MonitoRadio Early Program; [1990-02-12]

From Boston, this is Monitor Radio's early edition, a broadcast service of the Christian Science Monitor on American Public Radio. Good morning, I'm Pat Bodner. In the news this Monday, February 12th, jailed South African anti -apartheid leader Nelson Mandela is finally free, will hear his first public comments after 27 years in jail, plus a profile of the charismatic leader's stormy political life. And as the White House invites Mandela to Washington for a visit, the battle begins over the future of sanctions against South Africa. We'll have those stories and more coming up this morning. I'm Bill Badger.

Prison walls muffled the voice of Nelson Mandela for 27 years, but today for the second straight day, the South African black leader spoke out about his and his country's future. He held a news conference in Cape Town, he said he seeks peace, but endorses anti -government violence against apartheid. His release yesterday came nine days after President F .W. DeClerk lifted a ban on the group Mandela founded the African National Congress. Mandela's departure from prison touched off celebrations, thousands heard the 71 -year -old ANC leader speak at Cape Town City Hall, at least one person was killed and scores hurt when police and young blacks clashed in Cape Town before Mandela spoke. International leaders praised Mandela's release as monitor radio as Mike K. Hill reports. After talking with Nelson Mandela by phone Sunday, President Bush said he felt both the ANC leader and the South African government would like the U .S. to be involved in negotiations to end apartheid. But the ANC in a statement released in Zimbabwe said there would be no negotiations

with the DeClerk government until three things took place. The end of the state of emergency, the release of all political prisoners and the repeal of all apartheid laws. Conservative leaders in South Africa say the government has sold out the country. While one activist who served time with Mandela in prison said it's very possible Mandela could be the country's next president. For monitor radio, I'm Mike K. Hill. Defense Secretary Dick Cheney will go ahead with a planned visit to the Philippines, despite President Kaurz on Akinos' refusal to meet him. The snub game in Mrs. Akinos' weekly radio broadcast, U .S. Philippine relations have grown strained in recent months as the time draws near for negotiations between the two countries on the future of U .S. bases there. Cheney is in Hawaii on the first leg of a Pacific Rim tour that will take him to South Korea Wednesday into the Philippines in Japan before returning in late February. The U .S. failed Sunday night to make a recommendation to NATO allies on the latest Soviet troop cut offer. NATO and Warsaw

-apacked foreign ministers are in Canada for the so -called open skies conference. They appear to be split also on whether unified Germany would become a NATO member or be neutral. Earlier Sunday, NATO Secretary General Manford Werner said he sees a unified Germany joining NATO while assuring Moscow of security. My first money would like to see a unified Germany, the three remaining members of NATO, and NATO, and of course we have to put into account legitimate security for the Soviet Union. Mr. Werner spent the weekend at Camp David with President Bush and spoke at an airport. The U .S. has offered Romania a better trading terms in return for a steady commitment to establishing democracy. This is news from the Christian Science Monitor, its four past the hour. The Bush administration is working on an agreement with the Soviet Union to normalize trade relations for the first time in nearly a half century, top trade officials from both countries gather in Washington today.

Hours before a U .S. congressional delegation was to arrive in San Salvador Sunday, the Salvadoran Air Force reportedly rocketed a rural village, killing six people. From San Salvador, Joyce Hackel reports. An American nun working in the conflict of province of Chalatinango said the Air Force rocketed a civilian house one hour after heavy fighting between leftist rebels and the U .S.-backed Salvadoran military had subsided. The rocketing occurred just hours before 15 U .S. congressmen were expected to arrive in the country. They are here to monitor an investigation of the November killing of six Jesuit priests and two women. Sunday's five casualties had returned to San Salvador in October after spending nine years in Honduran refugee camps. The Salvadoran military regards the refugees with suspicion and charges them with being a civilian base of support for the guerrilla movement. For monitor radio, this is Joyce Hackel in San Salvador. Police are on the lookout this morning for five convicts still at large after a prison break in Joliet, Illinois, Sunday. One convict was caught, Nick

Howell of the Joliet Correctional Center says the prisoners are extremely dangerous and the leads are coming in on the whereabouts of those still at large. We've received quite a few calls, obviously we're checking out everything that comes our way. Other than the information, Munoz, nothing's been solid yet, so we'll continue keeping at it. As long as the calls keep coming, we'll keep going after them. Rival Christians Sunday fought their fiercest battles in two weeks for control of Lebanon's Christian enclave. More than 30 people were killed in 150 wounded on Sunday. One resident said the madness has started again. It six past the hour, this is monitor radio in Boston. Soviet submarines have illegally entered Swedish waters and dramatically stepped up operations since Mikhail Gorbachev came to power. This, according to a study released Sunday, the Rand Corporation reports says that in one case, a Soviet mini -sub got as far as Stockholm Harbor, coming within a mile of the Royal Palace. The report questions why neutral Sweden continues to permit the intrusions. Workers near

Southern California's bird sanctuaries are continuing this morning to build sand dams and weld -shot floodgates to stop a 60 square mile oil slick from spreading. The giant slick of 400 ,000 gallons spewed from a British petroleum lease tanker last week. A 20 -mile stretch of once -golden beaches now blackened by oil is closed. More than a thousand workers are trying to clean up the thick oil. The Galileo spaceship is cruising this morning on its way back towards Earth, but that's just the next leg of its 2 .4 billion miles, six -year trip to Jupiter. Galileo snapped 16 planned photos of Venus on Saturday, then began to take too many until science replaced faulty computer commands, Earth will hopefully act as a gravity slingshot on December 8th to help the spacecraft reach Jupiter in 1995. Three Japanese detectives of Durin, Switzerland, today, they're looking at a Swiss links to a huge counterfeit operation that's flooded Tokyo with bogus Emperor Hirohito gold coins. Two Swiss brokers are said to be involved in shipping the fake pieces. Those uncovered so far have a market value of about $72

million. In business, the price of gold opened in London today at $415 .75 announced unchanged from Friday. Today is a holiday in Japan and financial markets are closed. General Motors Chairman Roger Smith reports GM's worldwide sales in 1989 were over $125 billion. He calls it a record. Smith wouldn't disclose last year's profit, but it's expected to be released this week. Meanwhile, President Robert Stemple declares GM plans no more assembly plant closings in the US. GM has indefinitely idled four US assembly plants in the past two years, but won't officially call them closed. Chrysler says it's going to be cutting deeper into its salaried workforce as part of an accelerated cost -cutting program. The nation's number three automaker announced last October a program designed to carve $1 billion in costs from its $26 billion budget by the end of 1990. And now says the white collar chop will be greater than the original estimate of $2 ,300. Turning to sports in yesterday's NBA all -star game, the Eastern Conference held the Western Conference

star to 44 percent shooting and the East posted a 130 to 113 victory. On the college court yesterday, Michigan got past 12th ranked Illinois 93 to 79 Minnesota beat 10th rated Purdue. In the NHL Pittsburgh beat Philadelphia Washington beat Minnesota Calgary over New York, Vancouver beat Boston and Edmonton beat Winnipeg. Negotiators in the baseball collective bargaining talks meet again today in New York. Owners say spring training camps won't open Thursday as scheduled unless they have a new contract with the players. Boxing has made a mess of its heavyweight division following Buster Douglas's surprise knockout of Mike Tyson over the weekend. All three of Tyson's heavyweight titles were on the line entering the fight, but today only the IBF recognizes Douglas as its champion. The WBC and WBA are both withholding recognition. Penning an investigation into a protest lodged by promoter Don King. For Monitor Radio, I'm Bill Badger. This is Early Edition, I'm Pat Bodner.

The cheering of thousands of Black South Africans anxiously waiting outside the gates of Victor Worcester jail in Cape Town for the release of jailed African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela. And finally, the emotional moment arrived Sunday morning as Mandela now 71 takes his first steps toward freedom after 27 years behind bar. Here's how a South African broadcasting corporation commentator described the scene. Mr. Mandela leaving finally leaving Victor Prasad prison, though for the last 40 months. It's okay finding it difficult to get through the crowd, total jibolation, total excitement. Looking tense and stately Mandela with his wife Winnie at his side walked over to the crowd of supporters outside the jail. Many of them had

waited for hours in the searing heat to greet Mandela. He stood in front of them for about a minute, repeatedly raising his fist in the air. Then the Mandela's got into a car that would take them for a victorious drive into central Cape Town where Mandela would issue his first public words at a hastily organized rally. But before Mandela could address the crowd of tens of thousands who gathered to hear his words, violence erupted as police battled to keep control of Cape Town's biggest rally since World War II. One eyewitness said police fired tear gas, guns and bird shot to disperse parts of the crowds after bottle throwing young people smashed windows and looted stores. Several people were killed and many others injured. And when calm was finally restored, the moment Mandela had been waiting

for was at hand. He led the crowd in a series of cheers and chants and then told the gathering a partake must end. In our filter, it is our belief that the future of our country can only be determined by a body which is democratically elected on a non -racial basis. Mandela praised South African President Declarek for taking real steps toward resolving the country's racial crisis. But the ANC leader said even Declarek knows more progress is needed to end a partake. It must be added that Mr. Declarek himself is the man of integrity who is actually aware of the danger of a public figure not honoring his undertaking. For his part, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, speaking during a sermon yesterday at a Soweto Church, urged the

ANC and the government to resist violence. Mandela has not ruled out an armed struggle against a partake. Mandela has not ruled out an armed struggle against a partake. Washington also watched

yesterday's events in South Africa with great interest. For years, the United States has used economic sanctions to pressure the Pretoria government into abandoning a partake. Now that South Africa's President Declarek has taken steps in that direction, those sanctions may begin to loosen. Monitor Radio's David Brown has more. In Washington, there have been expressions of gratitude and praise for the South African government's release of Nelson Mandela. It's the right move, said Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole, who added, now comes the real test. Will there be peace as meaningful negotiations move forward? And former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Chester Crocker, told NBC's Meet the Press Sunday that the time has come for the U .S. to do what it can to encourage further changes leading to the abolition of a partake. Well, there's no question that we should be doing everything we can to bring our influence to bear on all those involved in what now is a new era, a new era of negotiation and a reconciliation. The question for U .S. policy is how best to do that, and the emerging debate centers on sanctions should they be lifted. This issue must be looked

at, I think so, yes, and I think that's the view of the administration. And of many in this country, the precise timing and the tactics for doing that are for discussion between the executive and Congress, but yes, this is a new era. And we've got to support that new era in a way that's balanced and that brings our influence to bear on all the parties. Economic sanctions against South Africa, imposed by the U .S. and many European countries, have been credited in large part with the changes rocking the apartheid system. In 1986, the U .S. Congress borrowed American investment in South Africa, including bank loans to the government. Other sanctions prohibit the import of South African iron, steel, coal, uranium, and agricultural products. No U .S. computers can be exported to South Africa. Nuclear trade is disallowed, and U .S. airports are off limits to South African airways flights. An outspoken opponent of apartheid, Congressman William Gray of Pennsylvania, says the United States should continue to use sanctions as leverage. We must listen to the majority population, not to the oppressive population. And, number two, we must remember that we got

here because of economic pressure, and that if you begin to remove that pressure too quickly, before achieving the goal, you will undercut the majority population struggle within their own country. On Sunday, President Bush said it's too early to talk about changes in sanctions, but a White House official asking to remain anonymous, says Mandela's release opens the way for President Bush to call for a lifting of those sanctions. Technically speaking, Bush can only suspend or modify the sanctions if Pretoria meets at least three of the other four conditions of the law. They include lifting the state of emergency, legalizing political participation for all parties, repealing segregation laws, and beginning negotiations with the Black majority. Linda Wei Mabuzah, representative of the African National Congress in Washington, says no country should adopt changes in their policy towards South Africa solely on the basis of Mandela's release. We all urge all our friends to continue to press with all our collective might for full

comprehensive and mandatory sanctions until the complete and total eradication of the apartheid system in our country. Nonetheless, the Bush administration seems to be leaning toward a partial easing of sanctions at the very least. Said one aid, we're looking for ways to help create a climate for negotiations between Black and White South Africans. President Bush also took the expected but controversial step Saturday of telephoning South African President F .W. DeClerk and inviting him to the White House for talks, and the same invitation was extended Sunday to Nelson Mandela. Although it's still uncertain what role the U .S. might play in brokering a political transition in South Africa, Mandela's release is likely to have major implications not only for U .S. foreign policy, but for domestic politics as well as the debate over sanctions intensifies in the days ahead. From Washington, I'm David Brown from Monitor Radio.

It's 19 minutes past the hour. This is Monitor Radio's early edition. I'm Pat Bodner. Looking at the national weather picture, it will be mostly cloudy with a chance of snow flurries in the morning through most of New England. Temperatures will stay in the mid -30s. Gusty winds and rain showers are likely for much of the far west, and some of the higher elevations winter storm warnings have been posted. Partly cloudy conditions will predominate in the upper Midwest in the Great Lakes regions. The southeast can expect widely scattered showers and thunderstorms. Those storms will taper off as a cold front moves offshore during the day. Farence seasonable conditions will be the rule in Southern California and much

of the southwest with temperatures in the mid -70s. Some predicted conditions in highs, Boston, partly cloudy in 42, Portland Oregon, showers and 40, San Francisco, sunny and 58, Denver, partly cloudy in 63, Phoenix Fair in 77. The Monitor's John Batters B was one of the many journalists covering the release of Nelson Mandela yesterday in Cape Town. Clint Jones talked with Batters B both about the important address Mandela gave to his followers in central Cape Town and also about how Mandela looked as he took his first taste of freedom. Well, he cuts a very impressive figure. He's a tall, lean and very dignified looking man. He has gray hair with a rather distinctive white streak in the center of his forehead. And he holds himself in a very erect position in every sense of very striking man

indeed. Let's move on to the address that he made to several hundred thousand people as they gathered in Cape Town. Any surprises that you heard in the speech at all? Well, it was a very carefully worded speech which I would suspect he spent a long time in preparing. Firstly, there was a message for the people who came to Hiram which was reaffirming the position and his loyalty to the African National Congress and to the various organs that make up the internal anti -aparate movement. But he then moved into a slightly more subtle terrain to rain where he congratulated Mr. Declarek for having gone further than any of his predecessors in normalizing the political situation. And he praised Mr. Declarek as a man of integrity who would be aware of the consequences of not delivering on his actions. And he also made it clear that at present the struggle of the black people would continue until the point where the government was prepared to fully lift the state of emergency that's been in operation

for nearly four years now and to release all political prisoners including those who have been convicted of violent crimes. And once the government did that, the ANC would be prepared to look at the possibility of suspending their armed struggle. He certainly, as you indicated a moment ago, is this striking figure, he is charismatic. What will his role be from here on in? Well, I think listening to the speech yesterday and also the reaction of the crowd and the authority that he had over the crowd, one is dealing here with a leader of a tremendous caliber. I don't think we've had a leader on the scene here in South Africa of this caliber for some time and he's clearly going to make an immense personal input beyond the political organization which he represents. And certainly the reaction of the crowd today would indicate that Mr. Mandela is going to introduce a whole new factor into the political equation in South Africa. Very quickly, John. Well, one of the things that he'll

be working on be a little piece accord within the various factions of the anti -apartheid organizations trying to bring them closer together. Well, I think he's two focuses will be unity within black ranks but also unity in South Africa as a whole. And I think he's going to be very strong on discipline. He gave the crowd a small lecture in discipline at the end of the meeting yesterday to make it quite clear that they should disperse in a peaceful manner that did not provide the authorities with an excuse to use any violent action against them. So I think that these will be his two main points. That was the monitor South African correspondent John Battersby in conversation with Clint Jones. Nelson Mandela, the man behind the myth, that story head after these news headlines. 27 years in prison apparently have not cooled the passions of black South African nationalist leader Nelson Mandela. Mandela says violence will be used without regret

to end South Africa's racial system of apartheid. Police in South Africa report today that at least 25 people were killed in a 12 -hour period in the coastal Natal province residents say they believe the killings were unrelated to the release of Mandela. A turn for the worst today in Southern California weather is expected to happer clean up efforts of last week's 400 ,000 gallon oil spill. Police in Chicago arrested one of six escapees from the state penitentiary in Joliette, five others remain at large after yesterday's breakout authorities say the remaining escapees are considered dangerous. Israeli Prime Minister Shamir faces a test of his political leadership today from within his own liquid party. They'll decide whether to support Shamir's policies to which hardliners object. I'm Govanger. Nelson Mandela towers over the history of modern day South Africa like a legend, but there is a man behind the legend, a man loved and respected by many, but also feared and even hated by those who perceive a threat in his very existence.

Geraldine Farley in Cape Town provides a profile of the complex person known as Nelson Mandela and the impact he's had on his society. Those who know Mr Mandela describe him as compassionate and charismatic. Archbishop Desmond Tutu says he's simply a giant of a man with an enormous intellect. Leading anti -apartied activist Dr Alan Busack has this to say. The one thing that is clear is that Mandela has become the symbol of his people in a way that nobody but nobody can take that away. He embodies everything that the people of his generation can remember about the struggle and about Mandela. He embodies everything that the people of my generation have learned so hard through fights in the streets and confrontation with the police to hold here. He embodies everything that everybody of the oppressed community envisages as hopeful for South Africa and the enormous inspiration that goes out from the man probably defies the description.

Some radical blacks regard him as too moderate while he's been labeled a communist and terrorist by white critics. Senior member of the President's Advisory Council, Mr. Yapi Besan, explains the government stand on the ANC leader. The ANC coupled with this other African Communist Party stands for violence and want to establish through terrorist means, one party, Marxist state and South Africa. And that we must resist. And all those who are seen to be a party to it. In recent years, President P. W. Butter offered to release Mr. Mandela on condition he renounced violence as a strategy to gain political rights for blacks. But the aging political prisoner refused to accept such conditions for his freedom. Mr. Mandela was born the son of a chief in the black homeland of Transky in 1918. He later rebelled against his tribal traditions and fled to the white city of Johannesburg where he studied law and set

up a practice. It was there that he became politicized and joined the ANC. As a young man, he began to actively oppose Pretoria's racist laws by leading peaceful protests and defiance campaigns. His political activities led to his banning and imprisonment. In all his years of imprisonment, Mr. Mandela remained in close touch with political developments both in his country and abroad. His following among blacks has grown with the decades, despite the fact that the majority of his people have never seen or heard the man. Close family friend and political analyst Professor Hendrick van der Merver explains his views on Mr. Mandela. Not only the liberals, but also conservative people do believe that Mandela is perhaps the person in our country who can do most to bring stability to our country. I do believe that he will be fairly radical in his political pronouncements and in his stance he takes. There's no doubt he will

want to retain his leadership by keeping the militant masses behind him. And for that reason he is not going to be very modest and very moderate. But in actual practice I believe that Mandela will turn out to be the great conciliator and compromiser in our country. Mr. Mandela's reentry into the political arena will inevitably have a profound impact on the situation in South Africa. But it's hope that he could be the one factor in bringing blacks and whites to the negotiating table to map out a new future for the country. Perhaps his cherished idea of a democratic free South Africa could yet be realized in his lifetime. For monitor radio I'm Geraldine Farlian Cape Towns, South Africa. It's 29 minutes past the hour.

You're listening to monitor radio's early edition on American public radio. Monitor radio is produced by the Christian Science Monitor, a global source of news in print, television and radio. Tomorrow on monitor radio more analysis of the changes occurring in South Africa, a new direction for Great Britain's Boy Scouts and what you can do to protect yourself from buying a used car that's a lemon. You You

You From Boston, this is monitor radio's early edition, a broadcast service of the Christian Science Monitor on American Public Radio. Good morning, I'm Pat Bodner. In the news this Monday, February 12th, the future of South Africa, now that Nelson Mandela is free, a terrible pollution problem in Czechoslovakia and a profile of Mother Teresa's important work to help the poor in Kenya. We'll have those stories and more, but first this news. At his first news conference since emerging from 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela says he is committed to seeking peace. But he's also endorsing anti -government violence as a necessary defensive act against apartheid. Mandela held his news conference today in Cape Town,

where he also told reporters that he was anxious to go to Lusaka to talk with leading members of the African National Congress so that he can determine what role they want him to take in the months ahead. Washington praised South Africa's government Sunday for its release of imprisoned black leader Mandela. Now lawmakers are being drawn into a debate on how U .S. policy should reflect the changes being made in South Africa. Monitor radio's David Brown explains. On Sunday, President Bush said it's too early to talk about changes in sanctions. But a White House official asking to remain anonymous says Mandela's release opens the way for President Bush to call for a lifting of those sanctions to encourage further change in South Africa. However, an outspoken opponent of apartheid, Congressman William Gray of Pennsylvania, says the United States should continue to use sanctions as leverage. We must remember that we got here because of economic pressure and that if you begin to remove that pressure too quickly, before achieving the goal, you will undercut the majority population struggle within their own country. Over the weekend,

President Bush invited both South African President Declarek and Mr. Mandela to the White House. Although it's still uncertain what role the U .S. might play in brokering a political transition in South Africa, Mr. Mandela's release is likely to have major implications not only for U .S. foreign policy but for domestic politics, as the debate over sanctions intensifies in the days ahead. From Washington, I'm David Brown from Monitor Radio. The topic of a unified Germany is a major point of discussion among notable dignitaries these days. Take NATO Secretary General Manfred Werner, for instance, he says a unified Germany could be part of the Western Alliance without extending NATO's military reach over what is now East Germany. Werner, after spending the weekend at Camp David with President Bush discussing among other things German reunification, said a way will be found to keep Germany in NATO while recognizing the legitimate security interests of the Soviet Union. And Secretary of State James Baker met with 16 NATO representatives in Ottawa, Canada Sunday, to discuss a Soviet proposal for superpower troop cutbacks in Europe. That decision was agreed to prior to the meeting.

For Monitor Radio, I'm Ken Alexander in Boston. The Coast Guard says calm weather this weekend off Orange County, California has been ideal for cleaning up the oil that leaked from a punctured tanker last Wednesday. Schimmers are working around the clock, sweeping up the oil, floating along a 13 -mile stretch of coast near Long Beach and Huntington Beach. Officials say about two -thirds of the 400 ,000 gallons that spilled has either dispersed or been mopped up. But Coast Guard Petty Officer Carolyn Feldman says the skimmers might not be able to remove all the oil. There are small portions of the oil that are concentrated. Other than that, it's mainly a scene that they won't be able to recover with skimmers. Meanwhile, officials are keeping an eye on the fickle Southern California winds. They're afraid that a shift could push the oil back toward the shore. At present, most of this lick is about two and a half miles off the coast. One week of testimony in the trial of Joseph Hazelwood, the captain of the Exxon Valdez, has produced witnesses who said the skipper drank before his tanker ran aground and

spilled 11 million gallons of oil off the coast of Alaska last March. But not a single person yet has said Hazelwood was drunk as charged. The trial resumes today in Anchorage. Foreign ministers from NATO and the Warsaw Pact are arriving in Ottawa, Canada for talks on a proposed open skies policy. The idea is to allow the flying over and photographing of each other's military installations. The main opponents of the plan appear to be the Soviets. They reportedly want fewer flights, less sophisticated cameras and a common fleet of aircraft and common sensors. Canadian officials said recent developments in Eastern Europe would also be put on the agenda at the talks, which are scheduled to begin later today. US and Soviet proposals for arms and troops cuts in Europe will also be discussed. A faction of the Bulgarian Communist Party impatient with the pace of reform broke away Sunday and formed its own party. The alternative socialist party in its founding declaration called for private enterprise and limited government control of the economy.

The official BTA news agency reports that as many as 600 people joined the new party. And no news to report from Tokyo from the stock exchange there or the Tokyo foreign exchange markets this morning. Banks, government offices, markets and many businesses are closed in Japan for the day because of national founding day. And that is a national holiday. For monitor radio's early edition on American public radio, I'm Kenna Alexander. This is early edition. I'm Pat Bodner. What does Nelson Mandela's release mean for the immediate political future of South Africa? Monitor radio's Mike Cahill examines that question. Mandela's release from prison Sunday touched off international rejoicing and praise from world leaders, along with calls for swifter progress toward ending apartheid in South Africa. After talking with Mandela by phone Sunday, President Bush said he felt both the ANC leader and the South African government wanted the US to be involved in the negotiations

to end apartheid. I think any time that human rights and equality are at stake anywhere in the world, the United States has a very useful role to play. And I think both President DeClerk and Mr. Mandela feel that way, indeed both of them indicated that to me. But in a statement released in Zimbabwe Sunday, the ANC said it would not open talks with the DeClerk government until three things happened. That the state of emergency be lifted, that all political prisoners be released, and that the laws that form the basis of apartheid be repealed. Cahill's Vandimer, a member of the South African Conservative Party, says the current atmosphere encourages friction during Mandela's renewed activism. The mood that has been created is ideal for violence from all sides. And I pray to God that nobody will in fact resort to violence because violence is not going to bring us anywhere. And as far as my party is concerned, we will not resort to violence. A more conservative leader is even more blunt. Pap Mare says his government has sold

out by releasing Mandela. It's obvious that the Britain South African government is playing in the hands of the revolutionary forces in South Africa. They have done over everything that the ANC and the British and the United States governments have demanded of them. And everything that they have done has created favorable conditions to make South Africa and governmentable. One of the men who served time in prison with Mandela is Patrick Lakota. He now works for the United Democratic Front. He says whites have nothing to fear from black South Africans. We think that white South Africa has nothing to fear. There will be guarantees for them. In the Constitution, that we propose. There must be a one -man one -road system. There must be a bill of rights. White South Africans will be as protected, as blacks will be protected. Lakota goes even further in suggesting that over time, as apartheid is dismantled, Mandela has a chance to become South Africa's next president. It is not to be unexpected that Mandela will rise to the leadership

of the country. That much I expect. I can see no reason why he cannot become the next president of South Africa. Possibly at the end of the term that President Hitler is serving at the moment. For her part, British Prime Minister Thatcher says now that Mandela has been freed, the international community should give up economic sanctions against South Africa. The sanctions are very small indeed. They are gesture sanctions. When people are doing the right thing, boldly and courageously as President of clerks, it seems quite absurd to still use sticks to beat them with. However small those sticks may be. The die is now cost. The way is open for peaceable negotiations. As for the business community, investors in both Europe and the U .S. said they wouldn't be rushing into South African business ventures until it's clear what Mandela's near term agenda is, and whether his release will lead to real power sharing with the ANC. From monitor radio, I'm Mike Cahill.

This is monitor radio's early edition, I'm Pat Bodner. One of the discoveries that Western journalists made as much of Eastern Europe opened its borders last fall, and early this winter is the devastating effect of years of environmental abuse. In cities like Bitterfeld, East Germany often considered the black hole of the nation. Four decades of Stalinist obsession with industrial production at any cost has created an ecological disaster

area. Scores of smoke stacks surround the city as soot blackens most buildings, sulfuric gases torment the nostrils, untreated effluence, poison, groundwater, and breathing problems are common in most families. Across the border in Czechoslovakia, more pollution, again the product of years of industrial abuse. The monitor Simon Marks visited most Czechoslovakia recently and filed this report. The power plants of most in northern Bohemia sustain Czechoslovakia, but they also threaten its very existence. Each day, there are many smoke stacks, belched tons of poisonous gas and particles into the air. Environmentalist Miroslav Brozik is among those who feel Czechoslovakia is paying the price for 40 years of production, controlled by communist politicians who paid little heed to people's health, and cared even less about the land in which they lived. Mr. Brozik says

the damage is enormous, but it's not just damage to equipment of the environment. I think the most important damage is the damage that's been done to human souls to the people who live here. Environmentalists say the forest in the hills above most is being destroyed by the acid rain created by the factories. And government figures show that workers at the steel and chemical plants could die on average five years earlier than their fellow Czechs. Lung cancer rates here are 60 % higher than the national average. It's difficult to escape being poisoned. The meat they eat at home is sold in the factories very shadow. The open air itself tastes appalling. At most, general hospital children are born every day with respiratory problems and skin diseases. Doctors, like Yuri Biolek, say until recently, health statistics were suppressed. He says, I don't think it should have been such a problem, but the figures were banned so we couldn't use them.

The government told us not to show any interest in them. At a recent pact rally in a sports stadium, the country's Environment Minister admitted he didn't know if Czechoslovakia could afford the huge program of modernization and reforestation required. The whole three -hour meeting was broadcast live on Czech television. Pollution promises to be a key issue in the June elections here says Environment Minister Bedrish Moldan. I think that it is of extreme political importance because, as you see here, for instance, this enormous crowd. People are very much interested in ecology here in Czechoslovakia and from that point of view, it is of enormous importance to act effectively and quickly. Czechoslovakia is already receiving some aid from Scandinavia and West Germany to help deal with a problem its old rulers would never publicly acknowledge. And across Europe, there's growing realization that the acid rain that starts

here knows no borders. For monitor radio, this is Simon Marx in most Czechoslovakia. Foreign ministers from NATO and the Warsaw Pact are arriving in Ottawa, Canada, for talks on a proposed open skies policy. The idea promoted by President Bush is to allow the flying over and photographing of each other's military installations. I talked with General William Galvan, senior commander of the NATO forces in Western Europe about his position on the open skies proposal. I am familiar with it. It's a comprehensive building measure and my own thinking about it is that it's very worthwhile and it's another thing that we can add into the whole system of arms negotiations that is underway at the present time. You know that we have about five or six different regimes within arms negotiation, all of which I hope in the end will

lead to some kind of a network of treaties that will provide a protected peace, so I'm very happy. I think it's a good idea. I'm glad they're meeting in Canada about this very soon and we'll stand by to see what comes out of it. In this proposal, the nations would open up their airspace to unarmed aerial surveillance over their territory under certain conditions, which would be worked out. How would something like this work from a military perspective? I don't think there would be any problem with that because airspace is controlled and when an aircraft flies through the space, everybody knows it. So as long as the military knows what is the nature of the flight, there's no problem. The military is sitting around defending the airspace at the present time. In fact, I am responsible even in peacetime for air defense in Western Europe in my job, but I can tell an airliner from an air attack of some kind. And so it's not anything new.

Would such a treaty help various countries in verifying compliance with treaties, conventional forces and other kinds of treaties? I think so. The verification regime will be made up of many different things. Part of it will be the people, the human beings themselves, who go and visit things. Part of it will be satellite, I'm sure. Part of it will be the normal means by which one nation has some kind of information or intelligence about another nation. Part of it will be the official verification regime, which within it could also have a flying platform aspect. So I think that all of that will fit together now. How closely the open skies will be tied directly to other verification regimes is not clear to me right now. General moving on to President Bush's general plans to cut conventional forces in Europe. What is the military's perspective on that, particularly from the

NATO military? That was brought before the NATO military before the final decision was made in an informal manner by the president calling heads of state around the alliance. It was also presented to the alliance in a more formal manner by our permanent representative, Ambassador Will Taft. And the response was very positive. It's been positive in the official sense, and it's been positive unofficially as various leaders around Europe have talked to the media and have expressed their opinions in one way or another. As far as I can see, it's all been quite positive. From my own personal view, I was informed of President's thinking. I was able to supply him with my ideas about what any new figure should be, and I felt that I was listened to. How soon, from

your perspective, would the troop reductions actually get underway? Troop reductions would have to meet a deadline so they'd get underway as soon as you had a decision in order that they would be fully completed by the deadline. When you have to move, let's say, something in the neighborhood of 100 ,000 troops, you can't do it all in a day, so you'd have to begin as soon as you possibly could after the decision was made and announced. And how does that work in practical terms? Who leaves first? Would it be families and then air and then ground troops? Or how does that go? Well, the way that that will work is, and the troops involved are air and ground. I will come up with a new recommendation for what the force structure should look like. Once that is approved by the United States, then it will be presented to NATO and, of course, discussed with the Allies. That was General William Galvin, Senior Commander of the NATO Forces in Europe.

It's 11 minutes before the hour. In sports, the East held the West in just under 44 percent from the field in winning the NBA All -Star Game, 130 to 113 at the Miami Arena yesterday. Magic Johnson of the Lakers was the most valuable player after a 22 -point effort that featured four three pointers. The 113 points scored by the West was the lowest for a losing team since 1976. The World Boxing Commission says it will probably order Buster Douglas and Mike Tyson to fight again for the Heavyweight Championship. Douglas knocked out the heavily -favored Tyson in the 10th round of their Tokyo Fight Saturday night. But after the fight, the referee admitted to a late count when Douglas went down in the 8th round. Video tapes show the referee started counting three seconds after the ringside timekeeper began his count. Douglas was up at the ref's count of 9 -1 count before he would have automatically lost

the fight. And that's a quick check on sports. Help from Mother Teresa for the poor of Nairobi, that story ahead after these headlines. Nelson Mandela has held his first news conference since emerging from 27 years in prison. In today's Cape Town address, the South African political activist said he's committed to seeking peace, but that he also endorses anti -government violence as a necessary defensive act against apartheid. Coast Guard spokesperson say the oil clean up on the Southern California coast is going well, but they're afraid a wind shift could push the offshore oil back toward the beaches. Officials say about two -thirds of the 400 ,000 gallons of spilled oil have either been dispersed or mopped up. The Bulgarian Communist Party has splintered, the breakaway communists calling themselves the alternative socialist party, say they want private enterprise and limited government control of the economy. The Salvadoran Red Cross says government military bombs killed five civilians in northern El Salvador on

Sunday, the fighting broke out just before the arrival of a U .S. Congressional delegation. That group will be trying to ascertain whether or not the U .S. should continue funding the Salvadoran military. They'll also be looking into the deaths of six Jesuit priests. I'm Ken Alexander. In Kenya, as in most African countries, it is difficult for the poor, the sick, and the unfortunate to survive without help. One oasis for these people in Nairobi is the Mother Teresa House. Bob Press tells us about the work the nuns of Mother Teresa are doing in Kenya, work that is having an immediate positive impact on those who need it most. The road to the Mother Teresa home in Nairobi is narrow, full of potholes, it's crowded with children and adults. The home is located in one of the poorest neighborhoods of the city, where most people live crammed into tiny one -room units, some made of concrete blocks, some of mud and sticks. The 200 or so residents living behind the blue metal gates of Mother Teresa's

home come from such neighborhoods, or worse. Take Samuel Angel, for example. Blind, elderly, and living alone in Central Kenya, several hours drive from Nairobi, he had no family members left to care for him when a local priest found him in bad condition. The priest brought him to the Mother Teresa home. Today, Mr. Angel has nothing but praise for the sisters working here. He says if the sisters had not aided him, he would have died. He says God sent them to help people like himself. Outside the clean dormitory where Mr. Angel was resting, several other old men sit in the sunshine peeling potatoes for the noon meal. One man is sharpening a peeling knife. Residents who are able help prepare some of the food. A few minutes later, one of the 10 sisters at the home walks by ringing the dinner bell.

But many residents are barely able to feed themselves, much less help prepare food. They are handicapped, physically or mentally, or both. Others are young children or babies. In the baby room, five -month -old Grace is one of those not crying. She looks up at Sister Tarasina, who explains that the mother died when Grace was just three days old. The father is alive but jobless, and there's no one at home to take care of the child. Outside the room, some young children who live in the home are playing in the hallway. They are accustomed to singing hymns the sisters have taught them, so with only a little encouragement, they sing for some visitors. The sisters teach these in about 250 other neighborhood children to poor to attend regular school. Support for the mother Teresa Holmes comes from donations. Here in Kenya, James Lobo heads a committee

of donors. Mother Teresa herself asked him to start the group. When we met Mother a year ago, she asked us whether we would like to form co -workers in Kenya because they didn't have any. We started off with a small group and now have about 50 members in all. The support groups and the sisters themselves often compromise a multi -racial and multi -ethnic assortment of people. Here, for example, the support group includes Muslims and Christians, Africans and Asian Africans. On her visit to Africa last November, Mother Teresa opened a home in Cape Town, South Africa, and put three sisters in charge. One from Rwanda is black, another is a white South African, the third is from India. But sometimes the sisters have run into resistance. In April, near Sudan's capital of Khartoum, where Muslim Christian tensions sometimes flare, Muslims dragged Sister Joan from the Mother Teresa home there and beat her up. According to radio

reports, a local Muslim leader was sentenced to two months in prison for inciting the violence. Sister Joan is back at work. As she travels to South Africa, Sudan or anywhere else, Mother Teresa refuses to get involved in politics, as she explained during her visit here last year. She said true peace is based on true love. I don't mix up in any kind of politics. I tried to speak about loving one another as God loves each one of us, and that love begins in our own family. If we have love and peace in our family, peace and love will come throughout the world. What is her vision of her work? Is it limited to serving the poor or is it broader? Surrounded by sisters and supporters here, she explains. In Africa, to bring the tender love of God through works of love, and works of love, our works of peace. And so I'm hoping that through

involving as many people to share the joy of loving, God the works of love, our works of peace. On her visit here, she was driven to the side of a second home for her order, one still being built for children. You made it? Yes, thank God. She in the architect, who is volunteering his time, examined the blueprints for the children's home. It's not just a symbolic glance at the plans, she plunges into the details with suggestions such as reducing the size of the building and where to plant fruit trees. So you would like something like this? Like this, and maybe coming up here. But you want this building to be in this corner or where you are. But I think maybe that corner there, is it not all there? One thing that becomes painfully obvious in such places is that her homes can accommodate only a tiny fraction of the children and others that need such care and shelter. Mother Teresa sets a criteria for who should be admitted.

We can't take anybody and everybody. We have to take people who have nothing or nobody. They are people who have somebody to look after them. We want to take people who have nobody to look after them and give them all that tender love and care. You cannot be just numbers. We are not working for numbers. We want individuals to be helped to grow. The first Mother Teresa home in Africa was opened in 1968 in Tanzania. There are now homes in more than 20 African nations, including 10 in Ethiopia, where the government has given permission for the sisters to begin working with AIDS victims. Later this year, the 50th Mother Teresa home in Africa is scheduled to open in Morocco. This is Bob Press in Nairobi. You've been listening to Monitor Radio's early edition, I'm Pat Bodner. Our engineers are Scott Martin, John Hoder, and John Swartz. Our show is directed by David LaValle. We had production assistants from

Joe Shepard and Leslie Lillard. Our producers are Greg Fitzgerald, Mike K. Hill, Ron Shactor, Pamela Bickford, Sock, and Patrick Timmerman. Kate Dearborn is our executive producer. If you have any comments on our program, please write us, our address is Monitor Radio, Early Edition, One Norway Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115. And for all of us at Monitor Radio, thanks for listening. This is the American Public Radio Network.