PBS NewsHour Weekend; PBS NewsHour Weekend : KQED : November 28, 2015 5:30pm-6:01pm PST

Captioning sponsored by WNET ON THIS EDITION FOR SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28th: THE SUSPECTED GUNMAN, IN CUSTODY FOR YESTERDAY'S SHOOTING IN COLORADO, IS IDENTIFIED; AND IN OUR SIGNATURE SEGMENT, SAN FRANCISCO'S BOLD PLAN TO ELIMINATE ALL NEW INFECTIONS OF H.I.V., THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES AIDS.

>> WE KNOW HOW TO PREVENT THIS DISEASE, WE KNOW HOW TO TREAT THIS DISEASE. SO WHY WOULD WE NOT WANT TO PREVENT EVERY SINGLE INFECTION AND PREVENT EVERY SINGLE DEATH?

>> Sreenivasan: NEXT, ON PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND.

>> PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY: LEWIS B. AND LOUISE HIRSCHFELD CULLMAN. BERNARD AND IRENE SCHWARTZ. JUDY AND JOSH WESTON. THE CHERYL AND PHILIP MILSTEIN FAMILY. THE CITI FOUNDATION. SUPPORTING INNOVATION AND ENABLING URBAN PROGRESS. SUE AND EDGAR WACHENHEIM, III. CORPORATE FUNDING IS PROVIDED BY MUTUAL OF AMERICA-- DESIGNING CUSTOMIZED INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RETIREMENT PRODUCTS. THAT'S WHY WE ARE YOUR RETIREMENT COMPANY. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: AND BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING, AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. FROM THE TISCH WNET STUDIOS AT LINCOLN CENTER IN NEW YORK, HARI SREENIVASAN.

>> Sreenivasan: GOOD EVENING AND THANKS FOR JOINING US. POLICE IN COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO, HAVE IDENTIFIED THE SUSPECT IN YESTERDAY'S MASS SHOOTING AT A PLANNED PARENTHOOD CLINIC. AUTHORITIES SAY 57-YEAR-OLD ROBERT LEWIS DEAR SHOT TWELVE PEOPLE-- KILLING THREE OF THEM-- BEFORE A FIVE-HOUR STANDOFF ENDED WITH HIS SURRENDER TO POLICE. DEAR IS SCHEDULED TO MAKE HIS FIRST COURT APPEARANCE MONDAY. THE COLORADO SPRINGS POLICE DEPARTMENT HAS YET TO DETAIL WHAT KIND OF GUN WAS USED, WHETHER THE GUNMAN HAD ANY CONNECTION TO THE WOMEN'S HEALTH FACILITY, OR HIS MOTIVE. PLANNED PARENTHOOD SAID TODAY, DESPITE THE ATTACK, IT WILL" NEVER BACK AWAY" FROM PROVIDING ITS REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH SERVICES, WHICH INCLUDE PROVIDING ABORTIONS. AMONG THE FATALITIES WAS 44-YEAR-OLD UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO POLICE OFFICER GARRETT SWASEY, A MARRIED, FATHER OF TWO WHO WAS AMONG THE FIRST OFFICERS ON THE SCENE. FIVE OTHER OFFICERS WERE ALSO SHOT AND ARE EXPECTED TO RECOVER AS ARE FOUR OTHER PEOPLE WHO WERE WOUNDED. PARIS REMAINS ON A HIGH SECURITY ALERT AS 194 DELEGATIONS BEGIN ARRIVING FOR THE TWO-WEEK UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE THAT BEGINS MONDAY. SINCE TERRORIST ATTACKS KILLED 130 PEOPLE TWO WEEKS AGO, FRANCE'S INTERIOR MINISTER SAYS THE GOVERNMENT HAS DEEMED A THOUSAND PEOPLE SECURITY RISKS AND BARRED THEM FROM ENTERING THE COUNTRY. PRESIDENT OBAMA IS AMONG 150 HEADS OF STATE SCHEDULED TO ATTEND THE CONFERENCE. AROUND THE WORLD TODAY...THERE WERE MARCHES URGING LEADERS TO AGREE ON CUTS IN EMISSIONS OF HEAT-TRAPPING GASES THAT ARE CAUSING A RISE IN GLOBAL TEMPERATURES. DEMONSTRATORS CALLED ON THEIR COUNTRIES ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE TO RATIFY PLANS TO REDUCE THEIR CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS. A MARCH THAT HAD BEEN PLANNED TODAY IN PARIS WAS CANCELLED, DUE TO THE SECURITY ALERT, BUT FRENCH PRESIDENT FRANCOIS HOLLANDE MET ENVIRONMENTALISTS TODAY AT THE ELYSEE PALACE. ALSO ON MONDAY, AMERICA'S RICHEST MAN, BILL GATES, IS EXPECTED TO ANNOUNCE THE LAUNCH OF A NEW MULTI-BILLION DOLLAR FUND TO RESEARCH CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, ACCORDING TO" CLIMATE WIRE." GATES, THE CO-FOUNDER OF MICROSOFT, IN IS PARIS FOR THE CLIMATE CONFERENCE. GATES PREVIOUSLY ANNOUNCED HE WOULD DONATE A BILLION DOLLARS OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH. FORBES ESTIMATES HIS WEALTH AT $76 BILLION DOLLARS. MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES ARRIVING IN EUROPE ARE FINDING ANOTHER TEMPORARY OBSTACLE IN THE BALKANS. TODAY, MACEDONIA BEGAN PUTTING UP A TEN-FOOT-HIGH METAL FENCE ALONG ITS SOUTHERN BORDER WITH GREECE, TO STEM THE FLOW AND PREVENT ILLEGAL BORDER CROSSINGS. SOME MIGRANTS THREW ROCKS AT MACEDONIAN POLICE, WHO RESPONDED WITH TEAR GAS AND STUN GRENADES. MACEDONIA JOINS HUNGARY IN PUTTING UP A BORDER FENCE TO RESTRICT THE MOVEMENT OF MIGRANTS WHO ARE MOSTLY FROM SYRIA, IRAQ, AND AFGHANISTAN. THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION ESTIMATES 900,000 MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES HAVE ARRIVED IN EUROPE THIS YEAR. THE WIRE SERVICE "A.F.P." SAYS AN ISLAMIC EXTREMIST GROUP WITH TIES TO AL QAEDA HAS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK TODAY ON UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPERS IN THE WEST AFRICAN NATION OF MALI. THE U.N. SAYS MORTARS WERE FIRED INTO ITS BASE AT DAWN, KILLING TWO SOLDIERS AND A CONTRACTOR. THE ATTACK OCCURRED EIGHT DAYS AFTER ISLAMIST MILITANTS SHOT AND KILLED 20 PEOPLE AT A HOTEL IN MALI'S CAPITAL. AN ISLAMIST INSURGENCY PROMPTED FRENCH FORCES TO INTERVENE IN THE COUNTRY IN 2013; THAT SAME YEAR, THE UNITED NATIONS ESTABLISHED A PEACEKEEPING MISSION IN MALI. POPE FRANCIS IS IN UGANDA ON THE SECOND LEG OF HIS AFRICAN TOUR. TODAY, THE POPE DELIVERED MASS BEFORE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE AT A SHRINE FOR CHRISTIAN MARTYRS IN UGANDA. THE NATION IS A FORMER BRITISH COLONY WHERE 40% OF THE POPULATION IS CATHOLIC. ENCOURAGING THE FAITHFUL TO HONOR THE 19th CENTURY CATHOLICS AND ANGLICANS PERSECUTED FOR THEIR FAITH, THE POPE URGED FOLLOWERS TO TAKE CARE OF "THE ELDERLY, THE POOR, THE WIDOWED, AND THE ABANDONED." POPE FRANCIS HEADS TO THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC TOMORROW.

>> Sreenivasan: RUSSIAN PRESIDENT VLADMIR PUTIN IS ORDERING SANCTIONS AGAINST TURKEY IN RETALIATION FOR TURKEY SHOOTING DOWN A RUSSIAN WARPLANE ON TUESDAY. TURKEY CONTENDED THE SYRIA-BOUND RUSSIAN PLANE HAD ENTERED TURKEY'S AIRSPACE WITHOUT PERMISSION. THE ACT ALREADY PROMPTED RUSSIA TO DEPLOY SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILES INSIDE SYRIA TO PROTECT ITS AIRCRAFT CARRYING OUT AIR STRIKES IN SYRIA. NOW RUSSIA WILL RESTRICT THE IMPORT OF CERTAIN TURKISH GOODS AND PROHIBIT TRAVEL AGENCIES FROM SELLING TOURS TO TURKEY. EARLIER TODAY, TURKISH PRESIDENT RECEP ERDOGAN EXPRESSED REGRET FOR SHOOTING DOWN THE RUSSIAN PLANE.

>> ( translated ): WE ARE REALLY SADDENED BY THIS INCIDENT. WE WOULDN'T HAVE WISHED THIS TO HAPPEN, BUT UNFORTUNATELY IT DID. I HOPE THIS WILL NOT HAPPEN AGAIN. TURKEY HAS NEVER BEEN IN FAVOR OF TRIGGERING TENSIONS AND CLASHES, AND WE NEVER WILL BE.

>> Sreenivasan: JOINING ME NOW TO DISCUSS RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC RESPONSE IS KIMBERLY MARTEN, A PROFESSOR AT BARNARD COLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HERE IN NEW YORK. WHY THIS BACK AND FORTH? WHY THIS ESCALATION ON THE PART OF RUSH HOUR AND REALLY ATTEMPTED DE-ESQUE ALATION ON THE PART OF TURKEY?

>> WELL, TURKEY ISN'T DE-ESCALATING AS MUCH AS THEY COULD. THEY DID NOT FOLLOW STANDARD PRACTICE IN SHOOTING DOWN THE RUSSIAN PLANE. THEY MIGHT HAVE GIVEN SOME VERBAL WARNING BUT THEY COULD HAVE ESCORTED THE PLANE TO GET IT OFF OF TURKISH TERRITORY. THEY COULD HAVE FIRED WARNING SHOTS. TURKEY IS NOT THE VICTIM HERE. AND I THINK THAT IT'S NOT SURPRISING THAT RUSH HOUR IS VERYANG ABOUT WHAT'S HAPPENING. PUTIN IS SORT OF FOLLOWING HIS NORMAL PATTERN OF BEING MORE ANGRY THAN HE NEEDS TO BE AND OF TAKING MORE EXTREME ACTION THAN HE NEEDS TO TAKE IN RESPONSE

>> Sreenivasan: MOST IN THE U.S. DON'T REALIZE HOW CLOSE AND HOW CONNECTED RUSSIA AND TURKEY ARE. AS I WASSE I WAS READING THIS, S ONE OF THE BIGGEST DESTINATIONS FOR RUSSIANS TO GET OUT OF COUNTRY.

>> YES, HUGE TOURIST DESTINATION, A LOT OF TRADE. BUT IT'S SURPRISING THAT PUTIN'S REACTION IS WE'RE GOING TO HAVE ALL THESE VERY STRONG ECONOMIC SANCTIONS BUT INTO PLACE AGAINST TURKEY. YOU WONDER WHO IS LEFT TO BE TRADING WITH RUSSIA? RUSSIA HAS PUT SANCTIONS AGAINST THE EUROPEAN UNION. NOW THEY HAVE SANCTIONS AGAINST TURKEY. WHERE ARE THEIR FRIENDS, EXACTLY? IT SEEMS THEIR ONLY FRIENDS AT THIS POINT ARE SYRIA AND RUSSIAN

>> Sreenivasan: THIS COULD HAVE A RIPPLE EFFECT ON THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY WHICH ISN'T DOING TOO GREAT.

>> THE FORMER PRIME MINISTER OF RUSSIA MADE THAT POINT PUBLICLY SAYING THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE GOOD FOR THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY. IT IS GOING TO HURT THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY AS BADLY AS THE TURKISH ECONOMY. THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY WAS ALREADY IN RECESSION PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF LOW OIL PRICES. JUST SEEMS LIKE PUTIN EXPRESSES ANGER IN WAYS THAT ACTUALLY SHOOT WHERE YO RUSSIA IN THE FOT

>> Sreenivasan: TURKEY HAS A LOT TO LOSE IN THIS. THEY NEED ALL OF THE ENERGY THEY GET FROM RUSSIA.

>> THEY DO. THEY HAVE A HUGE AMOUNT OF NATURAL GAS THAT THEY ARE IMPORTING FROM RUSSIA. THERE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A NEW PIPELINE THAT WAS GOING TO GO INTO EFFECT TO ALLOW RUSSIA TO BYPASS UKRAINE IN ITS GAS EXPORTEXPORTS TO EUROPE THAT NOS LIKE IT'S ON THE ROCKS. ALTHOUGH, PEOPLE REALIZE THAT WASN'T VERY PROFITABLE ANYWAY. SO THAT MAY HAVE BEEN AN EXCUSE TO GET AROUND IT. IT ALSO SEEMS LIKE THEY MIGHT LOSE HUGHES GRAIN IMPORTS FROM RUSSIA AND UCRANE CRAIN IS STEPPING IN SAYING, "TURKEY, IF YOU NEED GRANGE WE'RE HERE. WE'LL HELP YOU." IT COULD CEMENT FURTHER TRADE RELATION BETWEENS UKRAINE AND TURKEY AND TURKEY AND ITS EUROPEAN PARTNERS. WHAT PUTIN SEEMS TO BE DOING OVER AND OVER AGAIN IS JUST DRIVING MORE AND MORE OPPONENTS TO HAVE COMMON INTERESTS AGAINST WHAT HE'S DOING

>> Sreenivasan: LET'S TALK A LITTLE ABOUT THE RUSSIANS SEEM TO BE TARGETING TURKISH ANTI-ASSAD FORCES. AND REALLY, IN THE LAST COUPLE OF DAYS AFTER THE DOWNING OF THIS JET, THEY SEEM TO INTENSIFY THOSE ATTACKS.

>> AND IN A SENSE, THAT'S NOT COMPLETELY NEW BECAUSE WE KNOW FOR THE LAST COUPLE OF MONTHS THAT RUSSIA HAS BEEN ON THE GROUND IN SYRIA. THEY HAVE NOT PRIMARILY BEEN GOING AFTER ISLAMIC STATE TARGETS. SO THESE PEOPLE THAT ARE BEING HIT NOW WERE PEOPLE BEING HIT EARLIER, TOO. BUT, YES, THAT'S PART OF THE RETALIATION. RATHER THAN WHAT YOU-- YOU KNOW, WHAT WOULD BE THE SENSIBLE THINK OF THE RUSSIAN PLANE SHOULD AVOID THE TURKISH BORDER AND WE'LL TRY TO BALK A LITTLE BIT. IT SEEMS PUTIN IS SAYING SEND THE PLANES RIGHT INTO THE TURKISH BORDER AREA AND HIT AGAINST THE TURKMEN GROUPS THAT TURKEY IS COOPERATING WITH THE MOST IN SYRIA

>> Sreenivasan: WHAT IS THE U.S. ROLE IN ALL OF THIS? WE NEED TURKEY RIGHT NOW. THEIR AIRBASE HELPS US GET OFF THE GROUND TO BOMBING RUNS MUCH EASIER. BUT HOW DO WE HELP NEGOTIATE THIS FIGHT?

>> IT'S VERY COMPLICATED BECAUSE THE SUZ ALSO GIVING SUPPORT TO KURDISH REBELS IN SYRIA, AND TURKEY IS HAVING PROBLEMS WITH ITS OWN KURDISH POPULATIONS AND TRYING TO RESTRICT ITS OWN KURDISH POPULATION. SO THE U.S. AND TURKISH INTERESTS ARE NOT COMPLETELY ALIGNED EITHER, SO THE ENTIRE CELTICS IS EXTRAORDINARILY COMPLEX. IT DOESN'T BREAK DOWN EASILY INTO ONE SET OF ALLIANCES

>> Sreenivasan: KIMBERLY MARTEN OF BARNARD COLLEGE AND COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY. THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

>> THANK YOU, HARI.

>> Sreenivasan: THE UNITED NATIONS REPORTED YESTERDAY THAT" AIDS" IS NOW THE SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR ADOLESCENTS AROUND THE WORLD, AND THE NUMBER OF 10-TO-19-YEAR-OLDS DYING FROM AIDS HAS TRIPLED SINCE THE YEAR 2000. IN THE UNITED STATES, ABOUT 50,000 PEOPLE EVERY YEAR ARE INFECTED WITH "H.I.V.," THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES AIDS. IN SAN FRANCISCO, PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS AND DOCTORS ARE PUSHING A PLAN TO LOWER NEW INFECTIONS IN THEIR CITY TO ZERO, WITH WIDER USE OF THE DRU" TRUVADA," WHICH HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REDUCE INFECTION RATES. NEWSHOUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT JOHN CARLOS FREY REPORTS ON THE CHALLENGES OF "PLAN ZERO," IN THIS UPDATED SIGNATURE SEGMENT WE FIRST BROADCAST IN APRIL.

>> Reporter: AT WARD 86, A BUSTLING OUTPATIENT H.I.V. CLINIC AT SAN FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL, NURSE DIANE JONES DROPS EVERYTHING WHEN THIS PAGER GOES OFF. IT MEANS THAT SOMEONE IN THE CITY JUST TESTED H.I.V. POSITIVE.

>> SO, I'M GOING TO MAKE HIM AN APPOINTMENT.

>> Reporter: JONES IS FOLLOWING A PROTOCOL CALLED "RAPID," WHICH IS DESIGNED TO GET NEW H.I.V. POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS INTO TREATMENT IMMEDIATELY.

>> JUST GOT DIAGNOSED TODAY, LAST NEGATIVE WAS JUNE.

>> Reporter: JONES SCRAMBLES TO MAKE PLANS FOR THE NEW PATIENT WHO IS SEEN JUST HOURS LATER. IT'S PART OF AN AMBITIOUS PLAN IN SAN FRANCISCO TO COMPLETELY END NEW H.I.V. INFECTIONS. EACH YEAR ABOUT 50,000 PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES ARE INFECTED WITH H.I.V.. IN THE U.S. AND WHILE THE DISEASE HAS MOVED OFF THE FRONT PAGES AS TREATMENT HAS MADE INFECTION MORE OF A MANAGEABLE CHRONIC CONDITION, AN ESTIMATED 13,700 PEOPLE STILL DIE FROM AIDS IN THE U.S. EACH YEAR. GLOBALLY, AN ESTIMATED 1.5 MILLION PEOPLE ARE KILLED. IT'S THE 6TH LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH. IN SAN FRANCISCO, THERE ARE RELATIVELY FEW NEW H.I.V. INFECTIONS-- 302 IN 2014, THE LATEST YEAR STATISTICS ARE AVAILABLE, AND IT OVERWHELMINGLY AFFLICTS GAY MEN. THE NUMBER OF NEW H.I.V. INFECTIONS HAS BEEN FALLING FOR EIGHT YEARS. TODAY, PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS, DOCTORS, AND ACTIVISTS ARE INCREASING THEIR EFFORTS TO BRING THAT NUMBER ALL THE WAY DOWN TO ZERO.

>> WE ARE TALKING ABOUT ENDING THE H.I.V. EPIDEMIC.

>> Reporter: DR. DIANE HAVLIR IS CHIEF OF THE H.I.V./AIDS DIVISION AT SAN FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL AND A FOUNDER OF THE CITY'S "GETTING TO ZERO" CONSORTIUM.

>> H.I.V. IS ONE OF THE WORST EPIDEMICS OF ITS TIME. IT'S TAKEN A HUGE TOLL ON OUR CITY, A HUGE TOLL ALL AROUND THE WORLD. WE KNOW HOW TO PREVENT THIS DISEASE, WE KNOW HOW TO TREAT THIS DISEASE. SO WHY WOULD WE NOT WANT TO PREVENT EVERY SINGLE INFECTION, AND PREVENT EVERY SINGLE DEATH?

>> Reporter: IN SAN FRANCISCO, WHICH HAS SPENT 400 MILLION DOLLARS FIGHTING H.I.V. OVER THE LAST DECADE, THIS PLAN CALLS FOR CONTROVERSIAL NEW DRUGS AS WELL AS ESTABLISHED PREVENTION STRATEGIES. BUT IT STARTS WITH IMMEDIATE TREATMENT FOR NEW H.I.V. INFECTIONS.

>> IT DID, OKAY.

>> Reporter: ONE OF DR. HAVLIR'S PATIENTS, JOSE, WHO IS OPENLY GAY BUT ASKED THAT WE CONCEAL HIS IDENTITY BECAUSE HIS FAMILY DOESN'T KNOW ABOUT HIS HEALTH ISSUE, WENT THROUGH THE "RAPID" PROTOCOL WHEN HE WAS DIAGNOSED WITH H.I.V. ALMOST A YEAR AGO.

>> SAY "AHHHH."

>> Reporter: WITHIN 24 HOURS OF BEING DIAGNOSED, JOSE WAS HERE AT WARD 86, AND DAYS LATER RECEIVING H.I.V. MEDICATION.

>> I WAS ON MEDICATION ON THE THIRD DAY, AND UNDETECTABLE WITHIN LESS THAN 30 DAYS.

>> Reporter: UNDETECTABLE, MEANING HIS H.I.V. VIRAL LOAD HAD BEEN REDUCED BY MEDICATION TO THE POINT WHERE IT COULDN'T BE DETECTED. AND THE FASTER A NEW PATIENT IS UNDETECTABLE, THE FASTER HE REDUCES HIS CHANCE OF TRANSMITTING THE VIRUS TO OTHERS. IN SAN FRANCISCO, ABOUT TWO-THIRDS OF H.I.V.-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS ARE VIRALLY- SUPPRESSED, LIKE JOSE-- MORE THAN DOUBLE THE NATIONAL AVERAGE. BUT THAT REQUIRES AN ENORMOUS EFFORT.

>> THEY MIGHT END UP IN THE HOSPITAL, THAT'S WHEN WE'RE GOING TO MEET THEM AGAIN.

>> Reporter: WE FOLLOWED SOCIAL WORKER SANDRA TORRES ON THE BUS AS SHE CHECKED UP ON A FEW PATIENTS WHO NEEDED EXTRA HELP KEEPING UP WITH THEIR APPOINTMENTS. SHE AND OTHER SOCIAL WORKERS ARE CONTINUALLY TRACKING PEOPLE DOWN.

>> WE'RE GOING TO KNOCK ON THE DOOR.

>> Reporter: IN THE GRITTY TENDERLOIN DISTRICT, WE WENT TO A SINGLE-ROOM OCCUPANCY HOTEL WHERE AN H.I.V.-POSITIVE PATIENT WAS STAYING. HE'S AN INTRAVENOUS DRUG USER AND NOT TAKING MEDICATION.

>> HI HONEY, HOW YOU DOING?

>> Reporter: TORRES DROPPED OFF AN APPOINTMENT REMINDER, AND I ASKED HER ABOUT THE PATIENT AFTERWARD. IT SEEMS LIKE AN ENORMOUS EFFORT FOR ONE PERSON.

>> THAT'S WHAT IT'S GONNA TAKE, THOUGH. THAT IS ABSOLUTELY WHAT IT'S GONNA TAKE.

>> Reporter: BUT IN SAN FRANCISCO, "GETTING TO ZERO" IS ALSO BANKING ON THE EXPANDED USE OF A NEW TOOL: A DRUG THAT PROTECTS INDIVIDUALS FROM BECOMING INFECTED WITH H.I.V.. IT'S CALLED TRUVADA.

>> IF YOU TAKE THE PILL ONCE A DAY, AND YOU TAKE IT CONSISTENTLY, YOU WILL REDUCE YOUR RISK OF H.I.V. INFECTION BY, AT LEAST, 90%, AND PERHAPS AS HIGH AS 99%.

>> Reporter: SCOTT WIENER IS AN ELECTED CITY SUPERVISOR AND A MEMBER OF THE "GETTING TO ZERO" CONSORTIUM.

>> IT JUST MAKES SENSE FOR PEOPLE TO CONSIDER THIS ADDITIONAL PREVENTION TOOL. IT MADE SENSE FOR ME. AND I'M GLAD THAT I'M ON IT.

>> Reporter: WIENER, WHO REPRESENTS THE LARGELY GAY CASTRO DISTRICT AND WHO IS GAY HIMSELF, WENT PUBLIC ABOUT HIS OWN USE OF THE DRUG REGIMEN LAST FALL, AND MAKES TAKING THE ONCE- A-DAY-PILL PART OF HIS ROUTINE EACH MORNING.

>> MY DECISION TO DISCLOSE IS REALLY TO RAISE AWARENESS, SO MORE PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT IT AND LOOK INTO IT, TO TRY TO INCREASE ACCESS AND PROVIDE MOMENTUM FOR BETTER ACCESS AND TO TRY TO REDUCE STIGMA. SO WHATEVER STEREOTYPES PEOPLE HAVE, MAYBE WE CAN HELP BREAK THOSE STEREOTYPES.

>> Reporter: INCLUDING THE STEREOTYPES RAISED BY SOME CRITICS THAT TAKING A PILL THAT PREVENTS H.I.V. INFECTION WOULD LEAD TO MORE PROMISCUOUS BEHAVIOR.

>> Reporter: WE'RE TALKING ABOUT A DRUG THAT IN SOME CIRCLES HAS A STIGMA OF OPENING THE DOOR TO A FREE-WHEELING SEX SOCIETY. H.I.V.'S NO LONGER A THREAT AND WE DON'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT UNPROTECTED SEX. DO YOU GET ANY OF THAT BACKLASH?

>> THERE ARE SOME PEOPLE WHO HAVE THAT VIEW. AND IT'S REALLY THE SAME ARGUMENT AS WHEN PEOPLE WOULD ARGUE IF YOU GIVE WOMEN ACCESS TO THE BIRTH CONTROL PILL, YOU'RE JUST GONNA ENCOURAGE THEM TO BE PROMISCUOUS. OR IF YOU VACCINATE YOUNG GIRLS AGAINST H.P.V. YOU'RE GONNA TURN THEM INTO, I THINK ONE PERSON SAID, "YOU'LL TURN THEM INTO NYMPHOMANIACS." OR IF YOU GIVE SEX-ED TO HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS OR MIDDLE-SCHOOL STUDENTS YOU'RE GONNA ENCOURAGE THEM TO BE PROMISCUOUS. THESE ARE COMPLETELY SPECIOUS ARGUMENTS. THIS IS ABOUT GIVING PEOPLE EVERY TOOL AVAILABLE TO PROTECT THEIR SEXUAL HEALTH.

>> Reporter: THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION APPROVED THE DRUG TRUVADA FOR H.I.V. PREVENTION THREE YEARS AGO. AND LAST YEAR THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL ISSUED GUIDELINES RECOMMENDING THE DRUG FOR ANYONE WITH A SUBSTANTIAL RISK OF H.I.V. INFECTION. IN SAN FRANCISCO, RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT WIDER ADOPTION OF TRUVADA COULD DRAMATICALLY REDUCE NEW H.I.V. INFECTIONS IN A STUDY PUBLISHED IN SEPTEMBER, SAN FRANCISCO'S LARGEST PRIVATE HEALTH INSURER, KAISER PERMANENTE, FOUND THAT NOT ONE OF ITS 657 CLIENTS TAKING TRUVADA HAD BECOME INFECTED WITH H.I.V. DURING AN OBSERVATION PERIOD OF MORE THAN TWO YEARS. ANOTHER STUDY PUBLISHED THIS MONTH IN THE "JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION" SHOWED SIMILAR RESULTS: OUT OF 437 INDIVIDUALS TAKING TRUVADA FOR A YEAR, ONLY TWO CONTRACTED H.I.V. AFTER NOT PROPERLY TAKING THE DRUG. BUT SO FAR, ONLY A FEW THOUSAND SAN FRANCISCANS HAVE TAKEN TRUVADA IN THE LAST YEAR. SO WHY ISN'T THE USE OF THIS DRUG MORE WIDESPREAD? THERE ARE SOME SIDE EFFECTS, AS WELL AS SPECULATION THAT DOCTORS MAY BE HESITANT TO PRESCRIBE A PREVENTATIVE DRUG TO HEALTHY PATIENTS, AND THEN THERE'S THE PRICE. ALTHOUGH COVERED BY MOST INSURANCE, TRUVADA, IS LISTED AT MORE THAN $1000 A MONTH. EVEN SO, IT'S NOT NEARLY THE SOLUTION THAT ITS PROPONENTS MAKE IT OUT TO BE, ACCORDING TO MICHAEL WEINSTEIN, PRESIDENT OF THE AIDS HEALTHCARE FOUNDATION, ONE OF THE LARGEST AIDS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WORLD.

>> I THINK THE EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT IT IS NOT A GOOD PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGY.

>> Reporter: WHY IS THAT?

>> WELL, BECAUSE PEOPLE DON'T ADHERE.

>> Reporter: WHILE STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE REGIMEN CAN BE OVER 90% EFFECTIVE WHEN TAKEN EVERY DAY, WEINSTEIN POINTS OUT THAT THE EFFICACY DROPS OFF WHEN PEOPLE MISS THEIR DAILY DOSE. HE ALSO SAYS THAT RELYING ON A PILL INSTEAD OF A CONDOM MAY LEAD TO A RISE IN OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES.

>> THE MOTIVATION THAT PEOPLE HAVE FOR TAKING TRUVADA IS TO BE ABLE TO HAVE SEX WITHOUT A CONDOM.

>> Reporter: DO YOU THINK THAT PEOPLE DON'T WANT TO WEAR CONDOMS EITHER?

>> I THINK MEN IN GENERAL DON'T WANNA WEAR CONDOMS. THAT'S JUST AN ABSOLUTE TRUTH. I MEAN, AND IT'S NOT SURPRISING. BUT, YOU KNOW, WE DON'T WEAR SEATBELTS EITHER, YOU KNOW, OR HELMETS OR A LOT OF OTHER THINGS. BUT THEY'RE A NECESSITY.

>> Reporter: SO WOULDN'T IT BE BETTER THEN TO JUST TAKE A PILL EVERY DAY INSTEAD OF WORRYING ABOUT TRANSMITTING H.I.V.?

>> YOU KNOW WHAT? IF IT WAS GUARANTEED THAT EVERYBODY WOULD TAKE IT EVERY DAY AS PRESCRIBED-- OBVIOUSLY OUR ATTITUDE ABOUT IT WOULD BE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT IF WE DIDN'T HAVE TO RELY ON THE PERSON TO TAKE THAT PILL EVERY SINGLE DAY.

>> Reporter: WHILE KAISER PERMANENTE'S RECENT STUDY OF TRUVADA USERS FOUND THAT NONE HAD CONTRACTED H.I.V., IT ALSO SHOWED THAT 41% OF PARTICIPANTS REPORTED A DECREASE IN CONDOM USE, AND AFTER ONE YEAR OF TRUVADA USE, 50% WERE DIAGNOSED WITH ANOTHER S.T.D.

>> Reporter: SAN FRANCISCO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH CHIEF BARBARA GARCIA SAYS THE CITY IS WORKING TO MAKE SURE THE DRUG IS TAKEN AS PRESCRIBED, AND THAT IT DOESN'T LEAD TO OTHER SAFE SEX PRACTICES BEING ABANDONED.

>> WE HAVE ALREADY STARTED IN TRYING TO EDUCATE YOUNG PEOPLE, PARTICULARLY ABOUT THIS. AND THAT'S ONE OF THE CHALLENGES OF HAVING EVEN IF WE HAD A CURE, THAT WOULD BE THE SAME CHALLENGE WE WOULD HAVE.

>> Reporter: DO YOU SEE THAT HAPPENING THOUGH? I MEAN, OBVIOUSLY, IF YOU'RE HAVING UNSAFE SEX, YOU'RE GOING TO BE TRANSMITTING OTHER SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES HERE.

>> AND, IN FACT, WE'VE SEEN A LITTLE BIT OF A RISE IN S.T.D. HERE IN SAN FRANCISCO. AND WE'RE ADDRESSING THAT AS WELL.

>> Reporter: IT'S NOT CLEAR THAT AN INCREASE IN S.T.D.s IS RELATED TO AN INCREASE IN THE USE OF TRUVADA. AND GARCIA IS COMMITTED TO THE DRUG REGIMEN BEING A PART OF "GETTING TO ZERO" IN SAN FRANCISCO, AND BELIEVES THAT THE CITY'S APPROACH TO ENDING H.I.V., INCLUDING THE LIVES AND MONEY IT WILL SAVE, WILL EVENTUALLY TRUMP ANY CONTROVERSY.

>> Reporter: YOU CAN PROVE TO THEM THAT YOU CAN SAVE MONEY BY YOUR MODEL?

>> ABSOLUTELY. AN H.I.V. PREVENTION VERSUS AN H.I.V. POSITIVE CLIENT IN CARE, YES, WE CAN.

>> Reporter: SAN FRANCISCO HAS MADE TREMENDOUS ADVANCES IN BATTLING AN EPIDEMIC THAT HIS THIS CITY HARDER THAN MOST. AND ACCORDING TO DR. HAVLIR ACTUALLY GETTING TO ZERO IS WITHIN REACH.

>> I THINK WE WOULD ALL ACKNOWLEDGE THAT IT IS GOING TO BE DIFFICULT TO DO, BUT I THINK IF, AS WE SAY, IF ANYBODY CAN DO IT, WE THINK THAT WE CAN SHOW PEOPLE HOW IT CAN BE DONE STARTING HERE.

>> Reporter: SAN FRANCISCO'S MAYOR ED LEE ANNOUNCED LAST MONTH THAT HE IS ALLOCATING $1.2 MILLION A YEAR FOR "GETTING TO ZERO." THE FUNDING WILL INCREASE RAPID TESTING PROGRAMS, EXPAND THE USE OF TRUVADA, AND ENLARGE THE NUMBER OF H.I.V. POSITIVE PATIENTS WHO RECEIVE CARE.

>> Sreenivasan: LEARN MORE ABOUT TRUVADA, THE DRUG THAT'S A MAJOR PART OF SAN FRANCISCO'S PLAN TO REDUCE NEW H.I.V. INFECTIONS TO ZERO. VISIT www.pbs.org/newshour. RETURNING TO OUR LEAD STORY, COLORADO SPRINGS RESIDENTS GATHERED IN A CHURCH THIS AFTERNOON FOR A VIGIL TO HONOR VICTIMS OF YESTERDAY'S MASS SHOOTING AT A PLANNED PARENTHOOD CLINIC. ANOTHER GATHERING TONIGHT WILL HONOR THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO POLICE OFFICER KILLED. JAPAN PLANS TO RESUME HUNTING FOR WHALES IN THE OCEAN WATERS AROUND ANTARCTICA. BUT JAPAN SAYS WHEN IT RESUMES WHALING EARLY NEXT YEAR, IT WILL ONLY ALLOW 333 WHALES TO BE KILLED VERSUS THE THOUSAND WHALES IT ANNUALLY KILLED BEFORE THE MORATORIUM. LAST YEAR, AN INTERNATIONAL COURT ORDERED JAPAN TO STOP WHALE HUNTING. AND FINALLY, STARTING AT MIDNIGHT TONIGHT, FAR FEWER AMERICANS WILL HAVE THEIR PHONE RECORDS MONITORED BY THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY. THE N.S.A. SAYS IT IS SCALING BACK ITS BULK COLLECTION OF SO- CALLED "META-DATA" THAT DETAILS WHAT NUMBERS YOU ARE CALLING AND WHEN. THE ONCE-SECRET PHONE SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM BEGAN AFTER THE SEPTEMBER 11th ATTACKS UNDE" THE PATRIOT ACT," BUT CONGRESS HAS CHANGED THE LAW, AFTER REVELATIONS BY FORMER N.S.A. CONTRACTOR EDWARD SNOWDEN AND PROTESTS BY TELECOM COMPANIES. THE N.S.A. MUST NOW OBTAIN A COURT ORDER TO MONITOR CALL RECORDS OF ANY INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP, AND REPORT PUBLICLY HOW MANY SUCH ORDERS ARE GRANTED. THAT'S ALL FOR THIS EDITION OF PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND. THANKS FOR WATCHING. I'M HARI SREENIVASAN. HAVE A GOOD NIGHT. Captioning sponsored by WNET Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org

>> PBS NEWSHOUR WEEKEND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY: LEWIS B. AND LOUISE HIRSCHFELD CULLMAN. BERNARD AND IRENE SCHWARTZ. JUDY AND JOSH WESTON. THE CHERYL AND PHILIP MILSTEIN FAMILY. THE CITI FOUNDATION. SUPPORTING INNOVATION AND ENABLING URBAN PROGRESS. SUE AND EDGAR WACHENHEIM, III. CORPORATE FUNDING IS PROVIDED BY MUTUAL OF AMERICA-- DESIGNING CUSTOMIZED INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP RETIREMENT PRODUCTS. THAT'S WHY WE ARE YOUR RETIREMENT COMPANY. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY: AND BY THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING, AND BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM VIEWERS LIKE YOU. THANK YOU. STEVES: While neighboring Croatia is famous for its coastline, Slovenia enjoys its own 29-mile stretch of Adriatic seafront. That's about one inch per resident. Its best stop -- the town of Piran. Many Adriatic towns are overwhelmed by tourists and concrete, but Piran has kept itself charming and in remarkably good repair while holding the tourist sprawl at bay. Crowded onto the tip of its peninsula, Piran can't grow. The main square was once a protected harbor until it began to stink so badly they had to fill it in. A colorful mix of work and pleasure boats fill today's harbor. These days, Piran's walls are inviting, rather than defensive, and the town is simply an enjoyable place in which to relax. Explore the evocative back lanes. Hike up to the cathedral. Scale the Venetian-style bell tower. On top, catch your breath by enjoying views of Piran and nearly the entire Slovenian coastline. The traffic-free harbor front, lined with Slovenes enjoying fresh seafood, is made to order for a stroll. Swimmers frolic while sunbathers claim more than their share of the national coastline. Piran clusters around its showpiece square, Piazza Tartini. As with most towns on the Adriatic, it was long ruled by nearby Venice and retains its Venetian flavor. In fact, the town is officially bilingual -- Slovene and Italian. Today the square is enjoyed by visitors and locals of all generations, savoring the good life where the Slavic world, the Alps, and the Mediterranean all come together. Marcucci: AND I'M HERE WITH GREG SHERWOOD. AND WE'D LIKE TO TALK WITH YOU ABOUT SOMETHING WE KNOW YOU APPRECIATE -- EVERYTHING YOU DISCOVER WHEN YOU SPEND TIME WITH KQED. Sherwood: SO, OVER THE NEXT HALF-HOUR OR SO, WE'LL BRING YOU A BEHIND-THE-SCENES LOOK AT KQED'S MOST EXCITING INITIATIVES AND EXPLAIN HOW YOU CAN HELP WITH AN INNOVATIVE KIND OF MEMBERSHIP THAT WILL MAKE YOU AN ONGOING PARTNER IN ALL OUR EFFORTS. Marcucci: NOW, IN A WORLD WHERE TECHNOLOGY CAN TELL YOU ANYTHING YOU WANT TO KNOW AT ANY MINUTE OF THE DAY, IT'S EASY TO GET A LITTLE OVERWHELMED WITH THE SHEER VOLUME OF DIGITAL, MOBILE, AND BROADCAST NOISE. THAT'S WHY A TRUSTED SOURCE OF NEWS, INFORMATION, AND INTELLIGENT ENTERTAINMENT IS MORE VALUABLE THAN EVER AND WHY IT'S WORTH YOUR ONGOING SUPPORT. SO WE'D LIKE YOU TO CONSIDER A SPECIAL WAY TO DO YOUR PART FOR KQED -- BECOMING A SUSTAINING MEMBER. Sherwood: YOU KNOW, YOUR SUSTAINING MEMBERSHIP