The Negro in America Society; 4; (Part 1 of 2); Adelaide Hill: Early Urbanization of the Negro

But the average person somehow feels this convince rather that the coming of the black man and woman to the big urban senses in some way accounts for the climb of the cities and the creation of the dirt. And they had a situation in which they are now the premise for this feeling is I think that the black people do not belong in cities all new to city life and I am indeed on ready if not incapable of functioning in it. And because these aren't ready and armed state negroes insist on coming into the cities. The good white and believing people have left the cities to them while the towns and the suburbs where they can live among people like themselves happily and remove from it all. The urban slave became a person more worldly more independent and controlling him no longer came in a personal way

from his master. This is not to say that he was free but certain circumstances were changing. So down in Detroit say Norris Rochester Cincinnati where I am a thriving urban Negro community before the Civil War. Man did people manage to live. Oh improve the lot of them. The negro church negro prison the Masonic and other fraternal orders literary and cultural societies as well as opportunities for them spoke coordinating prompt care o role within the phrase Negro community. In all they had a style of light and

sophistication that clearly marked them all as urban male teachers who told Johnny to be a waiter. All Susie to be a nice house girl. Never in their yard never seen a negro during any of that as some may have been in cities about it but I think just as many were not. So this was a product of the mold and situation in the south. People did see people didn't know where the old Doc so-and-so. You know you need to get to come around the side door you know why it is that he was known as a functioning member of the commune there was a Negro hospital maybe died there earlier but never that existed and people knew that and this had I think an effect on the image and their aspirations. I feel that we could box

and I've said and written and commented on it by me only by me finding myself saying it because it's only somehow it's wrong. I don't really know. Welcome to the fourth lecture of the community lecture series on the negro and American society. The community lecture series as you know is a cooperative educational program sponsored by 24 organizations in Roxbury and Newton. The purpose of the community lecture series is to present the true history of the Negro in America as a framework for understanding contemporary events and to expose persons from the Roxbury and Newton communities to Negro intellectuals who have made a substantial contribution to American society. I'll speak it tonight. Dr. Adelaide Hill will certainly bring a live all purpose which he has made substantial contributions to this nation

and particularly to the Greater Boston community. Dr. Hill was born in Washington D.C. in 1919 and was educated in the public schools. She is one of the many illustrious graduates of Dunbar High School which also claimed as alumni Dr. Charles penned heels and Senator Edward Brooke of this community I hasten to add that until 1954 I believe was 1953 Dunbar High School was a legally segregated institution with an all negro faculty and student body at that time it was one of the most outstanding public high schools in this country and educated some of the most fabulous people who have made tremendous contributions to this country. Dr. Hill attended Smith College where she earned a B.A. degree graduating in 1940 as a member of Phi Beta Kappa

in 1944 she earned a degree in social work from Bryn Mawr College and worked as a social worker for a number of years including a 10 year as executive secretary of the New England to Inglewood New Jersey Urban League. From 1942 to the present she has been a teacher of sociology at a variety of colleges including Hunter College in New York City Smith College and Boston University in 1952 she earned a doctorate degree from Radcliffe College her doctoral dissertation was on Boston's Negro community since 1953. She has devoted herself to African affairs in urban centers and African American Negro relations. In this regard she has been associated with Boston University's African Studies Program. Presently at Boston University She is assistant professor of sociology and resource search associate at the

African Studies Program. For a number of years she has taught an excellent course on Negro history in Harvard University's extension program. The impact of that course has been fantastic. It is in part responsible for the initiation of this community lecture series. Many of our former students are here tonight. They have come back to dip into this fabulous world. Dr. Hill is co-author with Martin kills and of a forthcoming anthology of Negro writings on Africa to be published in the spring by Frank Cass of London. She resides in Watertown with her husband and son. I waited a long time for this night. It is indeed a great pleasure to introduce to you Dr. Adelaide Hill who will speak on the early urbanization of the negro. Dr. Hill I.

It's always gone be sure. He must be a ministerial candidate too long friends and former students and whatnot it's nice to have you come back to hear the same material again. It's on the problems of teaching when you like to have students take your course the second time when you look down the road and say Oh all those jokes I can tell from this juror what am I going to do. Try not to be too repetitive. At least I hope not. Got us back to the banks and within the frame of reference of what I'm going to talk there will be some things and I hope some new things. It being history they've been not much new documentation on it since the last time I talked on the general question. As with Jones said I'm going to give some observations on the early urbanization of the negro. I think it's rather interesting to consider how we react when two words are put together in juxtaposition when they seem to belong together

or familiar to us. We feel comfortable we understand what's being said. As for example Greeks and culturally Italians in art or love or French inquisition or Germans in science and so forth and so on we need never to have known a Greek or to have a French meal or to be able to name one German man of science. We spilt all right but when we put two words together we don't feel belong together. We are uncomfortable. We're not exactly sure why but we are not certain our years have been regularly associated with the negro. We all know those are the years the good humor the cotton pickin proclivities. They wriggle their religiosity their poverty and their athletic prowess by the same token and those aren't necessarily incorrect ideas and it's not complete ideas and certain ideas have been associated with

cities and with urbanization. Cities are seeds a culture where one pan civilized man the highest manifestation of the arts occur in the cities. The man who inhabits a city as an urbanite is a man of culture and sophistication. City living gives him and demands of him these qualities. Lewis Mumford has written creatively and imaginatively in the spiel and speaks of the city in history and the culture of cities its strange and even ironic that we only speak and think negatively of the city when we see. Think of a negro in the city. The Negro is the unwanted unwelcome recent nonproductive member of a way of life so long revered and mar. Of course we all know when it meant that the automobile and high rise buildings and poor lighting and factory

dirt have played their part in destroying our cities. But the average person somehow feels this convince rather that the coming of the black man and woman to the big urban centers in some way accounts for the crime of the cities and the creation of the dirt and they had a situation in which they are now the premise for this feeling is I think that the black people do not belong in cities all new to city life. And I am indeed on ready if not incapable of functioning in it. And because these are in reading and armpit negroes insist on coming into the cities. The good white and believing people have left the cities to them while the towns and the suburbs where they can live among people like themselves happily and remove from it all. Of course since negroes are like other people because they are people some of them also have

left the city since 1980. 20 percent of the American population living in the cities of over 250000 has remained stationary. Only 10 percent of Americans today live in cities of over a million people. And according to a recent Gallup poll only 22 percent of the people want to live in cities they are reluctant resided as they are now this negative connotation of negroes and cities when put together in juxtaposition if you will is not new. Even in Africa where black men have lived for centuries Africans were supposed to be incapable of building cities all running cities. This was because I assume that cities are supposed to be possible as people where the literati gather or where strong chiefs of political figures hold sway. And McCain maintain law over the rounding countryside and of course the competence to do this. The bill to do this in the past of the day is

not something whites think negroes can do I think the point is pretty clearly bought the Marvel event about the issue of home rule in Washington. They just could not have cities that Negroes that is they could not. It be a promotional part of cities unless White put them emblem. Now this is ridiculous but we all know negroes build cities rule cities in the past and indeed have had a very long history of urbanization in those cities built by whites with I must add not not much to commend it. It is interesting that Africa provides examples of the extremes in the relation of Africans to city life because they are Africans have created cities and they are also Africans as a matter of explicit policy have been excluded from cities with the relatively popular writings of basal neighbors in which you all know we know about the old cities like Monroe and Timbuktu in Germany and Ghana. True many

have forgotten that these cities were response to expose you to Arabic in Sloan's But be that as it may they were an urban system with black rulers. Or shall we say not quite some time to just the residual category represent a bit more up to date in most of our thinking would be the famous cities of West Africa largely among Europe our cities were found by people the first Europeans to visit them. People like Clapperton and lander saw city life in West Africa as early as 1820. Farai and there are today among the your bow more than six cities are over a hundred thousand. And Thomas Hoskins a famous English political scientist and historian just gentle knowledgeable person about Africa reminds us not only among the euro but among the people in what is now a dial up city life was also important he has a little quote in the front of one of his chapters that says kids are positing Archiv must think Europol parody. He who has not been to committee will not

go to paradise. So come on sing Colonel Abba Kuta of Omega. Oh you know all these are seeds of African kingdoms where Negroes had the only color power I can call it Black Power. Ever think you know the African documentation. Let us know that when Europeans came to Africa come to what was then or the Rhodesia Kenya Southern Rhodesia antitank nic gum. Not to mention South Africa they built cities but they made rules to ensure all the Africans could. Not come to the cities permanently that they would be so journals only made to feel at home and comfortable only in the bush. Upon leaving Mother Africa the black man over there is a great exception and curiosity did not fail well in the cities of Europe and most certainly was not integrated into their urban way of life. Quite the opposite. His fate was so precarious that plans to settle Sierra Leone in West

Africa by the English in the 18th century were largely motivated by the desire to rid London of the menace of the black paw and a few white prostitutes. Most people remembering our anti belum days in this country recall the negro primarily as a slave. His presence off the plantation is hardly noted at all either in the south or in the north. He was in his urban role truly else an invisible man. But was he now. Closer there were time we could discuss the plantation as a social system because it's against this that we must describe or project the life of the negro in the city. The plantation has been described as a heterosexual parent tensioning where control was complete incentives rarely if not lacking and life was isolated lumps of good member scholar how or when the guest came. When punishment was given on the

plantation It was given by persons one new other master by the overseer. But all slaves never lived on plantations and of course also I used them all negroes were not slaves. But this. Was a nation I think in watching the scholar forced himself to study the negro in the somewhat less. Familiar role. As cowboy as whaler as a legislator and his townsmen. Of course we shall see some scholars did I really appreciate the fact that the negro was an urbanite. The boys from the Philadelphia negro published in 89. Which are discussed and then later on. As a classic. It's. All in our Faces of negroes in the urban system. Carter Woodson's a century of Negro migration published in 1980 also calls attention to the movement of negroes all the land to the larger urban centers of the south the north and the Midwest. Before the First World War and later 1945. On a long term contract come

Roy. Capture the mood and give the facts of this movement in a volume appropriately entitled. They see a city but it is now until 1964 that Richard C. Whaley described earlier urbanization of the Negro which began when he was a slight. In his book Slavery in the cities. The South 18 20 1860 what it did is cover reads is quote an attempt to find out what happened to slavery in an urban environment and to reconstruct the texture of the life of the negroes who lived in bondage in the 70s. In 1820. When slavery. Appear to be a secure institution in the south. Twenty percent of the population of the major cities in the south. Were slaves. Immobile. You Nora in Savannah and Charleston Richmond lawyer Bill Baltimore and Washington all the cities had a large percentage of the population which were slaves. And

certainly. As with the story of the city mouse and the Country Mouse. There were only a Palin could do the difference between the city slaves and the country slave. Most of the world over and over again. Of the difference between the field slave and the house slave and those that had not before heard eloquently described by Malcolm. But was so little known about urban slang. Isn't the problem or needed the plantation in which to wrap the slave in order to explain the system. Up until. 1848 the percentage of slave ownership was higher in the cities than in the countryside and between 1835 in 1845. Slavery was truly a part. Of urban life. In itself. The urban slave was punched to the right the south. People formed a wide variety of jobs and tobacco factories. And smelting factories railroad construction. And in Savannah at least.

In the fire departments. But I didn't think. It was estimated 400000 slaves lived in towns. Now you. Tell me why on the system and on the slate and as a person should not be minimized. First of all there was the hurried out system which also took place where slavery has occurred in other parts of the world but we aren't talking about it yet. When it's Mayor. Would hire out his labor to the highest bidder and then surely this was done by the master brought his slaves into town found the money more in services and got the best price. But the system developed the slaves himself. The responsibility. Of marrying out has become so his label and he can pocket the difference if he could make a good price. The master only wanted to be given what he would consider a fair price for not having services the slave himself and this of course is true because all slave masters were. Living on big plantation with magnolia trees that they didn't have the opportunity to use these

slaves and this was a kind of a way of investing reinvesting their property if you will but it gave us I think up more now than go to see even if I don't play that kind of involvement in the economic system which is all too rarely remembered if ever known. In addition to this question of powering up the cities there was a question of housing in the city's housing have been with us for generations. The problem and then only the urban pattern. Was that more or less similar to the one on the plantation. In other words the slaves came into the towns near behind their masters homes. In small two story buildings with no windows. And. All his bins of compound. Usually they had to go through the master's house to get to the airport was if you go to NATO countless others still find houses that maybe now hold in the new frontier and all the rest of us Service Corps. That's what they call them and George Washington's home anyhow.

However. This was never it was never. Legal to change this but custom permitted recognize the difficulty of care and explain how people got crowded there were two people in the compound and so gradually by just as I say where in a way are slaves permitted were permitted to find housing on their own. With their wives in quotes who often work elsewhere in these mines found accommodation wherever they could. Sometimes in the hallways or in rented roams and often they live with free Negroes. The consequence of this freedom of choice in living arrangements naturally had its effect in terms because it gave the first place the slave a kind of association with obviously not just Omar Saddam's plantation but on somebody else's plantation. As well as with. Free negroes who didn't blow all anybody's plantation and this kind of association with the fact that the slaves estimate of himself.

Is aspirations did not go unnoticed by whites. I have been called would say the white man forcing the cereal. No place for niggers. They get strange notions in their head and grow discontented. They are every one of them to be sent back to the plantation. I had occasion to this opening up of horizons that happened to the slaves. And their relationships abroad and in other ways they are now evil to trade in grocery stores I could buy what they wanted to eat what they want away are and they could say oh no that was they have produced. And those of you really worked for me before who've just read this bill you appreciate that on the plantation all these little things were were deployed just like they couldn't sell. They were penalized for showing a little enterprise rather than being rewarded. And all the decisions about what they want to eat and when they want to get it. All this was done for them so this kind of. Of stultifying experience I was minimize if not

eliminated when the plate came into the town. Also. Their social life broadened they could drink little bars and they could consort with women who were willing and women usually are take their money. It's interesting of course that these establishments for food and liquor and other entertainment. Won't generally run by whites. This is interesting only because people assume that you just can't communicate but it's amazing what economics can bring together. What I'm trying to say is that this lady in the city and only met more blacks in all the roles when he met more whites. In other roles he met. Whites who were slave masters but who were not his employers. He made employees who were not his owners. He did business. With wines. Outside the frame of reference of bondage. And apparently was quite. A lively business in law for those white lawyers who were paid to assist these slaves in buying their own freedom. As you again of those who know this

but you are generally they are. Emancipation was overwhelming good and we welcomed it. But there was a constant kind of of trying to do to get one's freedom in addition to money no way you could know with one way to have families metal legen and there were always people prepared to sell. Because. It was only probably it was a vested interest it wasn't profitable and they could make money by selling it was out. So slaves who came into the towns who made money naturally were looking for people to help them to buy themselves and mail them did theirs. In the towns also later became a part of a Negro community. They were introduced to institutions developed by that community. The Church for example which was a separate used to Sion plantation slaves worshiped with their. Family. And oftentimes in the balcony of the white church serving many families. In the south. In cities the church and the schools and just the Christian schools were apt to be at this stage the work of training grounds and the church was viewed as a dangerous institution as well

while writing or speaking of New Orleans making 39 said we have been trying to induce. Oh my word is to put down that greatest of all public nuisances and then perhaps in part against their masters. The Church on Romeo's scream when I'd say there is the urban slave became a different person. More worldly more independent. And controlling him and all that came in a personal way from his master. This is not to say that. Was free but certain circumstances were changing increasingly for example. Southern cities passed ordinances specifically directed to the slaves within their midst. When the slaves violated these and loitering on vagrancy or not having the dedication they were. Brought before the local justices and these justices would mete out punishment almost lives often much more severe than a master would have given. Because after all to imagine it was probably. You know ram your car knowingly into a into a

brick about but the judge was concerned it was a criminal and so there was some conflict there. It is clear also that an important aspect of the slave in the urban context was his opportunity to know friending grow. In some of the free negro performed a number of important tasks insulting. And often were people of considerable means they made quite a model for the slaves and accordingly also they were carefully watched the history of this group are you know goes back to the earliest days because some negroes were of the world were always free and as I've just said earlier others were constantly finding means to become free. And some of those chose to remain in the south. Especially until things got so bad near the Civil War. All up until I didn't turn for example the catagory of free Negroes increased rapidly. But then in another 10 12 years you have the Denmark the same revolt by Denmark to say who was a free negro in South Carolina and that all

began to make people think well you see we really can't trust these people and then the situation began to accelerate with the net turn revoked he was a slave. People associated with him were free. And from my 1830 all things began to get very difficult for the free negro. But there was he did exist as a free man which was as I say a very important incentive to slaves and they did associate the life of a free negro course was not. The best there and I replied no restrictions were added to him we couldn't own slaves that 1830 he could perform he couldn't to own firearms he couldn't own drugs and so forth and so on. Yet he had to take. Texas. And many of these people who are relatively well-off as I've said most of them however are operating as bombers artisans and mechanics. There was however sociability to the community of these free Negroes created for themselves. However outside of New Orleans I would. Suspect every negro was in no better

position than the white urbanites of his class in city as well. Was the white that is the organizational acculturation of the negro increased. With the experience of the Civil War and the reconstruction. Providing for him educational political religious and weaken opportunities. For his own development and interracial experience. This is all far too well known to you. We repeat what the department's. Disappointment at the Hayes children so far and the end of reconstruction. And the emergence of the Klan. The aggressive. Negro urbanite. Turner from the south. One group following vicious tradition of the biblical Moses. All the while the African kings of the past. Were men to the west part to well-known personages to the Middle West back as we call it now. Moses perhaps a rotten. And hairy arms. These men beginning in 1879 urged negroes from Mississippi and Louisiana to go to CAMHS Kansas of them had a kind of euphoria about the cause of the exploits of John Brown. But to

1879 eighteen eighty four. Six important columns were set up in Kansas by their activities back to spring. Look at beamers Morton city and Singleton perhaps Singleton also stole the communion Oklahoma bowling Robinson you will know is another. These communities have a story of their own than too little started and it was interesting to me at the recent meeting that I looked for this in my phone and couldn't find the man's name but one of the people who came to. That impels black. Conference in Washington was the mayor of bowling or one of the others of these towns and everybody said black power you should openly clap your words. I think it's important to stress the southern picture. Because it is almost unknown. An appreciation of it. Must do violence to certain stereotypes they are all over Negro before the Civil War in the south. It also explains to me at least one other worry that numbers of black men able to assume responsibility of a

government in the period of reconstruction already is in a comparable selected group of whites would have been you know I don't have to dwell on that too long but I think history sort of caught up with this but we used to feel that everybody who served as they just might not have a Congress who was a Negro was just a sort of a blubbering idiot with a look that was a morning coat but. Now I'm giving more serious attention to them to the background these people it's it's amazing how they did in fact bring together people with a wide range of kinds of experiences going all the way from European education to Northern education but even with just the average man living in it in Savannah. Could have had to move things but I'm now trying to convey to you I must experience now to compete with the legislators of that day. But you see the comfort in some of these today. IMO many or perhaps in this. Type of Negro in urbanization that I've tried to describe. Is a negro in the cities of the north. Now as I always say most people didn't see him in the north he was really Ellison's my ass.

He was largely ignored the community was the politically community and economically we committed to community. But so he had a role to play. Practice. Everybody now knows but nobody told even one of the northern cities has according to history was founded by negro she carboy powers have done a better job. But John. Baptist point to some. Was a fur trade and had a very interesting life and to marry an Indian woman all the rest of it. Built the old home of the mountains you call the ribbon 1779. And sold his land 900 for $1200 of it to cargo group is a better deal than the Indians government. So I don't doubt you. Boston Detroit St. Louis Rochester. Parents and scenarios. Were. This driving. Urban negro communities before the Civil War. The fact that you found these communities in these particular towns perhaps not related to the strength of Appalachian sentiment. In these

towns and also the Balfa station of the activities involved with the Underground Railroad which of course saying same thing all the way. But as I say they were weakened. Nevertheless. I don't want to have you feel that these were sterile communities because many people manage to live improve the lives within them. The negro church Negro press. The Masonic and other fraternal orders literary and cultural societies as well as opportunities platform spoke ordination protest Oh Rose within the fray negro communities in the mall. They had a style of life. And sophistication that clearly marked them all as urban. But many of my friends and students you may have heard me speak before. I think that I speak only of Boston. Which does make this a wonderful pathological case for most here. But. Because of the really very excellent documentation provided by Dr. Boyce let me make a few comments in terms

of this community. Will start to voice underscore for us about the city of brotherly love are the boys themselves States the problem where. Quote He says speaking of the Negro community in Philadelphia before the turn of the century. Here is a large group of people perhaps 25000 a city within a city who do not form an integral part of a larger social groups. This. Is not altogether unusual he goes on to say there are other unassimilated groups Jews Italians. Even Americans. I like that separation and yet in the case of the negroes the segregation is more conspicuous more pagan to the archive. The student must ask what is the real condition of this group of human beings. Oh is it composed. What subgroups enquires exists within it. What of the environment. Of the city and World of all my dear social environment the surrounding world customs wishes and whims. Do they have you

know they're often he says. This time the whole question to reduces itself. To a study of certain sound the spics. But this. Is not. The simple fact. Is symptom and unknowable removeable causes of Negro slums and people don't require the study that takes one from beyond the slum This makes one must know the history of the people about the Master about the rank and file of a great middle class which he describes in those days as being composed of laborers porters and waiters and then those at the top the caterers the clerks teachers professional men. Many of whom are well-to-do some are wealthy. All fairly well educated and some are liberally training. Then. There's. Many are the misapprehension and misstatements as to the social environment of the negro in the northern city. Sometimes. It is said. Here they are free and say then we'll set about Boston feels birthright. They have the same choice the same chance the army might be a tad nervous we

at other times it is said to be in Ramadan such that it's really more pressing than the situation in the southern cities have stated the case this way the boys then sought to avoid the extremes and tried to understand. The atmosphere which surrounded the negro. Which did. Put on. The atmosphere that surrounded most white. Difference of both mental attitude and moral standard and economics. Just. Judge judgment. So I know a lot of those you have made all the moco sometimes we look at another very complete study of demographic data on the negro age sex conjugal conditions birth education occupation family and all the rest does a real rundown on them as well as house by house. As well as. Their. Maladjustment step crime. The poverty there are all of them. And then you come. To some conclusions and I think because it is true in my field as I

always say to students at this particular book. What had been done about Negroes and not stand as a monument as a technique as the first of the. Best really very first first really good social survey the fact than did the negroes and the Chinese argue that you have his choice. But the technique is a thing that is important so therefore you go back to it and the same time the content you give the even if the technique were not so good. The comforted to consider that it was done over 60. Years ago this isn't just come out and some ABC document. It's all. He said. Several kind of revelations and I've tried to. Brief you on them. After all. Mr. Maher I am to the contrary notwithstanding. Occupational roles are still rather crucial in terms of the adjustment of people in our society who have several wives and have no wife I told her you can know what you want to but what do you draw. But if you're a man. That determines your position and you

know it as well as I know you have the right job at the right money or the right power and how they live out their own life. They may not be nice to their children as Mary will find their husbands. So the boys begins with the job situation I think makes more sense and he says as a result. As a consequence of Einstein with these people he may come to certain conclusions. First of all about good. Thing work. He says no matter how well-trained their world. The negro could not in the ordinary course of competition hope to be more than a menial servant in Philadelphia and as far as Negro Women are concerned. They only have three careers domestic service sewing or Mary and some of the men I want the latter. The last. As far as keeping a job he said the negro is forced to take the law wages for the same work. Then White workman. And a change in fashion. Can cause him to be placed replaced by whites in the better paid positions of domestic service. When was the last time you saw a negro

waiter in a big coat over the Parker House. As far. As entering new work is concerned breaking through this is with a little bit more days of the generalizations but not enough. They did some things that have been projected is new man are used to seeing the grows in inferior positions. So when one may go get a better position. Most people conclude he is not fit for it. Just think what would happen if and when we get our astronaut. Not right now because the thought of money is up but I mean in a few weeks. I want to get back to the same position again. Then tell us about news expenditures and no. Insofar as understanding community is concerned we in this country have a news a tool of the family but it is much has been done in Europe. But how would other than on relief rolls we don't raise spend too much time understand how we spend money in general but I think that. There is some drawings of this occasion that if people have enough money if they knew how to spend it they would be in a better position. So he says. The negro.

Must pay more house rent for worse houses the most white people pay. And in terms of just making his way through the city. He says the negro was sometimes liable to. Insult or reluctant service in some restaurants hotels and stores and public resorts theaters and places of recreation and nearly And yet nearly all barbershops and spices chilled. I'm saying they go home and you go children are discriminated against often in the public schools. They are advised when seeking employment to become waiters and mains. As far as. What you call social intercourse. Whites even know friends often ignore negroes on the streets. Whites feel as possible for them to call on here. But he isn't expected to reciprocate public indications are usually not meant for him in a public invited. That means all black public when you guys you cannot be buried. Beside white corpses and. Usually he says the result of this is because he is concerned

any. Of these things happening now in them would not be wrong. The BOLO Colts. Special Comment. But when one group of people some of those all of these little differences of people discrimination and insults continually The result is even discouragement of bitterness. All sensitivity has. All recklessness. And the people feel that they cannot do their best. That's sort of a kind of a nonstop only conclusion. Certainly. Certainly they cannot contribute as they should. Say are to the term society. Now all this defamation of the. Problem to place busy all the great migration before but this location is of the first Not to mention the Second World War. With all this talk about what public police did or did not do. Of all the point of a call from the private capital right. In a sense also really the fault of. The third of the three great waves of immigration came to our shores this is the way the situation was at that time. Now.

Now you know says. That and only so long ago and the disease still left untreated leaves one I think to ponder why. There's no question that the negro uses the city. Even in this country. That he's lived. As long as any other ethnic group. To say somehow. That all of a sudden these people came in ruin the city is not the true diagnosis. Nor would I feel provide the true solution. I think the boys stand. On the general social climate. Or as we would put it today to look at the values of the largest society not of the negro particularly does provide the answer. Right of all for me the answer is a simple one. I love the fact.

That deprived groups other than the negro have. Lived in the city. And oppressed all. And all without exception. I think we have to appreciate the fact. That most. Culturally indeed our Americans and successful Americans. Aren't. More anti negro than they are pro city. Prejudice against people of color. Is more firmly pervasive in this country there is a low of cities. Then the real conviction that cities are in fact. The seat of culture. The civilising forces. Of a society. Few Americans care for their cities as did the Romans for Rome the Florentines even recently performs the Peruvians repaired all. Doesn't mean I understand the Londoners from London. Well you could say I have said them. Bin ein Berliner and have it mean something to them as residents of that particular. Area. There is no.

No no. Of cities in this country. And this should not take this surprise us. This country was subtle and made strongly. Last night with some. But the presence of your. Presence in the usual sense. I'm out of the city. Thank goodness there are exceptions. Views have always been either urban dwellers. Urban oriented and I suspect the facts of war put out. Would show that much of the cultural heritage of all cities has been due to the labor of love of Jews. But most Americans have kept this. Lack. Of close affinity for the city. The peasant to rob the city was forced to live in the ghettos as soon as his resources permitted to move from the city. Living outside the city became a status symbol. Many former presidents continued to come to the city but the black person and the black urban I had the least to expect in the way of help other. Blared all play and really. It seems to me that if anyone wants an explanation of the juxtaposition of the negro am the city and the

meeting this is headed the potential citizen the irony. Actually. One only has to look at our national capital. I think Washington is a beautiful city I don't like where is located in the swamp that's where you live there are those bars the layout of the city the buildings of the city. Every time I go into Washington I am impressed by my values at least the beauty of that city. And yet the city with all the money to spend on. A better one bar rides. Who would rather make the day I suppose. From a study to the safety of southern exposure. Then just to enter into realms of mediocre homes built since the Second World War and brought the same some side rather than to stay in the lonely homes in Washington well built close to their jobs in the capital that is beautiful because to do so. Would risk. The possibility of exposure to an affinity with the negroes are and this can be repeated over and over again I mean you mean I think Pittsburgh is pretty. I don't either

but the issue is the same but I want you to understand computer tools for the clear. Fortunately for society and America our men chains are bare. And today I am faced with a crisis of the city and the unwillingness of Negroes to disappear from the cities. Many people are slowly reevaluating the our assessment of black man. And their assessment of the charm and civility of city life. If they learn fast enough. And that quickly enough. Both the negro and the city will become acceptable and revere aspects of American culture. Thanks I. Was. Thank you very much Dr. Hill. Before we bring you back to the podium so that

people can ask questions we can have a discussion period. I like to make a couple of announcements. But like you to know that we have made a decision. Those of us who are involved in. Planning the lecture series to go ahead next year and to establish this series on a permanent basis. I like to say a thank you to Mr. Hennessy of the patentee Campbell school the principal who has been so cooperative in making possible these facilities for the lecture series. I don't think Mr. Hennessy is here tonight but I do want to thank him publicly anyway at this time I'd like to bring Dr. Hill back to the podium and let's have our first question. Well.

I. Oh you mean the question is are there any examples with the Negro community has really flourished in the community. I mean I don't know how quite how to answer that I think that in terms of having access to this world's goods. There are a number of communities where the negro has flourished. I think it lander is one I think Chicago's another and Detroit's another not. And Los Angeles is another. If you mean flourish to the extent of being close to the wheels of power up and making fundamental decisions about the functioning of that society I think I would be inclined to say no I don't think the need to my knowledge I don't think the Negro community as yet has been

able to wield the kind of progressive positive. Impact on the larger society that is resources ought to make it do so I think it is been the we can probably by divisions by survival in many cases. And. It has been. I was going to make a comment and I guess it comes in at this point as well as any I could weave it into my subject so you'll have to hear it now. But I think the question is the relation of the Negro community to the negro to the community in which he is. And I think in every city as a chap of the name of Johnson pointed out in a study of Rochester I think it does make image where it is that Negroes and I think other minority groups have a bifocal ality about their relationship. By that I mean this that.

You have negroes who live in the ghetto who think and act as though they don't. And you have negroes who live outside the ghetto who think and act as though they live in the ghetto. And you have the other two bears. And with the result of that kind of division you don't get the bringing together of the community that would give the kind of impact that you would want. In other words it means nothing to study hall Rockbridge all or any negro ghetto as a simple counting of heads. It's a matter of values and same thing will be true of Newton. Now I know. Yeah. You know somebody did there's always somebody who does. Do you know about that but you want to know me. You did know that on the first night. All that now I'm back in harness again.

Yes. No actually as the young lady behind you I'm sure I could tell you and others the fact of the matter is insofar as the law is concerned the irony of it is that the first law into its path into Genya that really is considered the cornerstone of establishing the status of slavery. It was a result of a legal case by a black slave and his black master. In other words everybody knows this material knows the coming of slavery with a slow thing. And they have to be built into the law and the one I had originally was not a permanent tenure. And this lady whose name I've forgotten as well as a master but is pretty well-known in the book will point out who wanted to be free after a period of indenture and his master wanted to hold him in servitude for life was carried to the court and he was given the right to keep this man as a slave for life which gave a legal basis

to slavery you say. There were many I mean it's not something we generally talk about enough to probably. Lose one of the more impact. But but the fact of the matter is it's an economic system and of course you make you see this all over the world with slavery is. I mean negroes are sinners too and they were permitted to own them and they did own them. But after the change in the position I mean I said that laughingly though this is true with all the laws is not a federal law. And so there would be variations from state to state and perhaps even within states so that it wouldn't surprise me if you said Oh but I do know somebody who own this aura. That's right. Well you say you did have the slavery all over this country initially so you had slavery

and you know. I always say in my classes Mrs. Hicks knows of this was that so you must know of him and the Christmas house was a runaway slave in Massachusetts. So these people would be both free and a slave people. But gradually slavery was eliminated in the north it was unworkable and by oh I guess by the civil war I mean by the Revolutionary War it minimized but survived the negroes in New York was concerned it was a large group of the very combative group they were involved in a number of riots in New York as you may have read but they were free but living as they were in Boston under as I tried to indicate under extremely precarious situation economically there was no place in the economy for them because we said would you want to say about slavery provide a place in the economy for you. And the problem was where will you put these people in a free society. We haven't solved it yet. And then let me say you know the book.

Well I think you think you give some back to Newark coming by Roy hotly. Well it's as I was saying to him talking that over that that we would say we were having a discussion about something near east. He was telling me is a wine list and I was listening is oh I did. And we came to the agreement he and I was about 70 some older that you know we shouldn't be so so taken up by a new book some of the best material in the old books that's why I went back to the boys. But the oddly book could well stand reissuing and I don't think it has been he wrote two three books but this book new world coming. I would recommend not hold the library. It will. It's about home but do you own the New York negro. And if I recall he has a pretty good background about the African school there the African plate it was a it was an interesting community. It not has been written about too much but in the end then he brings it up right up to the wall were first and second world war. Why don't I like Martin. Well now that the the question

is what are there any other studies that worth noting between Monahan and between Dubois and Monaghan.