By stimulating industry and technology without resolving agricultural problems. He contributed to the horses of the generation. He did not take step to eliminate. He kept a list even though of intellectuality. He was too impatient to declare that there was no longer a class struggle in

Russia. Stalin did not foresee the possibility of a turn toward capitalism. Because of this the Soviet people were not prepared to confront revisionism mottle Milan call did not know how to fight it. And the revisionists reached the krewe extreme of burning Stalin's corpse here Chinee was speaking figuratively. Now afterwards crucial used to intellectuals who share views to intellectuals to restore capitalism. And imperialism where IMHO. We are attempting to eliminate the intellectual class and cook. It is apparent that in China. One party intellectuals. Become became a major donor an organized force.

Some party intellectuals pose a challenge to party India locks and general knowledge and scientific expertise came to be a source of opposition to the thought of Mo. And this time in say became particularly obvious that during the period of the. Three years of agricultural crisis. For example a dissident stressed the importance of the EC platic scholars general is in leadership work in scientific research. In doing so he was in effect advocating de assignment of journalists intellectuals to leadership positions in place of party logs a series of

policy adopted by the regime that can be understood as measures to curb the influence of the intellectuals specialist and experts. The Cultural Revolution by definition of the mile is in ROFF quote a Greek debate on the relations between politics and particular professions in every department or unit throughout the country. And in this debate the party insisted that putting politics first is fundamental to all work. And even a scientific experiment must according to the tram and off the national scientific. Technological a technical commission be guided by the thought of Malvo. One of the

two major targets of attack. In the Cultural Revolution has been the quote bushwah experts scholars authorities and respected masters and the like and specialists and professors and code. These ten mind you have been used in a derogative sense derogatory sense. That's the understandable emphasis on the importance of techniques well skulk caricature by people already as the quote purely technical viewpoint. And as the idea that technique does size everything. The alleged monopoly of technical knowledge but experience was denounced. The role of the workers in scientific and technical technical development and in running the

enterprise indie Soco three in one. Cooperation was if so exalted they were praised the workers were praised for having done things which did quote the Boosh Well Tenneco specialist electic courage to do and have achieved what the blue Joie technical authorities failed to achieve. End quote. The workers were said to have shattered. The arrogance of the technical specialists and or thought and deprived them of their power. End quote. The policy of raising the level of literature and art by giving high salary high royalty and high reward to creative writers and artists was condemn. So was the policy of relying on famous writers famous directors and famous actors the osis storm of

enrolling students introduced of higher learning. Through competitive examination was abolished because it pray it plays. It places the SCU mucks up grades in command. That is to say no ranking. Then encourages the student that this is them encourages a student to become who she was Specialist by the Bush was a matter of making one's own way and achieving individual fame wealth and position. The People's Daily Express warm support for the quote revolutionary proposal end quote which is indeed revolutionary of several students that the period of schooling in the colleges of art should be reduced

from five to one or one two or three years. The domination of the educational system by intellectuals was to be changed. Even a small Professor's. Exhortation for a student to read more will take more notes and write nor was condemn. Mind you there there are not too many tape recorders in China. That seems the intellectual scholars and experts and specialists are concentrated in the urban areas. The Maoists attack. On them was also attack on an urban culture. Which was considered by them as Bush was an ass too heavily influenced by the West. Program justified by the need to eliminate the so-called

free antecessor turn out to be directed against the urban intellectuals. It is here that. The three be the oldies program converge. It's an attack on the urban intellectuals specialist managers and all these class of people. If there was an exception which I need not mention because of the length of time that this is so far the first expended nation of radicalisation to trend toward radicalization and how it resulted in the alienation between the elite and the masses and several social groups from day persons to through de capitalist so-call and to petty bourgeoisie.

The second explanation for the trend of radicalization of the movement. In war their solution probably paradox. It is maintained in this series of lectures that the socio political development in trying to since 1949. Can be understood as a process in which the Chinese lead us have extended to the whole society. The structure of ideology institutions organizations practices very loose style of work which they perfected during the Revolutionary period within the party and the party controlled me. How can the extension of a moderate sect of theory and practice produce a trend of radicalization. There are several answers to this question.

First during the UN UN period DCC peace theory and practice was developed and applied within the party. The Army and the front organizations which many people weren't totally wrong. Now I want to remind you about the definition of radicalism radicalization which I mentioned at the beginning. And the extension and intensify application in all spheres of socio political life has taken place under the auspices of a party in power. Less. Than Half Sutton's has lost the warning to break character. Off the revolutionary days and has become compulsory. For example who thought we form through criticism and self-criticism.

Yes apply in a party. Which members drawn on their own beautician then could freely leave is quite a different thing from thought reform as imposed upon everyone in the country. The method remains the same but the program amongst to the transformation of the whole Chinese people into a nation of spiritual sense. But when the mass line was used during the Sino-Japanese war. You see CBS programs corresponded to the genuine interest of the masses in re sustaining the Japanese forces and increase serving order and security. Behind the Japanese learns. When the same method was adopted as a strategy in economic development in the period of the Great Leap

Forward an India establishment of the commune system it was used to change the age old method of age or work organization and habits of the passes. To try for them to work harder. And to disrupt in effect the traditional system of marketing in rural area. Thus the mass line the same method enlisted popular participation and popular support in the Sino-Japanese war but proved look hostility and slowed down during the Great Leap. Which contributed to the three years of record cultural crisis. Second to Syria and practice after CCP took comprehensive coherent and sigh my semi-finished fall during its revolutionary days. Thus it reflected the simple

undifferentiated life of the guerrilla bands and party activists in the interior of China where the division of labor was simple and a type of mechanical solidarity could be easily established. But no they are a ploy to in a rapidly developing industrialising in modernizing society. And there is the problem of how to reconcile the assumptions of the kind of solidarity with the principles of specialization and functional integration on which modern complex society is pays. For example most experience in the UN on period. Has reinforced the utopian Marxist prejudice against sharp differentiation of functions among the various social groups.

The MO was reported to have pointed out recently that each army unit should engage in one or two of the three fields of activities agriculture. Industry and mass work. And that queer conditions permeate IT workers. Should engage in agricultural production and side occupations. And that the persons should also own collectively run some small factories. That the students should in addition to their study learn other things. Now that is industrial work farming and military affairs. And that is where conditions to meet those working incomers into surface trays and in party and government organizations should also do the same. The populist

and type bureaucratic bias of the Democratic one of the principle of democratic centralism. It challenges the emergent system of bureaucracy and management. The clash between the theory and practice of be a truth Chinese Communist army. On the one hand and the Soviet model of a modern specialized fighting force on the other. Led to aid the general abandonment of to solve it model from 1958 on goods. The confrontation between the thought of me and the demands more specialization has produced this so-called free Unification Movement which aims at uniting Qadri one great second technicians third workers into a work team and in which

each is expected to become the other. These developments heretical into science that they run they run counter to what how ape to our conception of how a modern society functions. Third. The radicalization of Chinese communist movement stems also from one particular aspect of the thought of Mao. And this is best formulated. Well I. Have been Nicky that you quoted him. Mark believes that practice reviews not only to correct or expected truth. But also to wrong or unexpected truth. What his whole epis Tamala ji calls for is

too prudish practice an experiment experiment ing to d ut most up to the brink of error and failure. The root of procedure is in your search for truth. Push incessantly forward until you come to the brink of some Pete. It is more probable than not that in every particular case Mo would be inclined to go a step further. His stepfather then one would ordinarily expect and he would be disposed to explore extreme opportunities advance radical predispositions and push them hard until or unless they become utterly impossible. It has been in the spirit that Mao try to extend the application of his theory and practice in one area of social

life after another. He did this in the area of cultural. Agriculture and economic life with his great leap forward and a system of comings. The cultural revolution is another case in point. It tests been characterized as a great innovation in Marxism Leninism and indeed the International Communist movement. Mao has been credited with having. Discovered a new method to prevent capitalist restoration in a socialist country. In the Cultural Revolution he is attempting something analogous to the Great Leap Forward. Only this time it is in the field of education art and literature. If fully implemented the tentative proposal to reform the examination and education

system and a movement to discredit the academic authorities and specialists in various areas of intellectual life promises to produce result to China's culture alive. Yes the Great Leap Forward and the coming system did in China's. Economy. Although the effects will not be as obvious and immediate. If the radicalization of the Chinese Communist movement has come from the extension and intensify up location of the theory and practice. As developed by the CCP during the Revolutionary period we must also the fundamental question what Susu conditions has make it both necessary and possible for the CCP to do so.

The Susu condition in twenty a century China can be described as the high degree of disintegration of the traditional socio political system couple with the weakness of the emerging transitional system. A high degree of disintegration meant not only that the core element of the overall system. Had been destroyed but also that some of the sub structures of the so-so system were not viable. Thirty years ago we employed the elec until the collapse of a civilization. To describe such a condition. Today some of us prefer a such term as system systemic and motorboat dysfunction. There was a lot period from 1969 to 1927 was

the political express expression of this disintegration to new institutions and organizations which emerged in the aftermath. Had not lasted long enough to establish themselves. Collectively they did not form a functionally integrated system. In the midst of this disintegrated society the Chinese Communists built a small political community of their own. The dislocation in most sectors of social lives. And the relative weakness of some of the surviving institutions. Have made it possible and necessary for the Chinese communist to repute the overall socio political system and many off it. The subsystem in its own image. In sum the Trenta off radicalization which

replaced the moderation in the yen on period has brought about a basic change in the relationship between the party and various social groups. Since 1949 the relatively high degree of political unity and popular support enjoyed by the regime at the time of its establishment has been progressively eroded as a result of the successive assaults by the elite upon many of these groups. Why do capitalists as a class no longer exist and the noncommunist parties and groups have lost almost all of their influence. The old ideas and attitudes of these groups have lingered on. These 0 ideas and attitudes have been reinforced by the trend toward differentiation specialization and

professionalism in a developing society. Why did present raise as a new pet has. In the past several years been pacified by the restoration of the private plots. The revival of the room markets the reorganization of this commune system and the location of a greater amount of resources to agriculture. The O.N. new intellectuals in and out of the party have posed a serious challenge to the policies and ideologies of the Maoist group. Yes to this descends the sense of the intellectuals have been the reflection of unresolved problems in various sectors of the society. The tension between them and the Maoists serve as an indicator of the unsatisfactory relationship between the various groups. Any powerful group in the ruling elite.

How do you know us. Well those who will replace with the intellect will determine your future political development in China. You have just heard terms of professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Chicago and a talk titled The ruling elite and the masses. This lecture was the second of three on the topic revolution integration and political crisis in communist China. Next week's lecture is titled The charismatic leader and the Rutan izing organization. Mr. Zero spoke at the University of Chicago during a yearlong study of China held by the university's Center for Policy Studies. The last two programs in this special broadcast series China today will present the views of four prominent experts regarding Chinese and American foreign policies and relationships between the two countries. China today was prepared for a radio broadcast by the University of

Chicago. This is the national educational radio network.