Great Black Americans; Episodes 1-14

Oh. In the old west of the mid late 19th century life was very hard exciting and dangerous until settlers finally stabilized the areas and Law and Order prevailed. Many blacks were among the farmers and riders of the Last Frontier and the typical trail crew of eight that drove cattle up the Chisholm Trail to Kansas after the Civil War included two or three black cowboys. Some it come to the west as slaves and were cowboys after emancipation seeking a new and free life where skill would count more than skin color. Some came to live by the law. Others wrote in to break it black and white Cowboys shot it out in the streets of Dodge City in Abilene. The first man shot in Dodge was a cowboy named Tex an innocent bystander to a fight and he was

black. The first man arrested in Abilene was not innocent and he was black. His black and white trio crew were so infuriated by his arrest that they shot up the town and staged Evelyn's first jail break to rescue their buddy Richard Johnson a tall former slave was known far and wide in Texas for his physical strength and courage and mainly for being one of the best shots on the Texas frontier the rough life of the West created a number of wild men who live by their own law. One of these was a former slave called Annette love better known as Deadwood Dick. He claimed that he had written with Billy the Kid and Frank and Jesse James and that he had known Buffalo Bill and Betty Masterson In 1890 the year the United States census showed that the last frontier had closed and that love left the wild life of the cowboy for peaceful job on the railroad as a Pullman porter. He did not regret leaving the range.

The West had its share of men who killed neither by accident nor as a result of a fight. They were the desperadoes who robbed banks and trains or jump claims or just shot people down in cold blood. Some of these such as Cherokee Bill were mass murderers. Cherokee Bill was similar to Billy the Kid in almost everything but skin color. Both young men killed without regard to whether or not their victims were armed. Both died before they reach the age of 21. Cherokee Bill told the happy crowd that turned out to see him swing at the end of a rope that he had no last words he had come to die for his crimes and not to make a speech. Not all of the black cowboys live so exciting or dangerous lives as Bill in love. For example a black cowboy named Williams taught President Theodore Roosevelt how to break a horse while another named Clay taught. Comedian Will Rogers the art of roping others far too numerous to include in these profiles helped tame the West and

generally found they are a freer life than existed in other parts of the country. The black cowboy is just a few of many great black Americans. James Leonard farmer was one of the founders of the Congress of Racial Equality under his

leadership Corps pioneered in using such nonviolent techniques as sit ins and freedom rides. One was born in Marshall Texas in 1920 and grew up on the campus of Wiley College where his father who had a Ph.D. degree from Boston University was a member of the Wiley faculty. The campus sheltered farmer for much of the cruelty of Southern segregation and he first learned of racial discrimination as a youngster when his mother told him that only whites could get a drink of water in a nearby drugstore. Running a B.S. degree in chemistry at Riley when he was only 18 farmers started to study medicine but changed to religion. He trained for the Methodist ministry at the School of Religion of Howard University and received a Bachelor of Divinity degree there in 1941 but refused to be our danger because the Methodist Church was segregated while attending Howard he had been active in religious organizations serving as vice chairman of the National Council of Methodist few. He now turned full time to social action

work from 1941 to 1945 he was race relations secretary of the pass of his group The Fellowship of Reconciliation. He was an organizer for the upholsterer union for several years and later an international representative for the State County and Municipal Employees Union. In 1942 in Chicago he helped found corps along with a group of students at the University of Chicago. The next year Corps conducted a sit in at a restaurant in Chicago's Loop which had previously refused to serve blacks. Following the sit in racial barriers were lifted at the restaurant. Kaur also you standing in line protest where it's disciplined White and black members to peacefully but firmly in line before ticket windows to force these facilities to admit blacks in 1947 Corlett a journey of reconciliation through the upper south in which 16 white and black riders challenged bus segregation. From 1942 to 1956

Corps worked primarily through autonomous local chapters with his national office manned only by volunteers. Unpaid is national chairman farmer earned his living otherwise from 1959 to 1961. He worked for the National Peace serving as its program director under Executive Secretary Warry Wilkins. Late in 1960 the NWC P1 a Supreme Court suit roaring segregation in bus terminals unable to get the end to test implementation by sponsoring a freedom ride similar to corps 1947 ride farmer quit the NWA CPA in February 1961 to become Corps first full time paid national director. The violence met in the Deep South in May 1961 by white and black freedom riders including former dramatically reveal that segregation persisted despite court orders the direct mass action work of course for the next five years under farmer's leadership

made it a leading civil rights group and put farmer in the front rank of civil rights leaders. In 1966 he left court they had a national literacy and job training program but lack of funding cripple the project. Farmer then became a professor of social work at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. In 1968 he ran unsuccessfully against Shirley Chisholm for seat in Congress in 1969 President Richard Nixon appointed him assistant secretary of the Department of Health Education and Welfare. He resigned from his post in the Nixon administration in December 1970. James Farmer one of many great black Americans. John Baptista Saab or adventure trader

and the first permanent settler of what is now Chicago Illinois was born in St. Marc Haiti in 1745. He was the son of a successful Frenchman who had migrated to Haiti from Marsay of friends who Savile was sent to France for his education and was described by contemporaries as a handsome well educated black. He came to New Orleans in 1765 with a friend and former schoolmate Morgan of Montigny. They came as representatives of the expanding company of disciple and son. But shortly after their arrival in the French territory of Louisiana I was taken over by the Spanish government and the two friends left New Orleans for St. Louis to escape Spanish rule. Saint Louis was a thriving settlement of French fur traders on the upper Mississippi River and for two years they carried on a bustling trade with the Indians. The Restless

adventurous comrades eventually moved farther north into Indian territory and settled with the Peoria and Potawatomi tribes. While living with the Indians and participating in fur trapping expeditions to Savile travelled along trails which led to the present sights of Chicago and Detroit and parts of Canada. Finally in 1772 he decided to build a fur trading post on the Chicago River near Lake Michigan. The single cabin built by two saw will develop into a growing trading center when the jurisdiction of the United States extended into the area to Savile sold his holdings and returned to Missouri where he died in 1818. John bet tese you saw just one of many great black Americans. Hiram Revels who began his career as minister an educator became the first

black United States senator and United States history. He was born free and Fayetteville County North Carolina in 1822 because there was little opportunity for obtaining an education there. He moved to a Quaker settlement in Indiana where he acquired a basic education at the Quaker seminary in Union County. Later he attended Knox College in Galesburg Illinois. With this training rebels became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church and help pass story it's in several of the border states at the outbreak of the Civil War he was in Maryland where he formed the first black regiment to serve in the war. After the successes of the Union army in the West rebels taught former slaves in St. Louis during 1863 and 1864 from Missouri he moved to Vicksburg Mississippi where he assisted in the reorientation of the freedman work with the Freedmen's Bureau led to his participation in the state's reconstruction activities and he was appointed alderman by General

Ames the military governor of the area. He was elected to the Senate of Mississippi in 1869 and the following year was appointed to the United States Senate to fill the term vacated by Jefferson Davis. He became the first black American to occupy the office. After his term in the Senate ended in 1871 he returned to long Mississippi to serve as president of Al Gore in college a mill institution to which he devoted his remaining years forming a creditable educational center for blacks. The college eventually became one of the land grant colleges of the South. Rebels also served for a few months as secretary of state in Mississippi under Governor powers. Like most of the reconstruction black legislators at the national and state levels rebels was unable to accomplish dramatic social and economic advances for blacks. But he did a Cajun only speak up in behalf of the civil and social progress of the race

revels died in 1901. Hiram revel. Just one of many great black Americans. Ask her JAMES DUNN the first black lieutenant governor of Louisiana was born a

free man in New Orleans in 1826 although he was apprenticed to a plasterer and a house painter. The apprenticeship was in fact almost the same as slavery at the age of 15. He felt that he was able to make a comfortable living on his own and ran away from his cruel master. When the United States troops occupied Louisiana at the close of the Civil War Dunn worked with the Freedmen's Bureau as a traveling agent checking employment policies of plantation owners who were hiring black laborers. Often blacks were cheated out of their $15 a month wage then uncovered many of the abuses of the system. Previous to his service with the president's bureau he had opened an employment service in New Orleans to guide the former slave laborers in their role as free labor. Us his service is involved in drawing up contracts and interpret ing the conditions of work and the wages to be received by the black workers. At the same time he opened a bakery with a capital

stock of 10000 hours. He was able to demonstrate to the newly freed blacks the nature of their new status as free laborers. Because he employed a large number of them in his bakery. Dunn participated actively in the reconstruction politics of the state and was one of the forty nine blacks to attend the convention to draft the Louisiana constitution of 1868. During that same year he was elected lieutenant governor in the conservative Republican ticket in this position he signed the new laws which were taken from the new constitution presiding over the Senate with courage and firmness. He was regarded as being in corruptible even by the Democrats. Most said he placed honesty above personal gain and his outspoken distaste of graft and corruption in office made him unpopular with many of the self seeking opportunist of the carpetbag regime

at the peak of his career. Dunne died suddenly after serving only three of his four years as lieutenant governor of Louisiana in 1871. Oscar J Dunn just one of many great black Americans. MIFFLIN W. Gibbs rose from ascend Francisco bootblack to

unmissable judge in United States Council. Gibbs was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1823. He migrated to San Francisco in 1849 and operated a bootblack stand in front of the union hall where the old city hall now stands. Later he formed a partnership with Peter Lister in a shoe firm on Clay Street. And apparently restless man gives migrated in 1858 to Victoria British Columbia Canada where he established the first general merchandise house that was not connected with the Hudson's Bay Company. Becoming an influential person in Victoria he was not only a council one from the James Bay District but also a contractor who built a railroad from the coal mines of Queen Charlotte to skid gate harbor in 1867 when the line was completed. He shipped the first cargo of coal mined on the Pacific coast to San Francisco. He left British Columbia in 1869 and while in Canada

he had studied law with an English barrister in addition to studying at all will in college before settling down in Little Rock Arkansas. He was admitted to the Arkansas State Bar in 1870 and he elected city judge in Little Rock in 1873. Gibbs was appointed by prison Hayes as registrar of the United States lands for the Eastern District of Arkansas in 1877. Under President Harrison he served eight years as the receiver of public monies. Later he was the United States counsel at Tomah Teva Madagascar from 1897 to 1910. In his declining years he published several articles and his autobiography which detailed his many experiences and travels at the age of 72. He again visited Victoria and San Francisco during his visit in Canada. He was escorted by the speaker of the provincial house of parliament to a seat in that body and also received several

other distinguished recognitions from the Canadians. Whenever in San Francisco judge gives the visits were given publicized by the leading newspapers of the city. He died in 1918. MIFFLIN with ster gives just one of many great black Americans. A.

Esteban ical also called Esteban Esteban and Little Steven was the first major black explorer in the Americas. He was born in Western Morocco about 15:00 and was killed by Indians in the American with 15 39. He helped inspire the expeditions of DeSoto and Cora nado 80 years before the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower as the radical across the continent from Florida to the Gulf of California and became the first non Indian to enter Arizona and New Mexico s the right to go was on the never is expired decision that set out from Spain in 15 27 to explore the western shores of the Gulf of Mexico. When it was blown off course the expedition landed at Tampa Bay on Florida's west

coast. Never is mistakenly sent the ship's westward while he and several hundred men walk overland to the region of Tallahassee. Here they built makeshift boats and drifted westward in the Gulf. They cited the mouth of the Mississippi and ship wrecked in 15 28 on Galveston Island off the coast of Texas. Eventually only one black as the Bronco and three Spaniards survived as the radical was a slave of Duran tees in slaves by hostile Indians for several years. The four men finally escaped to friendlier tribes that accepted them as healers aided by friendly Indians. They gradually made their way westward through Texas and southwest through Mexico finally reaching Spanish settlements along the Gulf of California in 15 36. The three Spaniards soon left Mexico and the Viceroy of Mexico purchased as the raw nickel

to serve as a guide in seeking the seven golden cities of Sabella. The four survivors had learned of Sobolev from Indians who talked mainly with Esteban to go because the Spaniards held themselves aloof. When Cubbies a return to Spain and told us about the soda sent out an expedition from fifteen thirty nine to 15 43 through the south eastern United States searching forceable but he only found the Mississippi River. Meanwhile the viceroy in Mexico assigned Cora nado to search for civil and fifteen thirty nine Kora nado set out an advance party led by Friar Marcos but guided by Esteban ical since Esteban ago got along well with the Indians he was sent far ahead and thus was the first to enter Arizona New Mexico. The Indians EDSA Paula now Zuni in New Mexico imprisoned and killed

him learning of his death from friendly Indians friar Marcos only buttes a bola from a safe distance reporting back to Korea nado that it gleaned like gold core novels gold hunting expedition of fifteen forty to fifteen forty two through the southwestern United States learned that's a BOLO was not golden at all but only Indian pedalo dwellings that glistened in the sunlight. Esteban ical just one of many great black Americans. Ernest just a young biologist was the first recipient of the

coveted spin Garn Medal the highest award granted by the CPC in presenting the award to just he was recognized as the man or woman of African descent and American citizenship. Who shall have made the highest achievement during the preceding year or years in any honorable field of endeavor. When just received it in 1915 he was in his early 30s and had not completed his studies for the doctorate. He had already achieved distinction in his field by publishing half a dozen important scientific papers based on his research of fertilization and the functioning of cells. Just was born in Charleston South Carolina in 1893 the eldest of three children of a wharf builder. After going to his mother's school just spent six years in secondary training at the State College for blacks in Orangeburg he left South Carolina in 1900 working

his way to New York City on a ship line. He worked in the city an entire month to earn train fare to Meridian New Hampshire the site of Kimball Academy. To his disappointment despite his earlier training he was placed in the lowest class meaning four more years of study to finish high school. But he worked hard and completed all the work in only three years becoming president of the debating society and editor of the school newspaper. He then attended Dartmouth College in Hanover New Hampshire on scholarships and loans. He took all of Dartmouth's biology courses and began research in his senior year. He was the only magna cum laude graduate in his class received a five Beta Kappa key and was the only student to take special honors in two subjects. Upon graduation from Dartmouth in 1907 just joined the faculty of Howard University in Washington D.C. from

1915 to 1916 just took leave to study at the University of Chicago where he received a Ph.D. in zoology and physiology. He published 60 papers in the leading journals and wrote two books basic methods for experiments of marine animals and the biology of cell service both published in 1939. He was elected vice president of the American Society of zoologists and served on the editorial boards of such scholarly journals as via logical bulletin and the Journal of morphology. He became the only black to have a star designating distinction beside his name in the authoritative compilation American man of science during the 1930s he left to do research at biological institutes and marine laboratories in Berlin Paris and Naples. Part of the reason for his immersion in research was his frustration bitterness and

sensitivity over rebuffs arising from color. He suffered in the restrictive segregated atmosphere of Washington D.C. Despite his stature he was not invited to the staff of any of the major northern institutions even the Rockefeller Institute closed its doors to him. SELMAN cluing many whites said he deserved to be president not vice president of the Nationals or logical society. He died in 1941. Ernest He just one of many great black Americans. A. And.

Marian Anderson one of the nation's leading contralto Zz was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania ninety you know two. She began seeing there in the choir of the Union Baptist Church at the age of six. The members of the congregation recognized Ms Anderson's talents very early and began a trust fund to further her musical training. Ms Anderson herself supplemented this fund with income earned from singing at various churches although at least one music school in Philadelphia refused to accept her because of race. She was accepted for study under du Seppi Bill Getty. The Marian Anderson Future Fund established by Union Baptist Church provided much of the financial backing for this training. After several years of private training Miss Anderson began a tour of black colleges in the south. Despite the sounds humiliating Jim Crow transportation practices. She

met her in Gage events and performed superb glee. Because of these tours she became better known. And in 1925 with the encouragement of tenor Roland Hayes. She appeared with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. And later appeared with the Philadelphia Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra. Miss Anderson made her European debut in Berlin. And toured between 1933 in 1935. England and the Scandinavian countries assisted by a rose wall scholarship. She was decorated by both the King of Sweden and the King of Denmark. The famed Finnish composer. Sabella yes was so moved by her rich voice. That he dedicated a composition to her. In London she sang two concerts with the London Symphony Orchestra. And in Salzburg the famous conductor. Arturo Toscanini. Heard her sing and exclaimed that a voice such as hers. Comes once in a century. Despite her claim of

broad. Jim Crow ism in America still inhibited Miss Anderson's career at home. Fortunately. Saw her rock became her manager and was able to open several doors. Previously closed to blacks. She had for example concerts at Town Hall and that Carnegie Hall. But Constitution Hall was blocked in 1939. As the daughters of the American Revolution. Barred the doors to the celebrated contralto. The racial affront incensed of many white Americans. Including the first lady. Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt. A concert was rather hastily arranged at the Lincoln Memorial instead. Seventy five thousand people attended the affair on Easter Sunday morning. To express disapproval of the DA RS action. And to hear one of America's most talented. Artist. Later Constitution Hall opened its doors to Miss Anderson. Another great personal triumph was achieved when Miss

Anderson became the first black singer. To appear at the Metropolitan Opera. She took the role of all Rika at the masked ball in 1955. Many groups at home and abroad have applauded the artistic genius of Ms Anderson. And admired the personal demeanor. In the face of racism. Which she has shown. From the choir of Union Baptist Church. To Europe and America's most famous opera houses. Was a long steep climb for Marian Anderson. But she did not forget. She established from her considerable earnings. A trust fund. To aid. Talented young artists. Marian Anderson just one of many great black Americans. And.

Mary McLeod Bethune the founder of the cook when college was a leading adviser to President Franklin D Roosevelt on black affairs and a very close personal friend of his wife Eleanor. Mary Jane Macleod was born in a log cabin near Maysville South Carolina in 1875. She was the 15th of 17 children of hard working ex slave cotton farmers although their masters had sold most of their older children. Her parents managed to reunite the entire family after emancipation. When she was 11 Presbyterian missionaries founded a school for blacks in Maysville for four years. She eagerly walked five miles each way to attend. A white Quaker

school teacher in Denver Colorado donated money out of her extra earnings as a seamstress to send her to Scotia seminary for young black women in Concord North Carolina. She then taught at Presbyterian schools in South Carolina Georgia and Florida. In the meantime she married Albertus but soon in 19 0 4 without funds with only five pupils. But with the faith to move mountains Mary McLeod Bethune founded the normal and industrial school for black women in they Tona Beach Florida. She began in a rented house then wrote a town dump near the black section in 19 0 7. The school moved into faith hall erected on the former dump in 1923 the now 600 students school affiliated with the Board of Education of the Methodist Church and merged with Cook with an institute for boys at Jacksonville.

They formed the Cookman Institute later but the college Mrs. Bethune served as president of the college until 1947 and president emeritus and trustee until her death. As president of the National Association of colored women one thousand twenty six through 1930 and its founder president of the National Council of Negro Women from 1935 to 1949 she became widely known presidents from Coolidge to Truman appointed her to various posts from 1935 to 1944. She was President Roosevelt special adviser on Minority Affairs from 1930 six to nine hundred forty four. She was the director of the division of the grove players of the National Youth Administration the first black woman to head a federal office. She was a member of the black cabinet of the New Deal black advisors including Ralph Bunche William

Hastie and Robert C. Weaver. Throughout her life Mrs With whom was consistently recognized by both black and white groups as one of America's most distinguished women. She is the only woman ever to have been elected president of the Association for the Study of Negro life and history. Her home at Daytona Beach was just recently made national historic site. She died in 1955. Mary McCloud with whom I just run of many great black Americans. Will you Christopher handy has long been known as the father of the blues.

His St. Louis Blues is one of the world's most popular songs and is so perhaps more copies than any song ever written. Hendy was born in Florence Alabama the son and grandson of former slaves an African Methodist Episcopal ministers. He received no early encouragement to be a musician. His parents considered popular music sinful but handy loved it. Inspired by a country fiddler and a church cornet ist he painstakingly save to buy a guitar which is outraged parents termed a devil's plaything and immediately exchanged it for a dictionary. When schoolmates listed more dignified professions handi chose music as a future career for this decision. His teacher berated him and his father whipped him saying he'd rather see him dead yet handi persisted secretly buying a cornet and playing in a band over his parents objections. He attended dances and sang in a

minstrel quartet. Graduating from high school he passed the teacher examination in Birmingham but took a higher paying iron working job and best summer while at the same time organizing a brass band left jobless by the 1893 depression he formed a quartet in burning Birmingham that whole bowed and worked its way to the Chicago World's Fair. Handy lived in such poverty and degradation in St. Louis that he contemplated returning to a respectable profession in Florence but couldn't concede that his parents were right and he was wrong. Things improved when he joined the Hampton cornet band in Evansville Indiana in 1896 he joined by Harry's minstrels in Chicago and soon gained a reputation as a cornet soloist touring America and Cuba. His now proud father congratulated him after a performance in Huntsville handi taught music at Alabama and in college in Huntsville from 1999

to then returned to my Harry's minstrels for another year. In 1983 turning down an offer to lead a white man visible band in Michigan he became director of a black paternal band in Clarksdale Mississippi. Here he heard again the blues strains he had heard as a youngster. While playing at a dance in a nearby town his orchestra was up stays dry a three piece country band of black youngsters who are in competition with and these men played and sang privet primitive folk blues. Handy decided to forget conventional music and to arrange and compose music rooted in the black folk experience. His band's popularity and income steadily increased. Later he moved to Memphis Tennessee forming a band that became the city's best playing for Beale Street saloons picnics funerals and political campaigns. He composed for candidate Ed Crump in the 19 0 9 Memphis

mayor Auriol campaign song. Mr. Cross later retitled Memphis Blues that in 1912 became the first published blues composition and he went on to compose such songs as St. Louis Blues in 1914. Joe Turner blues 1915 and Beale Street Blues in 1917. Many were published by pace and handy music company a firm he formed with Harry pace a black banker an insurance man of Memphis and Atlanta who was also a lyricist. And he also raised many spirituals. He lived to see his beloved blues venerated as one of America's greatest contributions to world of music. He died in 1958 W.C. Handy just one of many great black Americans. A.

Mary Church. Terrell a member of one of black America's wealthiest families became a champion of civil and women's rights. She was born in Memphis Tennessee in 1863 and was educated at Oberlin College. Her father was a former slave who had amassed a fortune through his real estate business rather than have his daughter attend the poorly equipped segregated schools of Memphis. He sent her to school in Ohio after graduating from Overland College. She made her home in Washington D.C. Mrs. Terrell inherited a substantial fortune upon the death of her parents. She was married to Robert Terrell a prominent District of Columbia educator attorney and judge. She did not become a schoolteacher because

her father considered that occupation beneath her status. However in 1895 she was appointed to the District of Columbia School Board and on July the 21st 1896 Mrs. Terrill led a group of black women in the organization of the National Association of colored women in Washington D.C. In 1984 she was a delegate to the International Council of Women in Berlin where she addressed the council in French German and English. She was an active worker for women's suffrage and for the passage of the 19th Amendment which granted women the right to vote in 19 own mind she became a charter member of the in the CPA. This is Terrell was one of the leaders of the local anti segregation movement in Washington D.C. one of the group's first major victories came on May 24th 1951 when the municipal appeals court in Washington

outlawed segregation in D.C. restaurants much of Mrs. Terrill story as writer organizer lecturer and demonstrated for human rights is told in her autobiography A colored woman in a white world. Ironically Mrs. Terrell died on July the 24th 1954 just two months after the historic decision of the United States Supreme Court in Brown vs. Board of Education which ended legal segregation in the schools and began an era of civil rights. Mary Church Terrell just one of many great black Americans. Nor But really you know the inventor of an evaporation process with refined sugar

whiter and rainier. Was Born Free in New Orleans Louisiana in 18 06 really L's father was a white engineer who had invented such things as a steam operated cotton baling press at an early age really you know was recognised as academically talented. So his father sent him to school in Paris. Really oh showed such ability in engineering that he became an instructor of applied mechanics at Les Colson trial in Paris in 1830. At that time sugar was refined by the Jamaican trained process which involved boiling sugar cane juice in a series of open bets. Much was lost by that peroration in this cumbersome process and it left the sugar brown and lumpy. A single effect vacuum pan to boil sugar solution to grain was developed. And it was really oh who developed it. He was unable to interest French machinery manufacturers in his new process. So you agreed to be chief

engineer of a new refinery. Edmund First of all was building a New Orleans. He quit shortly after because of a dispute between his father and forestall really tried to get wealthy free black planters to try out his process but was refused. Finally on the plantation of Zenon Ramon really built and installed his system in 1834. But for some odd reason it failed as did another attempt in 1841. But in 1845 with machinery built exactly to his specifications he succeeded and start his system on the plantation of Theodore Packwood in New Orleans for the next decade he traveled from plantation to plantation installing his system. Since social customs forbid it entertaining this black engineer at home most planters provided him a special house with a staff of slave servants so they could confer and dine with him

while the installation took place. This satisfied with increasing restrictions on free blacks in the south. Really you know returning to France in 1861 when he got there he found that a German worker had copied his drawings and sold them to a factory in maggot a burka but lacking proper understanding of really ols designs it and other attempts failed. This prompted really yo to abandon engineering for two decades in 1881 he resumed his work and today his basic techniques are used in manufacturing sugar condensed milk soap gelatin glue and many other manufacturing processes. Although he is not well-known he made one of the world's greatest inventions. Really oh died in Paris in 1894. Norbert really are just one of many great

black Americans. Martin R. Delaney pioneer black physician colonization ist and

union army officer was born in Virginia Delaney was educated in the African Free School of New York City. The Canaan Academy in New Hampshire the only to institute in upper New York State and at the Harvard University Medical School Delaney tried to practice medicine in Pittsburgh but prejudice and poor profits drove him into other areas. He became a member of the British Association for the promotion of social science and published two books. The condition elevation immigration and destiny of the colored people of the United States and principal of ethanol AJI. Earlier he had published an unsuccessful newspaper the mystery and adjoined of Frederick Douglass in the publication of the North Star. He was a leader of the National Convention a movement of black Americans and the initial National negro convention met at Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia in 1830 delegates from Delaware

Maryland New York Pennsylvania and Virginia attended the convention adopted resolutions calling for improvements in the social status of American blacks. The delegates considered projects to establish a black college and to encourage blacks to immigrate to Canada. Neither of these proposals was approved. Opposition even a rose to the idea of a black convention at all. Yet because of Delaney these conventions continue to meet in the 10 years before the Civil War there was a rush of conventions. One of the most important was held in Rochester New York in 1853 during which a National Council of Colored People was formed. This group issued a memorable statement denouncing racial oppression in America and at the same time citing instances of black progress that lowing the passage of the Compromise of 1850 with his new Fugitive Slave Act.

Delaney became convinced that the United States was too inhospitable for persons of African descent. He turned his attention to colonization. He have to organize an expedition to Nigeria in 1858 negotiated treaties with eight African chiefs which granted lions for prospective American black settlers and began plans for the expanded production of cotton in that region and the development of a cotton export trade. During the Civil War Delaney was a medical officer with the rank of Major in the hundred fourth Union regiment in South Carolina. He settled in Charleston after the war working with the Freedmen's Bureau and later a justice of the peace. He was unsuccessful in his bid for lieutenant governor of South Carolina 974 disillusioned and discouraged. Delaney died in 89 85.

Martin R. Delaney just one of many great black Americans.